ground, broke the plough.-The men, having ploughed the field, left it. My neighbour bought a field well ploughed.John Stiles purchased a farm well cultivated.-He cultivates one well purchased.

Who does that work?-Who did this mischief?-Who saw that mischief done ?-Whom see I?-Whom seest thou now? Whom sees he?-Whom see ye sometimes ?-Whom saw ye yesterday? Which lovest thou most ?-What dost thou today?—I have a book.-Thou hast a pen.-He has money.We have gold.-Ye or you have houses.-They have property." What has he?-What book has he?-Which book has he? -Which road takest thou here ?-Whose house hirest thou ? -Whose child teaches he ?-Us they teach.-Them we teach. -Her I instruct.-Thee he cheats.I who teach you, love them.-Thou who teachest me, lovest her. He who teaches us, loves them.-We who teach the boys, love them.-You who teach the girl, love her.-They who teach the daughter, love her mother.

your

I, whom you commanded, loved father once.-' -Thou whom he taught, dost well.-Him, whom you see, I love still. -Whom thou seest, him love 1.-Them whom he whips, I pity. The book which I lost you found.-The book I lost, you found. The money I lost, he spent.-The house you built, I bought.-I saw, to-day, the horse, you sold.—I taught the boy you sent.-They caught the thiet, you suspected.— The boys the boy injures.-The boy the boys injure.-The boy the boys carries.-The boys the boy carry.-Thee whom they betray, we love.

I have learned my task.-Thou hast learned thy lesson.He has learned his exercises.-He hath learned them.--We have learned very slowly.--The man has seen his son daily.-The men have seen their sons thrice. The parents have clad their children warmly. I had seen him.-Thou hast seen them often.-I shall see you to-morrow.--Thou wilt see me some days hence.--He will see thee twenty times. I shall have seen you ten times to-morrow.--Thou wilt have seen her abused twice, perhaps thirce, by-and-by. He will have finished his work to-morrow.

You gave a book to me.--You have given me a book.-He lent me some money.--He has lent you a book.--Her father bought her a present, which she gave her friend.--That man's brother and sister left him a fortune, which he soon was ted.-Whom, ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you. -Modesty makes large amends for the pain, it gives the per

sons who labour under it, by the prejudice, it affords every worthy person in their favour.

I invited his brother and him to my house.-Him and his friend I had seen before.-Him whom the master taught, your brother had taught before.—I shall see him before you arrive. -He will finish his studies first, because he commenced them before you. I saw her and her sister long since.-I have seen you since I saw her.-I walked before you, and your friend rode before me.-Some people have seen much more of the world than others. He has seen more years than I.-You labour more than he.-He came down stairs slowly, but he went briskly up again.

CONVERSATION XVI.

OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Tutor. You now understand the indicative mood, with all its tenses, so well, that you will find the other moods and their tenses very easily acquired.

Caroline. We expected to find the moods and tenses of the verbs somewhat difficult to learn; but we now begin to think, that they are very easily understood and remembered.

Tutor. If you listen attentively to what I say, and reflect well upon it, I think you will readily comprehend every part of the subject.

I will now proceed to explain the subjunctive mood.

When a verb is preceded by a word, or by words, which express a condition, doubt, motive, wish, or supposition, it is in the SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD: as,

He will injure his health, if he walk in the rain; I will respect him, though he chide me; on condition that he come, I will consent to stay.

George. I perceive, by your examples, that the third person singular of the verb, in the subjunctive mood, present tense, has not the same termination, that it has in the indicative. In the indicative, the verbs, which you have given, viz. walk, chide, come, would be walks, chides, comes.

Tutor. That is true.

The subjunctive mood does not væ

have a few more words to say on this subject. There are two forms of the Present Tense of the subjunctive mood, which I denominate the First Form, and the Second Form of the subjunctive present: the Second Form is that which I have explained. The First Form is that in which the verb retains the personal termination in the second and third persons singular, as it does in the indicative present: as,

FIRST FORM.

If I study.

If thou studiest.
If he studies.
Plural.

If we study.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.

If ye or you study.
If they study.

SECOND FORM.

If I study.
If thou study.
If he study.
Plural.

