have, up to the present, proved abortive." The statement that the Hazel Bud Gall Mite does not attack the Black Currant is also incorrect. It is surely known to Mr. Massee that the life-history of Eriophyes ribis was almost completely worked out by Mr. R. Newstead in 1901 (vide J. R. H. Soc., vol. xxv.), and a further and very full account was given by Mr. E. J. Lewis early in 1902 (Repts. S. E. Agric. Coll.. Wye, March, 1902), followed later in the same year by some valuable details by Mr C. Warburton and Miss Embleton (Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., xxviii, p. 366); finally, in 1901 I published the results of my investigations commenced in 1899 (Repts. on Econ. Zool., No. 1), and they were far from abortive, for they have resulted in the only practical cure for the pest yet put forward (vide Ann, Rept. for 1904 and 1905). So far as I can learn Mr. Massee has not discovered anything fresh respecting the life history of this mite. With reference to Eriophyes avellana occurring in the Black Currant buds, I published a paper in April, 1905, showing that this actually occurred (Nature Study. 1905), and in July, 1905 (Proc. Ass. Econ. Biol., vol. i., p. 10). Without much further experience I am bound to question whether Mr. Massee is capable of differentiating the specific characters of our 35 or 36 British species of this very difficult genus of mites. Finally I question, to quote Prof. E. Ray Lankester, Whether any man of science is justified in making statements, as though he himself had investigated and was responsible for the accuracy of these statements in virtue of his own observations on the objects described, when all the time he is simply stating what this man and that man have seen, though he omits to mention the name of any of those to whom he is indebted." do not propose to offer any remarks upon the nature of Mr. Massee's supposed cure, but as a member of the Scientific Committee of the R.H.S. I wish to dissociate myself from work of this character, which is, I feel, not in the best interests of the society. Walter E. Collinge, University of Birmingham.

I

Mr. Collinge cannot realise how grieved I am to learn that he has deemed it necessary, in fairness to himself and others, to take too serious a view of my remarks. He is perfectly correct in all he says. I am quite incapable of differentiating between our 35 or 36 mites, and I have not added a single fact as regards their life-history. Perhaps I ought to qualify the last statement, and say I observed that when a Black Currant mite attempted to walk on grease, it stuck fast! Trees that have been greased for the past two years have had no more "big buds," have produced a good crop of fruit, and are yet living to tell the tale. These same trees had "big bud rampant before treatment. Did Mr. Collinge advocate grease? G. Massec.

BLACK CURRANT MITE PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION ACT V. BRITISH GARDENERS' ASSOCIATION.-As a fairly close reader of the Gardeners' Chronicle for over 45 years, I cannot recall an instance where one copy contained so much of real interest to horticulturists as that for November 24. As to Black Currant mite, if further trials go to confirm what Mr. Massee said, it will be a good thing for fruit-growers and fruitcaters in this country.

Respecting the Prevention of Corruption Act, I sincerely hope that the bulk of my fellow horticulturists will rise to their opportunity and clear the craft for ever from the too often false imputations made with regard to it. I know from a long experience that these imputations are very often made by men whose daily lives are less free from reproach than those of hundreds of steady working gardeners, although they occupy a much higher social position. Let us show a firm but respectful front to all concerned in this matter and live the whole thing down by trying to do right. I hope I am not appearing self-righteous when I say that during over 40 years' experience as a head gardener, I never asked for a commission from anyone I have dealt with on my employer's behalf. Few, if any, began their gardening careers under less favourable auspices than I did, and yet I have managed to live and pay my way till nearly the old-age pension time-65.

As to the British Gardeners' Association, my friends tell me I am nothing if not a critic. Well, to live up to it I must say that I have all along felt that a British Gardeners' Guild would have been more congenial all round, although I know a wise man has long ago laid down the axiom that there is not much in a name. Well, I hope that within, say, seven

years, fully two-thirds of the trained gardeners in Britain will be members of the British Gardeners' Association. My life would disprove any assertion that I am in favour of causing discord betwixt employers and employed. All the same each party has rights as well as duties. Gardeners as a body have never held the position that their prolonged training, their general intelligence and good moral character have entitled them to hold. I know that in the main this has been their own fault. My opinion is that now is their opportunity to lay the foundation for an improved position in the future. See what wise examples the more farseeing of our employers have set and are setting by joining the Country Gentlemen's Association, Army and Navy Stores, &c., &c. I repeat, that to stir up class-hatred is wholly repugnant to my nature, but I do think every honest, fairminded Englishman is entitled to join his fellow workers in trying to improve their positions in life all round. If horticulturists as a body will be but true to themselves, I can foresee a much better future for them, although I may not live to see the promised land. Imagine a Gardeners' Guild, with not fewer than ten thousand members, all having conformed to wise rules before being admitted. The headquarters to be in London, with branches in all the important cities and towns in the country. Let this Guild embrace all the principles and objects of the Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution, the Orphan Fund, and United Benefit Society, then we should have a federation of horticultural societies worth working hard to get, and capable of doing a great amount of good. Yorkshire Gardener, November 27, 1906.

