Why is it called Participle?
How does it differ from the verb ?
How many participles are there?
What are they called?

Which have I explained?

What rule do you give when you parse the participle? What rule, when you parse the objective case which is governed by it?

I will now give you a few more particular

REMARKS ON PARTICIPLES.

There are three participles, the Present or Active, the Perfect or Passive, and the Compound Perfect; as, "loving, loved, having loved."

Agreeably to the general practice of grammarians, I have represented the present participle, as active; and the past, as passive but they are not uniformly so the present is sometimes passive; and the past is frequently active. Thus, The youth was consuming by a slow malady;" "The Indian was burning by the cruelty of his enemies ;""The number is augmenting daily;" "Plutarch's Lives are reprinting ;" appear to be instances of the present participle's being used passively. "He has instructed me;" "I have gratefully repaid his kindness;" are examples of the past participle's being applied in an active sense. It may also be observed, that the present participle is sometimes associated with the past and future tenses of the verb; and the past participle connected with the present and future tenses.-The most unexceptionable distinction which grammarians make between the participles, is, that the one points to the continuation of the action, passion, or state, denoted by the verb; and the other, to the completion of it. Thus, the present participle signifies " I am imperfect action, or action begun and not ended: as, writing a letter." The past participle signifies action perfect-") ed, or finished: as, "I have written a letter;"" The letter is

written."*

"The participle is distinguished from the adjective, by the former's expressing the idea of time, and the latter's denoting only a quality. The phrases" loving to give as well as to receive," ""moving in haste," "heated with liquor," contain participles giving the idea of time; but the epithets contained in

* When this participle is joined to the verb to have, it is called perfect; when it is joined to the verb to be, or understood with it, it is denominated passive.

the expressions," a loving child," "a moving spectacle," "a heated imagination," mark simply the qualities referred to, without any regard to time; and may properly be called participial adjectives.

Participles not only convey the notion of time; but they also signify actions, and govern the cases of nouns and pronouns, in the same manner as verbs do.

Participles sometimes perform the office of substantives, and are used as such as in the following instances: "The beginning"" a good understanding;" "excellent writing "The chancellor's being attached to the king secured his crown ;""The general's having failed in this enterprise occasioned his disgrace;" "John's having been writing a long time had wearied him."

That the words in italics of the three latter examples, perform the office of substantives, and may be considered as such, will be evident, if we reflect, that the first of them has exactly the same meaning and construction as, "The chancellor's attachment to the king secured the crown ;" and that the other examples will bear a similar construction. The words, being attached, govern the word chancellor's in the possessive case, in the one instance, as clearly as attachment governs it in that case, in the other and it is only substantives, or words and phrases which operate as substantives, that govern the genitive or possessive case.

The following sentence is not precisely the same as the above, either in sense or construction, though, except the possessive case, the words are the same: "The chancellor, being attached to the king, secured his crown." In the former, the words, being attached, form the nominative case to the verb, and are stated as the cause of the effect; in the latter, they are not the nominative case, and make only a circumstance to chancellor, which is the proper nominative. It may not be improper to add another form of this sentence, by which the learner may better understand the peculiar nature and form of each of these modes of expression: "The chancellor being attached to the king, his crown was secured." This constitutes what is properly called, the CASE ABSOLUTE; or, the NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE.

QUESTIONS.

In what respect is a participle like a verb P
How does it differ from a verb?

How is it like an adjective?

How does it differ from it?

Is the participle ending in ing always used in an active sense? Is the perfect or passive participle always used in a passive sense?

When is this participle properly called passive, and when perfect?

Is a participle ever used as a noun ?

Can you give examples with the present, passive, and compound perfect participle so used?

CONVERSATION VIII.

OF ADVERBS.

Caroline. The Adverb, I believe, is the next part of speech in order; so I suppose we are to have that in this Conversation.

