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pronoun. The word none is composed of not and one; and it seems originally to have signified only a single person or thing; but there is good authority for using it in both numbers. None, then, is an indefinite pronoun, either of the singular or plural number, as the sense may require.

When none is used as an adjective pronoun, it follows the noun to which it belongs: as, "Terms of peace were none vouchsafed." Self is added to possessive adjective pronouns : as, myself, yourselves; and sometimes to personal pronouns : as, himself, themselves, &c. and these, you will call compound personal pronouns; and myself and yourself, &c., the same, in the singular number. Himself and themselves are now used in the nominative case, instead of hisself and theirselves. I will now give you a number of questions, and when you can answer them all, you will be prepared to parse the sentences which I shall give you to practise upon.

What is a pronoun ?

QUESTIONS.

How many personal pronouns are there?
How many persons have pronouns ?

How many cases have they?

What is the first person?

How do you decline it?

What is the personal pronoun of the second person?
How is it declined?

How do you decline the personal pronoun of the third per son, masculine gender?

How the third person of feminine gender?

How the third person of neuter gender?

When you decline the pronoun of the second person, you find that you is used in the nominative case, as well as in the objective. When you see the word you, written in a sentence, then, how will you know whether it is a nominative or an objective case?

How will you know when the pronoun it, is a nominative or an objective case?

When you say a word is of the first, second, or third person, what do you understand by the word person?

What are adjective pronouns ?

How many kinds are there?

What are the possessive?

What are the distributive?

What are the demonstrative?

What are the indefinite?

Which of the possessive are declinable ?

Are these two called adjective pronouns when they are declinable and have cases?

What are they called?

Which of the indefinite are declinable?

Decline one.

Decline other.

Are any of the distributive or demonstrative declinable? Decline former and latter.

When are all these considered as adjective pronouns, and when as pronouns merely?

What do you understand by the word adjective?
What rule have you for pronouns ?

What is the personal termination of the verb of the second person singular? or in other words, how does the verb of the second person singular end?

What is the personal termination of the verb of the third person singular?

Now parse the following sentences, in which you will find the personal and adjective pronouns, combined with those parts of speech which you had before; and when parsing the adjective pronoun, you will give

RULE X.

Every adjective pronoun belongs to some noun, or pronoun, expressed or understood.

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

I see that man teaching his child. Your father loves his children very much. My friends visit me very often. People many times complain unreasonably. I run. Thou runnest. He runneth. We run. You run. They run.

He runs. Thou teachest me. I teach thee. He teaches us. She loves him. He pities her. Her they instruct. Them we command. You they feed. Them you carry. Every man helps a little. Some persons labour, others labour not; the* former increase, the latter decrease. Those horses draw the new coach very easily. Each pupil daily recites his own lesson twice. You have not any other books.

NOTE. A pronoun in the possessive case, like a noun, is governed by the following noun expressed or understood. One loves one's self. Our neighbours invite their friends.

*The article refers to a pronoun as well as to a noun,

Her boys play a great deal. Her son loves her. ter pleases her teacher. Your dog hurts mine.

assists yours.

Thy daugh-
My servant

NOTE. Adjectives, and adjective pronouns, belong to pro

nouns as well as to nouns.

The old bird feeds the young ones.

Every one learns his task well.
Great boys teach the small ones.

I will now close this Conversation with a few additional

REMARKS.

Mine and thine, instead of my and thy, were formerly used before a substantive, or adjective, beginning with a vowel, or a silent h: as, "Blot out all mine iniquities."

The following sentences exemplify the possessive adjective pronouns." My lesson is finished; Thy books are defaced; He loves his studies; She performs her duty; We own our faults; Your situation is distressing; I admire their virtues."

The following are examples of the possessive cases of the personal pronouns. "This desk is mine; the other is thine ; These trinkets are his; those are hers; This house is ours, and that is yours; Theirs is very commodious."

Each relates to two or more persons or things, and signifies either of the two, or every one of any number taken separately. Every relates to several persons or things, and signifies each one of them all, taken separately. This pronoun was formerly used apart from its noun; but it is now constantly annexed to it, except in legal proceedings: as, in the phrase," all and every of them."