BEECH AS COPPICE.-Coppice growers, who read your interesting notice of "The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland, &c.," will draw their own conclusions of the "special qualifications of the authors as foresters," when they read that "it is recommended to grow Beech for coppice and cut it every 15 or 20 years." Beech is practically unknown in Britain, and I believe also on the Continent, as coppice. A familiar acquaintance with coppice plantations in almost every county in England leaves me ignorant of one example of Beech, and I thought both owners and woodmen knew that the reason of its absence was that Beech was practically an impossible tree for coppice, because it is almost destitute of reproductive power from the stool, and dies out in 40 years or less. Oak, Ash, Alder, Sweet Chestnut and Hazel are the coppice trees, because they reproduce freely from the stool and for a long period. It is no uncommon thing to see Alder, Chestnut, Ash and Oak 6 to 10 feet high from old tree or coppice stools the second year, but who ever saw the Beech produce as many inches in the same time? See Schlich, Nisbet, Schwappach and others. Reader.

BLACKBIRDS AND TOMATOS.-Your report of the last meeting of the Scientific Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society mentions blackbirds in Cornwall eating Tomatos. There is no mention of place or observer, and although I fancy it alludes to an occurrence in these gardens, it seems of sufficient interest to again, and more fully, record the fact. During the past autumn I frequently saw a cock-blackbird (or birds) voraciously feasting on ripe Tomatos which were growing against a south wall in front of my house. Tomatos were plentiful, and, being interested, I took no steps to stop it, but as the weather turned colder I had some spare lights placed against the wall to assist in ripening the fruits. There was a space of about 4 inches between each light, and taking advantage of this the bird continued his feast. I feel sure the hen birds did not participate, and, judging from the quantity eaten, I should say that probably two birds were so engaged, though I never saw more than one at a time. A. C. Bartlett, Pencarrow Gardens, Cornwall.

PHEASANTS AND GUNNERAS.-For some time past it has been the practice here during the autumn of cutting one of the largest leaves of Gunnera manicata and spreading it on the grass near by to show its size. After a few years the pheasants, which consort in large numbers around the stream by which these giant leaves grow, took an occasional peck at them, and each succeeding year eating more. Last year they quickly demolished the cut leaf, and this year they have eaten largely of the growing leaves. But, curiously enough, they prefer the flavour of G. scabra to that of G. manicata, from which they acquired the taste. Although the leaves of G. manicata are

reared on stalks feet high, this preference is not to be explained on the score of accessibility, for the outer leaves of G. manicata rest on the ground. Of course the greater number of the pheasants who first tasted the Gunnera are now defunct, so that the liking for the new food must either have been transmitted to the present generation, or is due to imitation. A. C. Bartlett, Pencarrow Gardens, Cornwall.

THE BLANCARD FUND.-In answer to mv appeal on behalf of the two grand-daughters of M Blancard who introduced the first Chrysanthemum into Europe 117 years ago, I have to acknowledge the receipt of the sums mentioned below. As I said before these two poor old French women are living in England, and are in feeble health and straitened circumstances. Anonymous, £5; ditto, £2 2s.; Mr. C. E. Shea (President N.C.S.), £1 1s.; C. E. Pearson, 10s. 6d.; J. H. Runchman, 10s. 6d.; Mr. W. B. Reeve, 2s. Cd.; Miss Wayne, 2s. 6d.; Mr. E. Greaves, 1s. 6d. ; Mrs. A. Greaves, 1s.; Amateur, 1s.; D. G., 1s.; Mons. E. Bourdelot, 1s.; Mr. J. Culpeck, 1s.; Mrs. Culpeck, 1s. Further donations are earnestly solicited and will be gladly received by G. Harman Payne, Foreign Secretary, National Chrysanthemum Society, 141, Wellmeadow Road, Catford, S.E.

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.
COLONIAL EXHIBITION.

DECEMBER 4, 5.-The sixth exhibition of Colonial produce, held on these dates under the auspices of the Royal Horticultural Society, may be ranked amongst the best of the series. The show under notice was the third during 1906, the others having been held during March and June respectively, the object of fixing the dates at these periods being to suit the seasons when the produce from the respective colonies is in the greatest degree of perfection in London. The chief honours must be given to British Columbia, for this colony had the finest exhibition in the show, apart from the supplementary exhibits of home-grown fruits. The principal fruits in the Hall were Apples and Pears; Limes, Citrons, and other members of the Orange family; Bananas, Pineapples, Cocoa-nuts, &c. There were also examples of Yams, Eddoes, Sweet Potatos, Grenadillas, and other vegetables which are articles of every-day use with our colonial friends; preserved fruits, jams, jellies, and a host of other dainty comestibles. Classes were provided for home bottled and preserved fruits and vegetables, and, judg. ing from the appearances of those staged, our colonies have nothing finer or better to send us in this direction. The show was greatly en hanced by a fine display of hardy fruits staged by Messrs. GEO. BUNYARD, and another smaller but equally good collection staged by Messrs. CANNELL & SONS. The exhibit from British Columbia was contributed by several growers in that colony, their exhibit being almost entirely of Apples. These were displayed in boxes, baskets, and dishes, the boxes being ordinary shipments consigned to our English markets. The grading and packing were examples of how they should be done, and al though the fruit had travelled over 5,000 miles, it was seen in the best possible condition. The colour in the Apples was remarkable; one variety labelled Black Twig was almost black, so deep was the shade of its red skin. With many of the varieties we are already familiar, such as Newtown Pippin, the doyen of its class, Northern Spy, Jonathan, and King of Tompkins' County. Spitzenberg is a very pretty variety, but we cannot tell of its other qualities. A Gold Medal was awarded the Governor General of the Colony, and a number of medals of lesser value to the individual exhibitors. The small island of Dominica sent a very large number of fruits of the genus Citrus-Limes, Lemons, Oranges, Citrons, Grape fruits, and some of the largest Shaddocks we have ever (Gold Medal.)

seen.