Tutor. Yes; an Adverb is a word which has its grammatical connections always with a Verb, Participle, Adjective, or another Adverb so that you are now prepared to receive the explanations concerning this part of speech, and understand its relations in a sentence. It has no connexion with a noun, or any other part of speech, except the four which I have just mentioned. It is called adverb, because it is more frequently added to the verb than to any other part of speech; and when added to a verb, or a participle, it usually expresses the time, the manner, or the place, in which an action is done: as, the boy walks slowly, leisurely, quickly, hastily, or badly, &c. or with a participle: as, I see the boy walking slowly, leisurely, quickly, &c. ; these adverbs qualify the participle; and you see that all these express the manner in which the actions are done, that are denoted by the verb or participle.

There are many sorts of adverbs.

Adverbs of time present are such as these: Now, to-day, &c. Of time past: Already, heretofore, before, lately, yesterday, hitherto, long since, long ago, &c.

Of time to come: To-morrow, not yet, hereafter, henceforth, by and by, &c.

Of time indefinite: Oft, often, oft-times, then, when, ever, never, again, &c.

Of place: There, where, elsewhere, anywhere, nowhere, hither, whither, thither, whence, hence, thence, upwards, downwards, forwards, backwards, whithersoever, &c.

When an adverb is joined to an adjective or adverb, it generally expresses a degree of the adjective or adverb; for some adverbs have degrees of comparison like adjectives; as, the adverbs, soon, often, much, well; and these are compared thus:

ably,

more ably,

most ably.

Positive.

Superlative.

wise,

more wise,

most wise.

least wise.

more prudent,

most prudent.

And adverbs express the degrees of Adjectives: as,

wise,

prudent,

Comparative.

less wise,

When such phrases as the following; none at all, a great deal, many times, a few days ago; are joined to verbs, participles, or adjectives, you will call them adverbial phrases.

George. I suppose we can now parse sentences containing six parts of speech: Nouns, Verbs, Articles, Adjectives, Participles, and Adverbs.

Tutor. Yes: and you must be careful to remember how each is parsed.

In parsing a Noun, tell its person, number, gender, and case. In parsing a Verb, tell whether it is transitive or intransitive; also tell its person, number, and with what nominative agrees, and give Rule I.

it

In parsing an Article, tell what kind, and what it refers to, and give Rule IV.

In parsing an Adjective, tell the degree of comparison, and what noun it belongs to, and give Rule V.

In parsing a Participle, tell what it refers to, and give Rule VI.

In parsing an Adverb, tell of what kind it is, whether of time, place, or quality, &c. and what particular word it qualifies, and give

RULE VIII.

Adverbs qualify verbs, participles, adjectives, and other adverbs.

By observing these directions, you can parse these sentences, which I have written for you to practise upon.

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

Good boys study well. Very industrious children study a great deal. Very idle girls learn none at all.

NOTE. You perceive in these sentences, that the word very does not belong to the nouns children and boys; for the sense is not very children—very boys, but it belongs to the adjectives industrious and idle, and it is therefore an adverb, and qualifies an adjective. A word is always an adverb when it qualifies a verb, an adjective, a participle, or another adverb, as I have before explained to you.

Now parse the following examples:

Old houses soon fall-The new ship sails fast-Good people love young children learning well-Large cities contain many poor inhabitants-Persons seeing little girls, learning grammar thoroughly, feel much pleasure-Behaving carelessly, boys do mischief-Running swiftly, horses break carriages -Servants driving horses very carelessly, often break people's limbs.

The definite article is frequently prefixed to adverbs of the comparative and superlative degrees, to mark the degree more strongly: as,

The more the wind blows, the faster the ship sails-The more the boy studies the lesson, the better the boy understands the lesson.

REMARKS ON ADVERBS.

Adverbs seem originally to have been contrived to express compendiously in one word, what must otherwise have required two or more: as, "He acted wisely," for, he acted with wisdom; "prudently," for, with prudence; "He did it here," for, he did it in this place; "exceedingly," for, to a great degree;" often and seldom," for many, and for a few times; "very," for, in an eminent degree, &c. Phrases which do the office of adverbs, may properly be termed adverbial phrases. "They labour none at all; They work a great deal."-Here the phrases in italics, may be called adverbial phrases, because they qualify the verbs.

There are many words in the English language, that are sometimes used as adjectives, and sometimes as adverbs: as, "More men than women were there;" or, "I am more diligent