another name for the same person or thing: as, "Watts, the merchant, sells goods."

In this sentence, Watts is the name of the man, and merchant is another name for the same person; therefore merchant is in apposition to Watts, or another noun in addition to Watts, and must be in the same case. Sometimes several nouns or pronouns are used in addition to the first, and then they are all in apposition to the first.

The propriety of the two nouns being in the same case you must readily perceive; because, if Watts sells goods, the merchant sells goods-for both nouns mean the same person, and, therefore, both are in the nominative case to the verb sells.

Again," I saw Phelps the tailor." Now it is plain that, when I saw Phelps, I saw the tailor; for Phelps was the tailor; therefore the noun tailor is in the objective case, and is in apposition to Phelps, and is governed by the transitive verb saw, according to Rule XVI.

George. This rule will be easily remembered, because the reason of it is plain.

Tutor. It is so and you will find it of use to you in your writing and conversation, as it will guard you against such errors as the following:-"Love your Maker, he that made you." "You should honour your parents, they that nourish and protect you.” "Give the book to my brother, he whom. you saw here to-day."

In the first of these sentences he is wrong; it must be chan- ged into him, in apposition to Maker.

In the second example they must be changed into them, in apposition to parents, and governed by honour. In the third example he must be changed into him, in apposition to brother, and governed by the preposition to.

Caroline. I think we shall find no difficulty in remembering the application of this rule; but I hope you will give us some examples of its application in our next parsing lesson, for I find that it is parsing, that illustrates the proper connexions of the words, and makes us remember them.

Tutor. I will now ask you a few questions, and then I will give you some exercises in parsing.

QUESTIONS.

When nouns and pronouns of the singular number, are conrected by and, of what number must verbs, nouns, and pronouns be to agree with them?

Is there any exception to this?
What is it?

What is the rule when nouns and pronouns of the singular number are disjunctively connected?

How do you parse nouns and pronouns in apposition?
What is meant by apposition?

How do you parse nouns and pronouns, coming together, and signifying different things? See Rule II: When is an adjective used substantively?

Of what number is it when so used?

How many cases have nouns and pronouns ?
What are they?

How do you distinguish them?

In which case does the noun vary?

How does it vary?

How many persons have nouns

How many have pronouns ?

Decline the three persons of the personal pronouns ?

How many kinds of adjective pronouns are there?
What are they? Repeat them.

Which of them are declinable?

Decline the relative who.

Are which and that declinable?

How many parts of speech may that be used for?
When is it a relative?

When is it a demonstrative adjective pronoun ?
When is it a demonstrative pronoun merely?
When is it a conjunction?

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

The generous never recount their deeds of charity; nor the brave, their feats of valour. That man whom you see, bestows more benefits on the poor, than any other whom I know. My neighbour has two sons, William and John. Phelps, the tailor, works for me. You honour your parents, them who protect and educate you. John Stiles, the attorney, pleads my cause against Tom Nokes, who pleads for my adversary, the broker. A contented mind and a good conscience make a man happy in all conditions. Prudence and perseverance overcome all obstacles. What thin partitions sense from thought divide! The sun that rolls over our heads, the food that we receive, and the rest that we enjoy, daily admonish us of a superior and superintending power. Idleness and ignorance produce many vices. Either his pride or his folly disgusts us. Every twig, every leaf, and every drop of water, teems with life. None more impatiently suffer injuries, than they that most frequently commit them."

NOTE. When nouns and pronouns of different persons are connected by and, the verbs must agree in person, with the second, in preference to the third, and with the first in preference to either.

EXAMPLES.

He and thou study well-He and thou, and I labour much. In the first sentence study is in the second person plural. It is plural agreeably to Rule XV, because its two nominatives are connected by and, and the second person agreeably to this note. In the second sentence, labour is of the first person, plural, according to the same rule and note.

CONVERSATION XIV.