The ROYAL MAIL STEAM PACKET Co. showed fruits such as Oranges, Bananas, Grenadillas (a gourd-like fruit), and Shaddocks, Yams, Eddoes, Sweet Potatos, &c. They also staged many exhibits from the Australian Colonies-Currants. Sultanas of exceptional quality, Prunes, Peach.s,

Apricots. Citrons (preserved), and wines from New South Wales. Cereals, dried fruits, &c., from Victoria, and a small exhibit from Queensland. (Silver-Gilt Knightian Medal.)

The WEST INDIAN PRODUCE Co., 4, Fenchurch Buildings, London, E.C., was awarded a Gold medal for a large collection of West Indian preserves, sugars, cigars, cigarettes, fruits, pickles, wines, and similar articles found in the grocers' shops. The most interesting of this miscellaneous display were samples of tea, the first grown on a commercial basis in Jamaica,

The GOVERNMENT OF NOVA SCOTIA showed a small but interesting exhibit of Apples, all very fine produce and varieties easily recognisable, such as Ribston Pippin, Golden Russet, Cox's Orange Pippin, &c. A variety shown under the name of Wolf River is an exceptionally fine fruit, being very large and very beautifully coloured. Silver-Gilt Knightian Medal.)

The BRITISH WEST INDIA Co. showed Limes, Oranges, Bananas, Cocoa-nuts, and other colonial fruits.

Other articles of interest were desiccated fruits and vegetables shown by MCDODDIES, Ltd., Finsbury, E.C., and articles manufactured from Ramie fibre (Boehmeria nivea), shown by Mr. D. EDWARDS RADCLIFFE, Staines, Middlesex. (Silver Knightian Medal.)

Prominent exhibitors of home bottled and preserved fruits and vegetables were Mrs. W. H. PLOWMAN, Beddington Corner, Mitcham; Major HIBBERT ASHBY, St. Ledgers, Rugby; Mr. W. POUPART, jun., Fernleigh, Belmont Road, Twickenham; and Mrs. VINCENT BANKS, 102, Park Street, Grosvenor Square.

Messrs. GEO. BUNYARD & Co.'s exhibit, a fine display, included 200 dishes of Apples and l'ears. (Gold Medal.)

Messrs. H. CANNELL & SONS, Swanley, Kent, staged 42 dishes of hardy fruits of high-class quality. (Silver-Gilt Banksian Medal.) Messrs. GEO. MASSEY & Co., Spalding, showed 40 varie. ties of Potatos and a number of clean-skinned, solid Onions.

Mr. RUSSELL, Richmond Nurseries, Richmond, had an imposing exhibit of evergreen trees and shrubs, and a fine batch of the new Buddleia asiatica in flower. (Silver-Gilt Flora Medal.)

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. NOVEMBER 15.-Professor W. A. Herdman, F.R.S., president, in the chair.

The Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing exhibited Mr. J. G. Pilter's Chart of the Metric System, pub. lished by the Decimal Association. He strongly commended the simplicity and clearness with which the system was presented by this graphic method, needing so few words of textual explanation.

On behalf of Mr. John Cryer, of Shipley, the General Secretary exhibited a series of 21 specimens of Polygala amarella, Crantz, selected to show its wide range of form under various conditions. The species was discovered at Grassington in May, 1902. In a communication which was sent with the plants, Mr. Cryer states that this species, which grows on the Great Scar Limestone, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, was to be seen during the past season in great abundance over a large area.

The first six specimens shown were from 3 to 8 inches high from an elevation of 750 feet; as the elevation increased, the height diminished, till the plant became less than 1 inch high.

Blue-flowered specimens were found well distributed over the whole area; white-flowered specimens were unequally dispersed; rosecoloured plants were only found in one locality, but there they were locally abundant. Spatulate rosettes of root-leaves are the winter state of the plant.

One characteristic of Polygala amarella is, that it can grow where there is but little soil for its support. Mr. Cryer has found it growing on what was almost bare rock; it has the habit of thrusting its roots into the cracks and crevices of rocks or between the stones and rocky fragments. Wherever he has found it, with one exception, there has been little or no depth of soil.

Mr. Cryer has compared P. austriaca, Crantz, a closely allied species, in Kentish localities, and points out that the latter has a less condensed habit with smaller, uniformly lilac-blue flowers, more scattered on the stein; cauline

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF
ENGLAND ORCHID.

