than he." In the former sentence, more is evidently an adjective, and in the latter an adverb, There are others that are sometimes used as substantives, and sometimes as adverbs : as, To day's lesson is longer than yesterday's:" here to-day and yesterday are substantives, because they are words that make sense of themselves, and admit besides of a possessive case; but in the phrase," He came home yesterday, and sets out again to-day," they are adverbs of time; because they answer to the question when.) The adverb much is used as all three: as, “Where much is given, much is required ;” “ Much money has been expended;" "It is much better to go than to stay." In the first of these sentences, much is a substantive; in the second, it is an adjective; and in the third, an adverb. In short, nothing but the sense can determine what they are. Adverbs, though very numerous, may be reduced to certain classes, the chief of which are those of Number, Order, Place, Time, Quantity, Manner or Quality, Doubt, Affirmation, Negation, Interrogation, and Comparison.

1. Of number: as, " Once, twice, thrice," &c.

2. Qf order: as, "First, secondly, thirdly, fourthly, fifthly, lastly, finally," &c.

3. Of place: as, "Here, there, where, elsewhere, anywhere,→ somewhere, nowhere, herein, whither, hither, thither, upwards, downwards, forwards, backwards, whence, hence, thence, whithersoever, &c.

4. Of time.

Of time present: as, "Now, to-day," &c.

Of time past: as, " Already, before, lately, yesterday, tofore, hitherto, long since, long ago," &c.

Of time to come: as, "To-morrow, not yet, he henceforth, henceforward, by and by, instantly, presently, ... mediately, straightways," &c.

Of time indefinite: as, " Oft, often, oft-times, oftentimes, sometimes, soon, seldom, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, always, when, then, ever, never, again," &c.

5. Of quantity: as, " Much, little, sufficiently, how much, enough, abundantly," &c.

6. Of manner or quality: as, Wisely, foolishly, justly, unjustly, quickly, slowly," &c. Adverbs of quality are the most numerous kind; and they are generally formed by adding the termination ly to an adjective or participle, or changing le into ly: as, "Bad, badly; cheerful, cheerfully; able, bly; admirable, admirably."

7. Of doubt: as, " Perhaps, peradventure, possibly, perchance."

8. Of affirmation: as, "Verily, truly, undoubtedly, doubtless, certainly, yea, yes, surely, indeed, really," &c.

9. Of negation: as, Nay, no, not, by no means, not at all, in no wise," &c.

10. Of interrogation: as, "How, why, wherefore, whither," &c.

11. Of comparison: as, "More, most, better, best, worse, worst, less, least, very, almost, little, alike," &c.

Besides the adverbs already mentioned, there are many which are formed by a combination of several of the prepositions with the adverbs, of place, here, there, and where: as, "Hereof, thereof, whereof; hereunto, thereto, whereto; hereby, thereby, whereby; herewith, therewith, wherewith,; herein, therein, wherein; therefore, (i. e. there-for,) wherefore, (i. e. where-for,) hereupon, or hereon, thereupon, or thereon, whereupon, or whereon, &c. Except therefore, these are seldom used.

In some instances, the preposition suffers no change, but becomes an adverb merely by its application: as, when we say, "he rides about ;"" he was near falling ;"" but do not after lay the blame on me."

There are also some adverbs, which are composed of nouns, and the letter a used instead of at, on, &c.: as,

Aside, p. athirst, afoot, asleep, aboard, ashore, abed, aground, afloat,"

c.

compThe words, when and where, and all others of the same namore at such as, whence, whither, whenever, wherever, &c. may The perly called adverbial conjunctions, because, they parmore the e the nature both of adverbs and conjunctions of conthe lessons, as they conjoin sentences; of adverbs, as they dethe tributes either of time or of place.

It may be particularly observed, with respect to the word therefore, that it is an adverb, when, without joining sentences, it only gives the sense of, for that reason. When it gives that sense, and also connects, it is a conjunction: "He is good, therefore he is happy." The same observation may be extended to the words consequently, accordingly, and the like. When these are subjoined to and, or joined to if, since, &c. they are adverbs, the connexion being made without their help when they appear single, and unsupported by any other connective, they may be called conjunctions.

The inquisitive scholar may naturally ask, what necessity there is for adverbs of time, when verbs are provided with tenses, to show that circumstance. The answer is, though tenses may be sufficient to denote the greater distinctions of

time, yet, to denote them all by the tenses would be a perplexity without end. What a variety of forms must be given to the verb, to denote yesterday, to-day, to-morrow, formerly, lately, just now, now, immediately, presently, soon, hereafter, &c. It was this consideration that made the adverbs of time necessary, over and above the tenses.