Tutor. I shall commence this Conversation, by explaining to you what is called the nominative case independent. All the nouns and pronouns which you have yet parsed in the nominative case, have had a verb, you know, to agree with them; therefore in parsing such, you have said they were in the nominative case to the verb. But a noun, or pronoun, may be so used, that it can have no verb to agree with it, and still be in the nominative case. This frequently happens, when we make a direct address to a person or thing: as, “George, I wish you would study more." "Caroline, will you give me your book ?"

In these sentences, you perceive that the two nouns, George and Caroline, have no verb to agree with them; therefore they cannot be nominatives to any verbs; and you also perceive that they are not in the possessive or objective case; but they must be in one of the three cases. The rule then, for such a construction, is,

RULE XVII.

When a direct address is made, the noun, or pronoun, having no word to govern it, or agree with it, is in the nomi

native case INDEPENDENT.

George. The nominative case independent, then, must always be of the second person; because the rule says,-When a direct address is made, &c.-and when we make a direct address, the person or thing we speak to, is of the second

person.

Tutor. Right. The nominative independent, is always in the second person; but you must observe, that a nominative of the second person is not always independent: it is independent only, when it has no word to govern, or to agree with it. And what is meant by its being independent, is, that it is independent of any verb. All your other nominatives have had verbs to agree with them, and therefore they were not independent.

Caroline. Will you give us a few examples to parse under this rule?

Tutor. Yes; you may parse these:

66 George, Caroline studies better than you." Caroline, you understand this rule quite well." "Boy, I love you for your good conduct."

I shall give you more examples under this rule, in the next exercise for parsing. There are now remaining four or five rules more, which you must understand, before you can parse all the different constructions of English language; but I shall defer the explanation of these, till I shall have given you the Moods and Tenses of the verbs.

EXERCISES IN PARSING.
You, and I, and my cousin, meet here daily.
I saw you yesterday writing a letter.
You see me now teaching you.

Caroline hears George reciting his lesson.
Some persons behave well, others ill.

Two and three make five.

One and one make two.

Two persons perform more work than one.

One likes not ill treatment.

Boys, you do your work very well.

Those who labour with diligence succeed in business; but the idle and vicious come to poverty.

NOTE. The word what frequently has the sense of that which, and those which, and then it must be parsed as a compound pronoun, including both the antecedent and the relative. In this construction, that is a demonstrative pronoun. I will illustrate this by a few

EXAMPLES.

I like what you dislike. That is, I like that, which you distike.

What pleases me, displeases you. not to the worth, while we enjoy it.

What we have, we prize

You will find, that the prepositions to and for are frequently understood as in these

:

EXAMPLES.

He gave me a book. He bought me a present. That is, He bought for me a present. He gave to me a book. Her father bought her a present, which she gave her friend.

Modesty makes large amends for the pain it gives the persons who labour under it, by the prejudice it affords every worthy person in their favour.

Having explained to you all the different parts of speech, and nearly all their different grammatical relations, I will, before I proceed further, give you some

REMARKS ON DERIVATION.

Words are derived from one another in various ways, viz. 1. Substantives are derived from verbs.

2. Verbs are derived from substantives, adjectives, and sometimes from adverbs.

3. Adjectives are derived from substantives.

4. Substantives are derived from adjectives. 5. Adverbs are derived from adjectives.

1.

Substantives are derived from verbs: as, from "to love," comes "lover;" from "to visit, visiter;" from to survive, surviver ;" &c.

In the following instances, and in many others, it is difficult to determine, whether the verb was deduced from the noun, or the noun from the verb, viz. "Love, to love; hate, to hate; fear, to fear; sleep, to sleep; walk, to walk; ride, to ride; act, to act ;" &c.

2. Verbs are derived from substantives, adjectives, and sometimes from adverbs: as, from the substantive salt comes, "to salt ;" from the adjective warm," to warm ;" and from the adverb forward, "to forward." Sometimes they are formed by lengthening the vowel, or softening the consonant : as, from " grass, to graze;" sometimes by adding en: as, from "length, to lengthen;" especially to adjectives: as, from << short, to shorten ;""bright, to brighten."

3. Adjectives are derived from substantives, in the following manner: Adjectives denoting plenty, are derived from