NOVEMBER 22-Committee present: Messrs. E. Ashworth, Ashton, Cypher, Cowan, Keeling, Leemann, Ritchie, Rogers, Smith, Shill, Thorp, Warburton, Williamson, Sander, and P. Weathers (hon. sec.).

There was a magnificent display of plants at this meeting, and Mr. A. Warburton is to be congratulated on his fine display, which included many choice plants in addition to a large number of showy Orchids. (Gold Medal.)

Messrs. CYPHER & SONS, Cheltenham, also obtained a Gold Medal for a good group of plants, principally Cypripediums.

O. O. WRIGLEY, Esq., Bury (gr. Mr. Rogers), staged a magnificent group of Cypripediums, all in excellent condition, to which a special vote of thanks was awarded.

Messrs. SANDER & SONS, St. Albans, also staged an interesting group.

A FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE was awarded to A. WARBURTON, Esq., Haslingden, for a magnificent variety of Cattleya x Fabia var. ardentissima.

AWARDS OF MERIT were given to A. WARBURTON, Esq., for Lælio-Cattleya Clive, "Vine House var.," and L.-C. Clive var. magnifica, Cypripedium insigne var. rotundiflorum and Cypripedium × Milo, Vine House var."'

4

One of the best hybrids yet seen, viz., Cypripedium x King Haakon," received a First-Class Certificate.

Messrs. CHARLESWORTH & Co, Bradford, obtained an Award of Merit for Cypripedium Lord Ossulton, Heaton var. P. W.

WINTER FLOWERING CARNATION.

DECEMBER 4.-The first exhibition of the Winter Flowering Carnation Society, which was only established during the spring of the present year, was held on Tuesday last in the Royal Botanic Society's gardens, Regent's Park. The society, being so young, has every reason to be gratified with the first display made under its auspices, for the exhibits served to furnish the long corridor, and all the important classes were represented. The honorary exhibitors, all of whom were nurserymen, helped the show very greatly, and their exhibits were of much interest to visitors.

One section alone was disappointing, and that was one consisting of six classes reserved for amateurs. The society has apparently been unable as yet to infuse amateurs with an enthusiasm for competitive exhibition, but it may succeed later. We are disposed to think that the failure of amateurs to exhibit on this occasion is a striking testimonial to the value of winter-flowering Carnations. Several large amateur cultivators were present, and upon asking one of these (a member of the society) why he had not brought an exhibit, he replied: "The flowers are far too valu. able at home just now."

It is a fact that the Carnation is at the present time one of the most popular of winter flowers, and although its cultivation is not a matter of any great difficuity to the skilled plants. man who has the necessary means for housing the plants suitably, at the same time, there are few, if any, gardens, where winter Carnations are yet grown so easily and so abundantly that there are more flowers than are required to meet the demand. In view of the general appreciation of this section of Carnations, it is at least remarkable that the National Carnation and Picotee Society refused to widen its scope sufficiently to include these when it was asked to do so. We believe, however, that such was

the case, and the Winter Flowering Carnation Society was accordingly established. In these circumstances, it may be capable of doing much good, and it therefore deserves support. The honorary secretary, Mr. Hayward Mathias, has done much work in a short time, and we believe the society has already a membership of about 120.

Subsequent to the holding of the exhibition, a committee meeting was held at which it was shown that after providing for the expenses of the exhibition, there is a considerable balance to the good, and it was decided that another exhibition shall be held in March next at the same place. Much gratification was expressed at the liberal manner in which the Royal Botanic Society had received the society, and the arrangements made by Mr. E. F. Hawes were much appreciated.

COLLECTION OF VARIETIES.

The first class was one for a collection of cut Carnations arranged on a table space of 10 feet by 4 feet, with decorative plants or foliage used for effect. There were three exhibits staged in these conditions, and we assume that the judges awarded the 1st prize for the greater number of varieties rather than for general effect. The 1st prize collection, shown by Mr. C. F. WATERS, Balcombe, Sussex, contained most variety, but the arrangement lacked boldness, and the Asparagus foliage was not so tastefully disposed as it might have been. Several Codiæum plants of bright yellow colour were indifferently placed amongst the Carnations, where the contour of the plants, equally with the vivid yellow colour, were incongruous with the Carnation flowers, which, however, were of good quality. Mr. S. MORTIMER, Rowledge Nurseries, Farnham, who was awarded the 2nd prize, employed tall, trumpet-shaped glasses, and his exhibit had a more satisfactory effect. Messrs. H. F. M. MORRES & Co., Carlton Vineries, Guernsey, were awarded the 3rd prize.

CLASSES FOR DISTINCT COLOURS. Each of the following classes was for 36 blooms of one variety of a stated colour:

White-The two varieties present in this class were Lady Bountiful in two places and Improved White Lawson. This latter variety is a sport which originated at Bexley Heath in 1904, and is said to be distinct from the White Lawson as introduced from America. It gained the 1st prize for Mr. A. F. DUTTON, Iver Nurseries, Bucks. 2nd, Messrs. BELL & SHELDON; 3rd, Mr. H. T. MASON, Hampton Hill, Middlesex.