Either relates to two persons or things taken separately, and signifies, the one or the other. To say, " either of the three," is therefore improper. It should be, "any of the three."

Neither imports "not either;" that is, not one nor the other; as, "Neither of my friends was there." If more than two are alluded to, it should be," None of my friends was there."

This refers to the nearest person or thing, and that to the most distant: "This man is more intelligent than that." This indicates the latter, or last mentioned; that the former, or first mentioned: as, "Both wealth and poverty are temptations; that, tends to excite pride, this, discontent."

One has a possessive case, which it forms in the same man

ner as substantives: as, one, one's. This word has a general signification, meaning people at large; and sometimes also a peculiar reference to the person who is speaking: as, "One ought to pity the distresses of mankind.” "One is apt

to love one's self." This word is often used, by good writers, in the plural number: as, "The great ones of the world;" "The boy wounded the old bird, and stole the young ones ;" 46 My wife and the little ones are in good health."

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Others is only used when apart from the noun to which it refers, whether expressed or understood: as, "When you have perused these papers, I will send you the others." When this pronoun is joined to nouns, either singular or plural, it has no variation: as, "the other man," "the other men.' The following phrases may serve to exemplify the indefinite pronouns. "Some of you are wise and good;" "A few of them were idle, the others industrious;" "Neither is there any that is unexceptionable;" " One ought to know one's own mind;" "They were all present;" "Such is the state of man, that he is never at rest ;" "Some are happy, others are miserable."

The word another is composed of the indefinite article prefixed to the word other.

None is used in both numbers: as, "None is so deaf as he that will not hear :" "None of those are equal to these." It seems originally to have signified, according to its derivation, not one, and therefore to have had no plural; but there is good authority for the use of it in the plural number: as, "None that go unto her return again." Prov. ii. 19. "Terms of peace were none vouchsaf'd." MILTON. "None of them are varied to express the gender." "None of them have different endings for the numbers." LowтH's Introduction. "None of their productions are extant." BLAIR.

CONVERSATION X.

OF RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE
PRONOUNS.

In our last Conversation I told you, that there were four kinds of pronouns, viz. personal, adjective, relative, and inter

rogative pronouns. The first two I have explained to you; the last two I will endeavour to make you acquainted with this morning.

Relative pronouns are such as, in general, relate to some preceding noun or pronoun. The preceding noun or pronoun, is called the antecedent. Antecedent means going before. The noun or pronoun, therefore, that goes before the relative, which the relative stands for or relates to, is its antecedent; and the relative must be made to agree with its antecedent in person, number, and gender; because the relative is a pronoun used to save the repetition of its antecedent. The relative pronouns are, who, which, and that. Thus, instead of saying, "The boy learns well, the boy studies;" we say, "The boy learns well, who studies." Who, in this sentence, is a relative pronoun, third person, singular number, masculine gender, agreeing with its antecedent noun boy, and in the nominative case to studies.

And when you parse a relative, always give this rule.

RULE XI.

Relative pronouns agree with their antecedent in person, number, and gender.

are relatives.

I have said that who, which, and that, That is a relative, only when it has the sense of who, or which; that is, when you can use who or which in its place. Thus when "Here is a box that I bought," it is the same sense, as if I were to say, "Here is a box which I bought." "The man that came," &c. is the same sense, as "the man who came."

I

say,

George. But I remember the word that, was among the demonstrative adjective pronouns. How shall I know when it is a demonstrative, and when it is a relative pronoun ?

Tutor. When that is a demonstrative, it points out something precisely, and it cannot be changed into who or which, as it can when it is a relative. For example, "Give me that box"-" See that box." In these phrases that is a demonstrative, and you perceive that you cannot supply its place by who or which, as you can in these. "The boy that studies will improve.' The wood that I bought is good."

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Caroline. Are the relatives declined as the personal pronouns are?

Tutor. The relative who is thus declined. Singular, Nominative Who, Possessive Whose, Objective Whom. The plural is the same. This relative does not vary on account of its person, number, or gender.

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