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"By sea, by land, on shore :" i. e. "By the sea, by the land, on the shore."

It is very frequent, when the word notwithstanding agrees with a number of words, or with an entire clause, to omit the whole except this word: and in this use of notwithstanding, we have a striking proof of the value of abbreviations in language. For example: "Moses said, let no man leave of it till the morning: notwithstanding, they hearkened not unto him." Here notwithstanding appears without the clause to which it belongs: and to complete the sense in words, it would be necessary to repeat the whole preceding clause, or the substance of it." Moses said, let no man leave of it till the morning. Notwithstanding this command o/ Moses, or, notwithstanding Moses said that which has been recited, they hearkened not unto Moses."—"Folly meets with success in this world: but it is true notwithstanding, that it labours under disadvantages." This passage, at length, would read thus: 66 Folly meets with success in the world: but it is true, notwithstanding folly meets with success in the world, that it labours under disadvantages."

It is not unusual to apply a pronoun, this, that, which, or what, to represent nearly the whole of a sentence: as, "Bodies which have no taste, and no power of affecting the skin, may, notwithstanding this, act upon organs which are more delicate." Here this stands for, they have no taste, and no power to affect the skin."

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In the following example, the pronoun and participle are omitted: "Conscious of his own weight and importance, the aid of others was not solicited." Here the words he

being are understood; that is, " He being conscious of his own weight and importance." This clause constitutes the case absolute, or, the nominative absolute; which is not so obvious before, as after, the ellipsis is supplied.

10. The examples that follow are produced to show the impropriety of ellipsis in some particular cases. "The land was always possessed, during pleasure, by those intrusted with the command;" it should be, "those persons intrusted;" or, "those who were intrusted." "If he had read further, he would have found several of his objections might have been spared:" that is, " he would have found that several of his objections," &c. "There is nothing men are more deficient in, than knowing their own characters." It ought to be, "nothing in which men;" and, " than in knowing." "I scarcely know any part of natural philosophy would yield more variety and use;" It should be, "which would yield," &c. "In the temper of mind he was then;" i. e. " in which he then was." "The little satisfaction and consistency, to be found in most of the systems of divinity I have met with, made me betake myself to the sole reading of the Scriptures:" it ought to be, "which are to be found," and, "which I have met with." "He desired they might go to the altar together, and jointly return their thanks to whom only they were due;" i. e. "to him to whom," &c.

RULE XXII.

All the parts of a sentence should correspond to each other: a regular and dependent construction, throughout, should be carefully preserved. The following sentence is therefore inaccurate: "He was more beloved, but not so much admired, as Cinthio." Here more requires than after it, which is no where found in the sentence. It should be, "He was more beloved than Cinthio, but not so much admired." See vol. ii. p. 140.

THIS rule may be considered as comprehending all the preceding ones: and it will also apply to many forms of sentences, which none of those rules can be brought to bear upon. Its generality may seem to render it useless: but by ranging under it a number of varied examples, we shall perceive its utility; and that it is calculated to prove the propriety or impropriety of many modes of expression, which the less general rules cannot at all, or at least cannot so readily, determine.

"This dedication may serve for almost any book, that has, is, or shall be published." It ought to be," that has been, or shall be published." "He was guided by interests always different, sometimes contrary to, those of the community;"" different frow," or, "always different from those of the community, and sometimes contrary to them." "Will it be urged that these books are as old, or even older than tradition ?" The words, "as old," and "older," cannot have a common regimen; it should be 66 as old as tradition, or even older." "It requires few talents to which most men are not born, or at least may not acquire;"" or which, at least, they may not acquire." "The court of chancery frequently mitigates and breaks the teeth of the common law." In this construction, the first verb is said, "to mitigate the teeth of the common law, "which is an evident solecism. "Mitigates the common law, and breaks the teeth of it," would have been grammatical.

"They presently grow into good humour, and good language towards the crown;" "grow into good language," is very improper. "There is never wanting a set of evil instruments, who either out of mad zeal, private hatred, or filthy lucre, are always ready," &c. We say properly, "A man acts out of mad zea," or, out of pri

vate hatred;" but we cannot say, if we would speak English," he acts out of filthy lucre." "To double her kindness and caresses of me:" the word "kindness" requires to be followed by either to or for, and cannot be construed with the preposition of. "Never was man so teased or suffered half the uneasiness, as I have done this evening :" the first and third clauses, viz. "Never was man so teased, as I have done this evening," cannot be joined without an impropriety; and to connect the second and third, the word that must be substituted for as; " Or suffered half the uneasiness that I have done;" or else, "half so much uneasiness as I have suffered."

The first part of the following sentence abounds with adverbs, and those such as are hardly consistent with one another: "Hew much soever the reformation of this degenerate age is almost utterly to be despaired of, we may yet have a more comfortable prospect of future times." The sentence would be more correct in the following form: "Though the reformation of this degenerate age is nearly to be despaired of," &c.

"Oh! shut not up my soul with the sinners, nor my life with the blood-thirsty; in whose hands is wickedness, and their right hand is full of gifts." As the passage, introduced by the copulative conjunction and, was not intended as a continuation of the principal and independent part of the sentence, but of the dependent part, the rela tive whose should have been used instead of the possessive their; viz. " and whose right-hand is full of gifts."

The following sentences, which give the passive voice the regimen of an active verb, are very irregular, and by no means to be imitated. "The bishops and abbots were allowed their seats in the house of lords." "Thrasea was forbidden the presence of the emperor." that very story in one of his own books." These sentences should have been; "The bishops and abbots were

"He was shown

allowed to have (or to take) their seats in the house of lords;" or, "Seats in the house of lords were allowed to the bishops and abbots:" "Thrasea was forbidden to approach the presence of the emperor;" or, "The presence of the emperor was forbidden to Thrasea:" "That very story was shown to him in one of bis own books."

"Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into the heart of man, the things which God hath prepared for them that love him." There seems to be an impropriety in this sentence, in which the same noun serves in a double capacity, performing at the same time the offices both of the nominative and objective cases. Neither hath it entered into the heart of man, to conceive the things," &c. would have been regular.

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"We have the power of retaining, altering, and compounding, those images which we have once received, into all the varieties of picture and vision." It is very proper to say, "altering and compounding those images which we have once received, into all the varieties of picture and vision;" but we can with no propriety say, "retaining them into all the varieties;" and yet, according to the manner in which the words are ranged, this construction is unavoidable: for, "retaining, altering, and compounding," are participles, each of which equally refers to, and governs the subsequent noun, those images ; and that noun again is necessarily connected with the following preposition, into. The construction might easily have been rectified, by disjoining the participle retaining from the other two participles, in this way: "We have the power of retaining those images which we have once received, and of altering and compounding them into all the varieties of picture and vision;" or, perhaps, better thus: "We have the power of retaining, altering,

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