Obf. V. which, according to the ancient orthography would be drudh; as Fadber for Father. May I venture to propose a conjecture fuggested by the above remark that many * of * I have said many, because there are many others, which by no means belong to the fame mode of formation. And it does not seem neceffary to fuppofe, that all words of the fame termination fhould have been formed in the fame manner: confi. dering how eafily different forms may have been affimilated by inadvertence or vicious imitation. Perhaps the fame may be said of the French fubftantives in age, fuch as courage, &c. and the adverbs in ment, such as prudemment. The former of which the Préfident DE BROSSES fuppofes to be derived from cor agere, &c. and the latter from prudenti mente: but which M. Court de GEBELIN thinks owes its termination to the old French word mant, that is beaucoup, the fame with the Italian and Provençal manto. If I might be allowed to differ without prefumption from thefe learned Men on their own language, I fhould rather think that the termination age came from the Latin atio, as did the Italian agio. Thus for ratio the Italians fay ragion. And thus for pilatio, which exifts at prefent only in the compounds compilatio, expilatio, &c. was faid pillage: for operatio, ouvrage, &c. And thus it is probable once exifted viatio, from whence viaggio and voiage; foliatio, from whence foliage, &c. It is well known that great part of the Italian and French languages came from the Latin in its most corrupted state: and thence many words acquired forms and terminations which were unknown to the earlier ages of genuine Latinity. For this reason I fhould refer the termination ment both in the fubftantive and adverb, fuch as mouvement and largement, to the Latin mentum. The terminations tio, tas, tudo, men, mentum, were used to exprefs any action in the abstract. Thus motio, momen, momentum, are fynonimous; molitio, molimen, molimentum ; largitio, Largitas, largitudo, largimen; which laft fignifies a gift as donatie our abstract substantives in th were originally participles of the past time. Thus from trow, Obf. V for donum, &c. Now as the Latin writers ufed the ablative cafe for the adverb, fuch as aftu, that is, cum aftu, for aftute; commodo, i. e. cum commodo, for commoditer, &c. the modern adverbs, fuch as LARGEMENT, i. e. largiter, feem to have been used for cum largitate, largimento; FIERMENT for avec fierté, cum feritate, ferimento; FORTEMENT, cum fortitudine, &c. When established terminations had taken place, other words might have adopted the fame termination without any intermediate process of formation. Thus from cour might come couRAGE; and from prudent, PRUDEMMENT, from inftant, INSTAMMENT, &c.-Many of the old Greek and Latin Grammarians, not attending to the progrefs and variety of formation, have also affigned a compound origin to words thus lengthened in their termination. See the Appendix to the new edition of DAWESES Mifcellanea Critica, p. 459, and 522.—In the Appendix and particularly in the Addenda to Dawes, fome pains have been taken to open and illustrate the Grammatical and Etymological principles, on which the INQUIRY below mentioned is founded. To prevent a repetition of obfervations already propofed, frequent reference has been made to the new edition of Dawes, which therefore the candid and learned reader will excufe. The affimilation of words proceeding from different origins may be, I think, further illuftrated by the Latin words IN and jus, the former in compofition both increafing and diminishing the fignification of words; and the latter fignifying right and broth. In when it increases the fignification of words, is manifeftly the common præpofition in, which, from the notion in loco, is eafily transferred to exprefs quod finem et fummum attigit. When it diminishes I conceive it to be of the fame origin as the old word fin, which afterwards was written fine: and that this is the fame as arsu, in which the final fyllable feems to be adventitious like the e in fine. Aviv appears to be nothing more than the negative av in compounds, fuch as avaduvos, &c, in which the, is added to prevent the concurrence of two vowels. See the Index to Obf. V. (to know,) troed, tro'd, known, trodh, troth, a thing known, or truth: - Healed, heald, DAWES, V.A. From which it will appear, that the idea of negation is expreffed by that of abfence, feclufion, privation; and be obvious why a, a, a, avtu, are of the fame origin. According to this doctrine, I have endeavoured to fhew in the Appendix beforementioned, p. 506. that nego and neco are of the fame origin, and properly fignify aufero. In confirmation of which, I will beg leave to add, that apvsoμcy, nego, is plainly of the fame origin as apvvu, namely, from αρνω, ab αρω, unde aspor, asgew, &c.