too far. Then enter your knife, sloping, on the other side above the slit, about twice the breadth of the quill, and cut away the cradle-piece; then turn the back upwards, and cut down to the end of the cheek or shoulder pieces, and in so doing turn the knife on both sides towards the back. Then place the inside of the end or nib of the pen upon the nail of your left thumb, holding the quill_fast between the fore and middle finger of that hand. To finish. the nib, enter the edge of the knife on the back, and near the end thereof, sloping, and immediately turning the edge almost downward, cut it off.

TO MAKE THE BEST BLACK INK.

To six quarts of rain water put one pound and a half of fresh blue galls of Aleppo, bruised small; eight ounces of copperas, clean, rocky, and green; eight ounces of gum arabic; and two ounces of roch-alum. Let these stand together in a large stone bottle: shake it well once every day, and you will have fine ink in about a month's time: and the older it grows the better it will be for use.

Ingredients for a Quart.

One quart of water, four ounces of galls, two ounces of copperas, and two ounces of gum, mixed and stirred as above.

To make red Ink.

Take three pints of vinegar, and four ounces of ground Brazil wood, simmer them together for half an hour; then put in four ounces of roch-alum; and these three are to simmer together for half an hour: then strain it through a flannel, and bottle it up, well stopped, for use.

A second Method.

Take half a pound of quick lime and two quarts of water; mix them together, and let them stand a day and a night; then pour off the clear water, and put a pound of Brazil wood shavings into it: boil it half away, or till upon trial the red liquor is strong enough to write with; this done, put in two ounces of gum arabic, and one ounce of alum: when these are dissolved, strain off the ink, and keep it for

use.

A third Method.

Take a pint of stale beer, two ounces of shavings of Brazil wood, half a quarter of an ounce of cochineal, two ounces of roch-alumn; boil them together, pour off the clear liquid, and add thereto an ounce of gum arabic.

To keep Ink from freezing, or growing mouldy.

In hard frosty weather ink will be apt to freeze, which, if once it doth, will be good for nothing; for it takes away all its blackness and beauty: to prevent which, if you have not the convenience of keeping it warm, or from the cold, put a few drops of brandy, or other spirits, into it, and it will not freeze: and to hinder it from growing mouldy, put

a little salt therein.

SUPERSCRIPTIONS FOR LETTERS.

To the King's Most Excellent Majesty.
To the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty.
To the Prince. To his Royal Highness, &c.
To the Princess. To her Royal Highness, &c.

To Archbishops. To his Grace the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury; or, To the most Reverend Father in God, &c. To Bishops. To the Right Reverend Father in God, &c. To Deacons, Archdeacons, &c. To the Reverend 4-BD. D. Dean of W

--

To the inferior Clergy. To the Rev. Mr. A-, &c. or, To the Rev. Doctor, &c.

To the great Officers of State. To the Right Honourable R-Lord H-, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain. Lord President of the Council. Lord Privy Seal. One of his Majesty's principal Secretaries of State, &c.

To temporal Lords. To his Grace the Duke of, &c. Tổ the most Honourable the Marquis of, &c. To the Right Honourable the Earl of, &c. To the Right Honourable the Lord Viscount, &c. To the Right Honourable the Lord, &c.

The eldest sons of Dukes, Marquises, and Earls enjoy, by the courtesy of England, the second title belonging to their father: thus the eldest son of the Duke of Bedford is called Marquis of Tavistock; of the Duke of Grafton, Earl of Euston; of the Earl of Macclesfield, Lord Viscount Parker, &c.; and their daughters are called Ladies, with the

addition of their christian and surname; thus, Lady Caroline Russel, Lady Augusta Fiztroy, Lady Betty Parker, &c.

The younger sons of Dukes are, in like manner, called Lords; and those of Marquises and Earls, together with all the children of Viscounts and Barons, are styled Honourable.

To a Baronet, Honourable; to a Knight, Right Worshipful; to an Esquire, Worshipful.

Every Privy Counsellor, though not a nobleman, has the title of Right Honourable.

All Ambassadors have the style of Excellency; as hath also the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and the Captain General of his Majesty's Forces.

The Lord Mayor of London, during his mayoralty, has the title of Right Honourable; and the Sheriffs, during that office, have the title of Right Worshipful.

All Mayors of Corporations have the title of Esquires during their office.

To the King.

For the Beginning of Letters.

To the Queen.
To the Prince.

ness.

Sire; or, May it please your Majesty.
Madam; or, May it please your Majesty.
Sir; or, May it please your Royal High-

To the Princess. Madam; or, May it please your Royal Highness.

To a Duke. My Lord; or, May it please your Grace. To a Duchess. Madam; or, May it please your Grace. To an Archbishop. May it please your Grace.

To a Marquis. My Lord; or, May it please your Lordship.

To a Marchioness. Madam; or, May it please your Ladyship.

To an Earl, Viscount, or Baron. My Lord; or, May it please your Lordship.

To their Consorts. Madam; or, May it please your Ladyship.

To a Bishop. My Lord; or, May it please your Lordship.

To a Knight. Sir; or, May it please your Worship. To his Lady, Madam; or, May it please your Ladyship. To a Mayor, Justice of Peace, Esquire, &c. Sir; or, May it please your Worship.

To the Clergy. Reverend Sir; Mr. Dean; Mr. Archdeacon; Sir, &c. as circumstances may require.

At subscribing your name, conclude with the same title you began with; as, My Lord, your Lordship's, &c.

To either House of Parliament, to Commissioners, and Bodies Corporate.

To the Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament assembled.

To the Honourable the Knights, Citizens, and Burgesses, in Parliament assembled.

To the Right Honourable the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury; or Admiralty.

To the Honourable the Commissioners of his Majesty's Customs; Revenue of the Excise, &c.

To the Right Worshipful the Governors of Christ's Hospital.

To the Master, Wardens, and Court of Assistants, of the Worshipful Company of Drapers.