Blush or Light Pink.-Nearly all the exhibits (six) in this class were of the variety Enchantrees, but the new variety Mrs. H. Burnett, shown by Mr. H. BURNETT, St. Margaret's Vineries, Guernsey, was awarded the 1st prize. It is a large flower of good form, and very deep salmonpink colour; 2nd, Mr. A. F. DUTTON; and 3rd, Mr. A. SMITH.

Deep Pink or Rose.-The 1st prize was awarded to Mrs. T. W. Lawson, which, as shown, was nearly of magenta colour. The exhibitor was Mr. A. F. DUTTON. 2nd, Nelson Fisher, from Mr. S. MORTIMER; and 3rd, Mr. T. W. Lawson, from Messrs. BELL & SHELDON.

Crimson.-President, which obtained the first prize in this class, is a moderately-sized flower of very fine form, borne on perfectly erect stems. In shade of colour, it is very deep, but hardly so deep as Harlowarden, which gained the 2nd prize for Mr. A. F. DUTTON and the 3rd prize for Mr. S. MORTIMER.

Scarlet.-A magnificent exhibit of the variety Britannia won the 1st prize for Mr. A. SMITH, Enfield Highway.

In the following classes 18 blooms only were required of each variety.

White. The best variety in this class was White Perfection, one of the varieties shown in our supplementary illustration. The flowers were shown by Mr. JAS. GREEN, Reliance Nurseries, March; 2nd, Lady Bountiful, shown by Mr. S. MORTIMER; 3rd, Norway, shown by Messrs. B. and V. HAIG.

Blush or Light Pink.-There were only two exhibits shown in this class, the varieties being Enchantress and Fair Maid. Enchantress was shown in splendid condition by Mr. HAYWARD MATHIAS, Medstead, Hants, and very easily gained the 1st prize.

Deep Pink or Rose.-The 1st prize was awarded to the variety Nelson Fisher, from Mr. JAS. GREEN, Reliance Nurseries, March. No other variety was shown in this class.

Crimson. There was only one exhibit, and The 1st prize was awarded to Harlowarden, from Messrs, B. and V. HAIG.

Scarlet.-There were four exhibits in this class, and the variety Robert Craig was shown in two instances, those from Messrs. Bell & SHELDON gaining the 1st prize. Flamingo, from Mr. S. MORTIMER, and Robert Craig, from Mr. MATHIAS, were placed 2nd and 3rd respectively. Mr. DUTTON exhibited Xmas Eve, a very good variety in colour of flower and habit of growth. Any other Colour, or Fancy." "-The 1st prize was gained by a fancy" named Mrs. M. A. Patten, shown by Mr. S. MORTIMER. The Bowers are white, striped with rose colour.

DECORATIVE EXHIBITS.

The classes that had been arranged for Carnations in various forms of decoration were only very moderately supported. Mr. J. C. KENWARD, 151, High Street, Lewes, won the 1st prizes for a bouquet of Carnations, for three ladies' sprays, and for six gentlemen's button-hole bouquets. Messrs. B. and V. HAIG, Maidenhead, were awarded 1st prizes for a vase of Carnations showing the new, rich-pink coloured Mrs. H. Burnett, and 2nd prizes for six gentlemen's buttonhole bouquets and three ladies' spray bouquets. There was nothing unusual in these exhibits, but the reader needs no reminder that Carnations are amongst the most convenient, as they are also amongst the most effective Bowers for the florist's use.

CERTIFICATED VARIETIES.

First Class Certificates were awarded to the two varieties mentioned below:

:

Carnation Britannia.-This excellent variety was described in our columns on March 24 last, .p. 190, after it had received an Award of Merit from the R.H.S. It is of bright reddish-crimson colour, and in the judging by the Floral Comnittee of the Winter Flowering Carnation Society was awarded full points for all qualities excepting that of fragrance. Shown by Mr. A. SMITH, Enfield, raiser of this variety.

Carnation Mrs. H. Burnett.-A description of this flower was published in our issue for February 17 last, and it gained a R.H.S. Award of Merit on February 13. The flowers are of con. siderable size, good form, and the petals are only slightly fringed. The rich shade of pink colour is charming. Shown by Mr. H. BURNETT, Guernsey.

NON-COMPETITIVE EXHIBITS.

Mr. H. BURNETT, St. Margaret's Vineries, Guernsey, made an admirable display, the flowers and foliage being of the best types. Enchantress, Mrs. H. Burnett (new), and Mrs. T. W. Lawson were the three varieties exhibited in best condition. Two vases containing flowers of unnamed seedling varieties were interesting, and one variety was included that went a considerable way towards being yellow. Medal.)

(Gold

Messrs. W. CUTBUSH & SONS, Highgate, London, N., gave prominence in their exhibit to the varieties Robert Craig (see supplementary illustration), President, a deeply-coloured crimsonmaroon flower, Nelson Fisher, rose-coloured, and Enchantress. In smaller vases the new white Mrs. Robert Norman (see supplementary illustration), Duchess of Portland, Crimson Glow, St. Louis, White Perfection (see supplementary illustration), and others were shown well. (Large Silver-Gilt Medal.)