If we study.

If ye or you study.
If they study.

George. The distinction of these two forms of the present tense of the subjunctive, is very easily remembered, because the first is like that of the indicative present, except the conjunc tion must be prefixed; and the second you explained before.

Caroline. But I perceive one difficulty; which is, that I do not know when I must use the first form, or when I must use the second; and if I know how to conjugate and parse verbs in these two forms of the subjunctive present, but do not know when to use the first form, or when the second, I do not know enough of grammar, with respect to this mood, to make it of much benefit to me; for grammar teaches us to speak and write correctly.

Tutor. Very well, Caroline, that is true. I will try to inform you on this point, so that you may be able to use the subjunctive mood correctly.

The second form of the subjunctive present, as I have given it to you, always has a future signification; or a reference to future time, as you will perceive by reflecting on the examples which I have used to illustrate it.

The first form has no reference to future time. Both are preceded by a conjunction, expressed or understood, or by some words which express a condition, doubt, motive, &c. so that, when you take the whole compound sentence together, in which the subjunctive present in used, and find that the expression has a reference to future time, you must use the second form; otherwise, the first. See also sec. XX.

The truth is, that the second form, having a reference to future time, always has some auxiliary verb understood before it; such as may, can, or should. Now you will perceive, that, if we conjugate the verb, and use one of these auxiliaries, the principal verb cannot vary, in the second and third persons singular: as,

If I should go,

If thou shouldst go,
If he should go, &c.'

If I can come.

If thou canst come.
If he can come.

And when I say, "George will improve, if he study;" the phrase means, that George will improve, if he should study.

George. I perceive that that is the meaning; and that the verb must be study, and not studies; for we cannot say, “If he should studies ;" and the principal verb must be written in the same manner, when the auxiliary is understood, as it is, when expressed. The reason, therefore, why the verb, in the second form, does not vary, is quite plain. I think I now know how to use the two forms of the subjunctive present.

Caroline. I think I understand too, very clearly, how to use them. For example, if I say, "George will recite his lesson better than I, if he studies while I am talking." The phrase does not mean, “If he should study," but, " If he now studies, or if he is now studying;" therefore, I properly use the first form.

Tutor. That is right; and I think now, that you both understand the subjunctive mood; and when you parse a verb in the present tense of this mood, always tell whether it is in the first or second form.

I will now question you concerning the subject of this Con

versation.

QUESTIONS.

When is a verb in the subjunctive mood?
Why is this mood called subjunctive?

Is this mood ever used in simple sentences?

What is the difference between the first and the second form of the subjunctive present?

How many tenses has this mood?

In what tenses of the subjunctive mood is the verb conjugated, as it is in the correspondent tenses of the indicative ? In which is it conjugated differently?

In what instances must the first form of the subjunctive present be used?

In what must the second be used?

Can you conjugate the verb speak, through all the tenses of the subjunctive mood, giving both forms of the present tense ?

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

I shall walk in the fields to-morrow, unless it rain. If George studies well, he does his duty in that respect. If that man thinks as he speaks, he will hereafter find himself in error. My estate has considerably increased during this year, unless my accountant deceives me. If he acquire riches, and make not a good use of them, they will corrupt his mind.

It is here necessary to give you another rule, to assist you in the proper use of the verbs, in the construction of compound

sentences.

RULE XIX.

Verbs connected by conjunctions, must be in the same mood and tense, and, when in the subjunctive mood, they must be in the SAME FORM.

You remember, doubtless, the 14th rule, which says, "Nouns and pronouns, connected by conjunctions, must be in the same cases."

This rule, and the 19th, which I have just given you, are of great importance, in the construction of compound sentences; and you must, therefore, pay particular attention to them.

CONVERSATION XVII.

OF THE POTENTIAL, INFINITIVE, AND
IMPERATIVE MOODS.

Tutor. In this Conversation, I will give you the remaining moods, and their tenses. I shall, first, explain to you the potential mood.

This mood implies possibility, or liberty, will, or obligation: as, "It may rain; he may go; I can walk; he would ride; they should study."

This mood, you may remember, has four tenses, viz. the present, the imperfect, the perfect, and the pluperfect.