following are of this kind: some, both, other, another, any, one, none, all, such, &c.

Other is declined in the following manner:

Here, there and where, joined with certain prepositions, have the signification of relative pronouns; as hereof, therein, whereby, whereupon; which mean, of this, in that, by which, upon which.

The words self and own are often added to the pronominal adjectives, to mark the person more emphatically; as "I did it myself in my own house." Himself, itself, themselves, are corrupted from his self, its self, their selves.

VERBS.

A Verb is a word which signifies to BE, to Do, or to SUFFER; as, "I am, I rule, I am ruled."

Verbs are of three kinds; ACTIVE, PASSIVE, and NEUTER. They are also divided into REGULar, IRREGULAR, and DEFECTIVE.

A Verb Active expresses an action, and ne

cessarily implies an agent, and an object acted upon; as, to love; "I love Penelope."

A Verb Passive expresses a passion or suffering, or the receiving of an action; and necessarily implies an object acted upon, and an agent by which it is acted upon; as, to be loved; "Penelope is loved by me."

A Verb Neuter expresses neither action nor passion; but being, or a state of being; as, “I am, I sleep, I sit."

English verbs have properly but two tenses, the Present and the Past or Imperfect; as, "I love, I loved." The Imperfect is formed by adding d or ed to the Present. Other tenses are formed by the aid of other verbs, which are therefore called Auxiliary or Helping Verbs.

Auxiliary Verbs are those by which the English verbs are principally conjugated; they are, do, be, have, shall, will, may, can, with their variations; and let and must, which have no variation.

Do, be, and have, when not followed by other verbs, are principals, and not auxiliaries; as, "I say unto my servant, Do this, and he doeth it." "Be not deceived." "He has not courage suf

ficient for doing good."

To verbs belong NUMBER, PERSON, MOOD, and

TENSE.

NUMBER AND PERSON.

Verbs have two numbers, the Singular and the Plural; as, "I love, we love."

In each number there are three persons; as,

The termination varies only in the second and third persons singular; the second person always ends in st or est; the third person ends in s or eth in the present tense, and in the imperfect it does not vary at all, but is the same as the first person.

MOODS.

Mood is a particular state or form of the verb, showing the manner in which the being, action, or passion, is represented.

There are five moods of verbs, the INDICATIVE, the IMPERATIVE, the POTENTIAL, the SUBJUNCTIVE, and the INFINITIVE.

The Indicative Mood simply indicates or declares a thing; as, "He loves; he is loved:" or it asks a question; as, "Does he love? Is he loved?"

The Imperative Mood is used for commanding, exhorting, entreating, or permitting; as, "Depart thou; mind ye; let us stay; go in peace."

The Potential Mood implies possibility or

liberty, power, will, or obligation; as, "It may rain; he may go or stay; I can ride; he would walk; they should learn."

The Subjunctive Mood represents a thing as contingent or uncertain, as under a condition, motive, wish, supposition, &c.; and is preceded by a conjunction, expressed or understood, and attended by another verb; as, "I will respect him, though he chide me;" "Were he good, he would be happy ;" that is, "if he were good."

Among the conjunctions and other words which are found prefixed to the Subjunctive Mood, are the following: if, though, ere, before, till, until, whether, except, unless, whatsoever, whomsoever, and words of wishing; as, Oh that! Would that! &c.

The Infinitive Mood expresses a thing in a general and unlimited manner, without any dis

tinction of number or person; as, "to act, to speak, to be feared."

The Participle is a certain form of the verb, and derives its name from its having not only the properties of a verb, but also those of an adjective; as, "I am desirous of knowing him ;” « Admired and applauded, he became vain ;" "Having finished his work, he submitted it;" &c.

There are three Participles, the Present or Active, the Perfect or Passive, and the compound Perfect; as, "loving, loved, having loved."

TENSES.

Tense, being the distinction of time, might seem to admit only of the present, past, and future; but to mark it more accurately, it is made to consist of six variations, viz. the PRESENT, the IMPERFECT, the PERFECT, the PLUPERFECT, and the FIRST and SECOND FUTURE TENSES.

The Present Tense represents an action or event, as passing at the time in which it is mentioned; as, "I rule; I am ruled; I think; I fear."

The Imperfect Tense represents the action or event, either as past and finished, or as remaining unfinished at a certain time past; as, "I loved