Mr. A. F. DUTTON had some charming flowers. Those of Fair Maid were really beautiful specimens of this delicately coloured pink variety. Mrs. T. W. Lawson was shown well, also Governor Wolcott (white), Lieut. Peary (white), White Lawson, Robert Craig, White Perfection, Cardinal, and Lady Bountiful. (Silver-Gilt Medal.)

A magnificent display of "Britannia," the exwellent new crimson variety, was made by Mr. A. SMITH, Enfield Highway. The group included 16 trumpet-shaped glasses, some of which had two dozen flowers in each. Growing plants were also shown, and these exhibited a commendable habit. (Special Gold Medal.)

Mesrs. BELL & SHELDON, Castel Nurseries,

Guernsey, showed an extensive collection of flowers, but some of them, especially those of Enchantress, were drooping to an extent that lessened their good effect. Mrs. T. W. Lawson appeared better than most varieties in this exhibit. (Large Silver Medal.)

Messrs. HUGH Low & Co., Bush Hill Park Nurseries, Enfield, arranged an extensive display of flowers on one of the stages in the large conservatory. We noticed in this exhibit the varieties Oriflamme, Floriana, Lady Bountiful, Robert Craig, White Perfection, and Mauvina. The variety known by the last-mentioned name has flowers of a peculiar shade of mauve or purple colour, very similar to the colour common to the flowers of some of the Cattleyas. (Large Silver-Gilt Medal.)

Messrs. HEATH & SON, Cheltenham, showed a group of Carnation flowers. Messrs. T. S. WARE (1902), Ltd., Feltham, Middlesex, and Mr. G. LANCE, nurseryman, Hampton Hill, Middlesex, also staged collections of flowers in which the popular varieties were included.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM. DECEMBER 5, 6.-The early winter exhibition of the above society was held on these dates in the Crystal Palace, Syder.ham. Competition in most of the classes was not keen, and the number of entries was below that of last year, although slightly in excess of that of 1904. The weather on the opening day was fine, but the attendance of the public was meagre. Taken collectively, the exhibits made a pretty display, and especially fine was a large non-competitive exhibit staged by Mr. H, J. Jones, Lewisham. Several new varieties were presented for awards, but none was granted.

GROUP CLASSES.

A class was provided for a semi-circular group of Chrysanthemums and miscellaneous flowering and foliage plants, occupying an area of 14 feet by 7 feet. The only exhibit was that staged by Mr. R. FORSTER, Nunhead Cemetery, S.E., who mingled Euphorbias (Poinsettas), Narcissi, Cypripediums, and Roman Hyacinths among creditable plants of Japanese Chrysanthemums, with Ferns, Palms, Grevillea robusta, and other suitable greenery. This group was awarded the 1st prize.

The other principal class for plants, that for a collection of flowering, berried, and ornamental leaved subjects was also represented by one exhibit only. This was staged by Mr. Wm. Howe (gr. to Lady TATE, Park Hill, Streatham Common). It was a very pretty combination of Begonias, Liliums, Roman Hyacinths, Lily of the Valley, &c., with sprays of Callicarpa pur. purea and Solanums in fruit, the whole being set off by graceful greenhouse foliage plants. Mr. Howe was awarded the 1st prize.

Some good Begonias were seen in a class for these plants, the best being those displayed by F. A. BEVAN, Esq., Trent Park, New Barnet, who had compact, freely-flowered examples of the well-known Gloire de Lorraine variety.

A

CUT BLOOMS: OPEN CLASSES. Japanese varieties.-The most important class was that for twenty-four blooms in not fewer than eighteen varieties, and this proved the most interesting and one of the best-contested classes in the whole show. Five exhibits were staged, and good quality obtained throughout the whole of the displays, but Miss WILLMOTT, Warley Place, Great Warley, Essex, had the better examples, and was awarded the 1st prize. contributing factor to this decision was a magnificent example of the white Mad. R. Oberthur. Mrs. G. Mileham, J. H. Silsbury, W. H. Whitehouse, Mary Inglis, and General Hutton were also shown well in a group that was remarkable for its brightness of colour. 2nd, PANTIA RALLI, Esq., Ashtead Park, Epsom (gr. Mr. G. Hunt), who showed many white varieties. The example of Miss Miriam Hankey was his best flower. 3rd, W. W. MANN, Esq., Ravenswood, Bexley, Kent, some of whose flowers were very fine, especially his yellow varieties.

The two smaller classes for Japanese varieties, those for twelve and for six blooms respectively, were in each case contested by two growers only. PANTIA RALLI, Esq., won easily in the larger class, and Mr. W. G. PRUDDEN-CLARK, 4, York Road, Hitchin, was to the fore in the

smaller. Mr. PANTIA RALLI'S back row contained four very choice flowers in Mad. Carnot, Miss Miriam Hankey, F. S. Vallis, and Mary Inglis. The dozen would have been enhanced the inclusion of a few brighter-coloured varieties. Incurved varieties.-Six exhibits were staged in the class for twelve Incurved varieties, and of this number three were good and three were inferior. PANTIA RALLI, Esq., Ashtead Park (gr. Mr. G. Hunt), was placed 1st for very excellent flowers, including Mdlle. Lucy Faure, Ialine, The Egyptian, Miss E. Seward, and Doris Raynor. 2nd, Miss WILLMOTT, Warley (gr. Mr. J. Preece).