—And that as the idea of dying was expreffed by that of going away, (abiit, xero, &c.) fo the notion of killing was by that of taking away, thus abftulit, perimo, interimo, &c. From the above I conclude, that in, when it increases the fignification of words, is the fame as the præpofition in; but when it decreafes, and takes away, that it is from the Greek negative av, with the fame variety as caniftrum and nvasgov; buccina and ßungvn; fifcinus and Barngvos, &c. I have dwelt longer on the origin and power of the negative, in, in deference to the great authority of Mr. HARRIS who explains it in a different manner, Hermes, B. II. C. 3. p. 271, 272. Perhaps few words are of more difputed origin than jus. The etymologies most commonly received are jus right, a jubendo; jus broth, a juvando. Some think jus right, to be only metaphorically ufed from the latter jus, confidered as a portion, a fhare. M. Court de GEBELIN was of this opinion in his Origines Françoifes, which he afterwards changed in his Origines Latines, P. II. p. 903. "Dans nos Origines Françoifes nous avons dérivé ce mot Jus, droit, de Jus, potage; "la Justice confistant a rendre a chacun fa portion, &c. Cette "Etymologie n'a pas plû: en voici donc une autre qu'on gou"tera peut-être davantage. Le droit, l'autorité font relatifs a "l'elevation, mais c'eft que fignifie jus."-That there should be a neceffary relation between elevation and right, seems to be an opinion worthy of a fubject of the GRAND MONARQUE; 66 but healdh, health: - Beared, beardh, bearth, Obf. V. (pronounced as hearth, and earnest, and ac but quite inconfiftent with the primitive equality of mankind: and which perhaps will not be fo implicitly admitted on this fide of the water, under a jufter fubordination of political fociety. He fuppofes Jus broth to be from the Celtic U water: but does not mention his authority for faying that Jus right, originally fignified elevation. I will venture to propose a different conjecture. I fuppofe it to be of the fame origin as de, oportet, pertinet; (concerning which fee the Appendix to Dawes, p. 516.) and AEON, decens, æquum. The ufe of N and Σ among the more antient Greeks was very promifcuous. They faid wandos and wandov; ovos and ovov, from whence vinum and vinus ; δεσμο and δεσμον, from whence δέσμα; they faid allo xgewv, Xpews, Xęeos, debitum; and thus, it is probable, dewv, dews, AEOZ. In later times for ▲ was used (, and, among the Latins, J, in many words. Thus for dos, from whence 9ros, they faid σδους and ζευς ; for δευγνυμι, i. e. ζευγνυμι, they faid jungo, &c. and thus for deos jus, quod æquum eft, debitum, right. Having thus afcertained, as I believe, one, there will be little difficulty with the other. Jus, broth, I derive from (ɛw, ferveo: that is, as it was anciently written, or spoken, iw, Zeuw, from whence un fermentum, with the fame variety as Lev295 and vs. Jus therefore feems to have been denominated from an effential and characteristic circumftance, which CICERO expreffes in Jus fervens; and HORACE in tepidum jus. Perhaps Cos beer, may be referred to the fame origin, as denoting fermentation, effervescence. The preceding etymologies may be confirmed by the analogy of another, which, if I am not mistaken, has been as little understood, viz. JUPITER, which I derive from Ases warnę, Deus pater, or Zevs aτn, Jupiter, as deos and Ceos Jus. For the fame reafon I apprehend Jupiter was called DIESPITER, not because he was diei pater, but because he was deus, or dius pater. Antiently dius fignified not only a God, but alfo day, from whence diu, and fub dio. And thus dies, day, fignified also God: œc. But the alpirate did not always termi→ God: for in comparing the etymologies (not those indeed which are commonly received) of Deus, tws, divus, dives, dius, dies, dis, it appears that the names of dius and dies were originally fynonimous; and that the name of God was denominated from Day or the Sun. But to fhew from the evidence of the words before ftated, by what idea the name of Day was expreffed, in the primitive language of Greece, and why prior to that of God, is a difcuffion which would extend the prefent note too far; and is the lefs neceffary, as it has a place in the Inquiry below mentioned. I will finish this note with some paffages in which Jupiter is mentioned as Diefpiter. PLAUTUS, Captiv. II. 4. 1. Diefpiter te, dique perdant. Pœn. III. 4. 29. duit. Ibid. IV. 7. 47. Diefpiter me fic amabit. are quoted by the Commentators of HORACE, plain diefpiter by diei pater,) Od. L. I. 34. 5. Namque Diefpiter Diespiter vos per Igni corufco nubila dividens See alfo Od. L. III. 2. 29. Sæpe Diespiter Neglectus incefto addidit integrum. These paffages (who also ex In the above paffages Jupiter is introduced as the object of fear and adoration; the rewarder of the good; and avenger of the impious. The propofed explanation of Diespiter will restore an appellation more confiftent with those offices, by which he will be confidered not as the father of Day, but in a higher and more awful character, the father of Gods and men. It will confirm the above explanation, if we observe that Pluto was alfo called Diefpiter: not furely as the father of Day, but as the Dius pater, or Jupiter infernus. nate |