What is an adverb ?

QUESTIONS.

To what does an adverb belong?
To what does an adjective belong?

When a word qualifies a verb, participle, an adjective, or adverb, what part of speech is it?

Are adverbs compared ?

How are adverbs ending in ly compared ?
What is the rule when you parse an adverb ?

Does an article ever refer to an adverb?

For what purpose does the article refer to it ?

For what purpose do adverbs seem to have been originally contrived?

What is an adverbial phrase?

What words are sometimes used as adverbs, sometimes as adjectives, and sometimes as nouns? Can you give examples? When are the words, to-day, yesterday, and to-morrow, nouns, and when adverbs?

How many classes of adverbs are there?

What are they?

What are the adverbs of number?

What are the adverbs of order ?

What are the adverbs of place?
What are the adverbs of time present?
What are the adverbs of time past?
What are the adverbs of time to come?

What are the adverbs of time indefinite?

What are the adverbs of quantity?

What are the adverbs of quality or manner?

What are the adverbs of doubt?

What are the adverbs of affirmation?

What are the adverbs of negation?

What are the adverbs of interrogation?

What are the adverbs of comparison?

What adverbs are composed of nouns, and the letter a?
What words are called adverbial conjunctions?

Why may they be so called?

F

When are the words, therefore, consequently, and accordingly, adverbial conjuctions, and when adverbs?

CONVERSATION IX.

OF PRONOUNS.

OF THE PERSONAL AND ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.

Tutor. I shall this morning make you acquainted with the Pronoun.

George. What is meant by pro?—A noun we know is a

name.

Tutor. Pro means for, or instead of.

Caroline. Now I think I understand what a pronoun is. It means instead of a noun, or it is a word used instead of a

noun.

Tutor. It is a word used instead of a noun to prevent the too frequent repetition of the same word. Thus if we had no pronouns in the language, I should say, 'Caroline is a good girl, because Caroline studies Caroline's lessons well, and Caroline will soon understand Caroline's grammar.' But we have pronouns which are used to prevent this disagreeable repetition.

George. And therefore, instead of repeating the word Caroline, so many times as you did just now, I should say,— 'Caroline is a good girl, because she studies her lessons well, and she will soon understand her grammar.'—It is plainly to be seen, that she and her are pronouns, used instead of the noun Caroline.

Caroline. And if the same could be said of George, I should say,' He studies his lessons well,' &c.

Tutor. Yes: and you must readily perceive that gender belongs to pronouns; for when you speak of George, you say he and his; but when you speak of Caroline, you say she and her; but when you speak of a thing that is neither masculine nor feminine, it is used: as, "I hold a book; it belongs to you, and you must use it carefully." Now you see, that pronouns must be of the same gender, as the nouns are for which they stand.

George. I should think, that they must agree in number

too, for when I speak of two or more books, I do not say it— but I say they or them.

Tutor. I will give you a rule concerning pronouns.

RULE IX.

Pronouns must agree with the nouns for which they stand in number and gender.

Caroline. Do not pronouns agree with their nouns in per

son too?

Tutor. They may agree in person, or they may not. Pronouns are frequently used in such a manner, that they cannot agree in person with the nouns for which they stand, as, in this sentence: "And Jesus cried with a loud voice, Lazarus come forth; and he came forth bound hand and foot." Here you perceive, that he means Lazarus, which is second person, but he is third.

Caroline. I understand it. The pronouns may agree in person with their noun, but they do not always but they must always agree in number and gender, therefore we may put that fact into the form of a rule.

Tutor. You are right, Caroline-There are four kinds of pronouns, viz. the PERSONAL, the ADJECTIVE, the RELATIVE, and the INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

"At this time, I shall only notice those called Personal, and those called Adjective pronouns. There are five Personal

pronouns, viz. I, thou, he, she, it, and their plurals.

I, is the first person

Thou, is the second person

He, she, or it, is the third person

We, is the first person

Ye, or you, is the second person
They, is the third person

Singular.

Plural.

A noun, you know, has but two persons, viz. the second, when it denotes the person or thing spoken to; and the third, when it denotes the person or thing spoken of. But you must perceive that the pronoun is also used to denote the person speaking; for when I or we is used, it denotes the person or persons speaking, Pronouns, therefore, have three persons, viz. the first, second, and third.

George. What is meant by person?

Tutor. In all conversations, or composition, there may be these three persons; and as we frequently speak to things as well as to persons, and of things as well as of persons, we are obliged to consider things in grammar, as we do persons, and we use such words as will denote when the thing is spoken to,