Chrysanthemums in Vases.-Only one exhibit was forthcoming in the class for twelve vases of Chrysanthemums in not fewer than six varieties, and this was awarded the 1st prize. It was staged by Mr. G. HEMMING, Alexandra Palace, London, N. Many of the varieties were wrongly labelled, and the flowers generally were small. The brightest was the deep yellow "Allman's Yellow," shown without disbudding, a remarkably effective variety for the border.

Twenty-four bunches of Chrysanthemums, any section. Mr. Howe had the best display among two, his opponent being Mr. G. HEMMING, the winner of the preceding class. Mr. Howe had a very creditable exhibit, that embraced Japanese, Singles, Incurveds, border varieties, &c. Mrs. E. Beckett, a large "single" with pure white florets, was shown well, and also the large yellow Japanese variety Beauty of Leigh. Mr. HEMMING, who was awarded the 2nd prize, had a pretty display of small flowering varieties.

Six bunches of Japanese Chrysanthemums.Three blooms constituted a bunch, and six distinct varieties were called for. By far the better exhibit of two was that shown by A. M. NATHAN, Esq., Little Heath Wood, Potters Bar (gr. Mr. W. Newton). He showed good examples of Duchess of Sutherland, Mr. F. S. Vallis, and the deep red variety named after Lord Hopetoun.

Single varieties.-These were staged on separate tables, each exhibit consisting of twelve bunches in vases, and arranged with any suitable foliage. The tables, each of which measured 8 feet by 3 feet, were draped with white tablecloths. The largest flowers were awarded the premier prize, these being shown by E. MOCATTA, Esq., Woburn Place, Addlestone (gr. Mr. T. Stevenson). The pink Edith Pagram was in excellent condition, and did not flag like many of the other varieties. 2nd, Mr. W. C. PAGRAM, The Whim Gardens, Weybridge.

Decorative, Thread-Petalled or Plumed Chrysanthemums.-Mr. G. HEMMING Won with ar assortment of thread-petalled varieties, such as Mrs. Filkins, Alice Carter, King of the Plumes, &c., and he was followed by Mr. W. C. Pagram (gr. to J. COURTENAY, Esq., The Whim, Weybridge).

Small-Flowered Pompon Chrysanthemums.-Mr. D. B. CRANE, 4, Woodview Terrace. Archway Road, Highgate, N., had the best of these miniature flowers. 2nd, Mr. W. C. PAGRAM.

AMATEUR'S CLASSES.

Twelve Japanese blooms, distinct.-Only two exhibits were seen, the better a very creditable dozen flowers, being exhibited by Mr. C. B. GABRIEL, Eardale, Horsell, Surrey. The deep yellow-coloured General Hutton was especially well shown in this group, which also included good examples of W. R. Church, Valerie Greenham, Mrs. F. Vallis, &c.

Six Japanese blooms, distinct.-This was a better contested class, and the premier exhibit among five was shown by E. M. MOUNTAIN, Mr. Esq., West Dulwich (gr. Mr. H. Dodd). MOUNTAIN showed a beautiful flower of the de2nd, licately-tinted variety Florence Penfold. W. BRANDER, Esq., 13, Crescent Wood Road, Sydenham Hill.

Decorative classes.-Miss C. B. COLE, The Vineyard, Feltham, was the most successful exhibitor. She showed the best large vase of Chrysanthemums tastefully arranged with any kind of foliage, the best vase of Pompon Chrysanthemums similarly decorated, and the best hand basket of Chrysanthemums.

Non-competitive exhibits.-Mr. H. J. JONES, Hither Green, Lewisham, again excelled with a magnificent group of Chrysanthemum

Aspidistras, both green and variegated, are very good. Aralia Sieboldi and the improved A. S. Moseri are good Ferns in all the usual market sorts are abundant.

CUT FLOWers.

Chrysanthemums seen are of better quality. Prices for Liliums have fallen a little. Callas are also cheaper. Eucharis and Pancratiums are plentiful, as also Camellias and Tuberoses. The flowers of Narcissus obvallaris are lacking in substance. Paper White Narcissus from English growers are much better than those imported. Violets are plentiful and good. Roses are realising rather better prices. Madame Chateray is now extensively grown, and I find it is much appreciated by the West-end florists. Carnations vary much in quality. Britannia is the best scarlet variety in the market, and this is almost all sold in advance. A. H., Covent Garden Market, December 5, 1906.

LAND TENURE BILL.-From the proceedings in the House of Lords on Wednesday last it would appear that the interests of the nurserymen will receive attention.

Obituary.

THE LATE WILLIAM PARNELL.-Readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle who are acquainted with Glasnevin, and especially those who are interested in hardy plants, will be sorry to learn of the death of William Parnell, the general out-door foreman, which was briefly announced in our last issue. He died on Wednesday, 28th ult., after a somewhat protracted illness. He had held the position of out-door foreman for a period of 38 years since the date of his appointment on November 1, 1868. William Parnell began his gardening career at Glasnevin in 1863, and at once commenced the study of hardy plants, and of British plants. He afterwards went to Kew, where he continued his studies, and made such progress that when the late Mr. Bentham was working up material for his British Flora, he applied for an assistant, and young Parnell was recommended for that purpose. Having finished his work with Bentham he returned for a second period to the garden, and subsequently came back to Ireland gardener to Mr. Hone, of St. Dolough's, and from there he came to Glasnevin as general out-door foreman. He was a keen observer of hardy plants, and knew them thoroughly, the critical training he had had under Bentham being of the greatest service to him, and he made full use of his training and of his knowledge.

as

He was of

a quiet and retiring disposition, and therefore was not so well known as he deserved to have been, He was a true friend to the men under him, and promoted their welfare in every way open to him, especially by urging them to study and to improve themselves. He passed away, aged 74 years, regretted by all who knew him, and respected by the officers of the department under which he served.

AILANTHUS An Old Correspondent is respectfully reminded that Ailantus is incorrect and Ailanthus is correct etymologically. It is the spelling adopted in the Index Kewensis.

BAMBOOS: B. L. We should think that if the flooding of the Bamboos only lasted a week or so at a time they would suffer no harm. Some of the best Bamboos in this country are growing by the side of ponds, &c., with the roots partially in the water. From your experience with B. Metake we should judge that Arundinaria fastuosa, A. nitida, A. Simonii, Phyllostachys viridi-glaucescens, P. Henonis, and P. aurea would certainly succeed in the same position. Whether these Bamboos would stand immersion for periods of a month or two is doubtful, and would have to be tested by experience. We have no knowledge of any Bamboos grown under such conditions.

BIRMINGHAM SHOW: P. and S. We have referred the matter to our representative, who sees no reason to alter his expressed opinion. BOOK N. L. The Royal Parks and Gardens of London. Write to the publisher of the Journal of Horticulture, Office, 12, Mitre Court Chambers, Fleet Street, E.C.

BRITISH GARDENERS' ASSOCIATION: C. H. The words you attribute to Mr. Watson were written by another correspondent a year or more ago. See Gardeners' Chronicle, June 10, 1905, p. 362. You cannot do better than join thesociety at once. In respect to your questions touching the Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution and the United Horticultural Benefit and Provident Association, we strongly advise you to join both institutions, for each is doing good and distinct work. The former is a charity, the latter a selfhelp society.

CAMELLIA FLOWERS: P. F. P. Apply to one of the flower salesmen at Covent Garden Market. CELERY: Vandor. The plants have been given too much manure and too much water, which has resulted in such excessive growth that they appear diseased.

Mr.

CORRECTION (see paragraph on p. 373).
David W. Thomson's nursery is known as
Windlestrawlee Nursery, Granton Road, Edin-
burgh.

FRUIT-GROWING ABROAD: W. F. Read the letter printed under Colonial Notes," on p. 384, also see articles in Gardeners' Chronicle. March 4, 1905, p. 141, and September 15, 1906, p. 189.

GRAPES: J. McG. The injury is caused by Mildew Plasmopora viticola, the mycelium of which enters the berries and checks development. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture is a certain remedy.

Low PRESSURE BOILERS: V. Charon. Any of the sectional tubular boilers advertised from time to time in the pages of this journal will answer the purposes indicated in your note of enquiry. We know of instances where green-houses, basement and second and third floor offices are efficiently heated by the same tubular boiler, and in more than one old castle known to us, a horizontal tubular boiler fixed under the ground-floor is used to heat the basement apartments, and the rooms and corridors on the several landings throughout the buildings with the most satisfactory results; the desired degree of heat in every case being regulated by a series of valves fixed on the flow pipes on the different landings and by good stoking. If boilers of sufficient power to efficiently heat the number of feet of piping attached thereto are properly fixed, and the pipes and valves duly arranged, no difficulty need be apprehended. As regards your fourth and last question, we need only say that all the heating apparatuses referred to are economical in the consumption of fuel, whether it consists of wood, coke or anthracite coal. They the Strebel, the Quorn, the Robin Hood, the White Rose, the Low Eclipse, Upright and Horizontal Tubulars, &c., are all efficient in heating power, and fuel economisers when properly stoked.

NAMES OF FRUITS: W. H. B. 1, Hacon's Incomparable; 2, Scarlet Golden Pippin; 3, Herefordshire Pearmain; 4, Claygate Pearmain.-F. Eade. Blenheim Pippin.-E. Wood. 1, Old Nonsuch; 2, Waltham Abbey Seedling; 3, Ribston Pippin.-W. A. 1, Reinette du Canada; 2, Golden Nonpareil; 3, Wyken Pippin; 4, Golden Noble; 5, Cellini; 6, Claygate Pearmain.-J. S. 1, Irish Pitcher; 2, Golden Noble; 3, London Pippin; 4, Reinette du Caux; 5, St. Edmund's Pippin; 6, Reinette du Canada. It is impossible to name the Pear with certainty, as it is such a deformed fruit. It may be Uvedale's St. Germains.-C. W. Taylor. King of the Pippins.-Zola. 1, Blenheim Pippin; 2, Dumelow's Seedling (Wellington). NAMES OF PLANTS: H. W. C. 5, Ilex crenata var. microphylla.-Common Spruce. 1, Picea excelsa; 2, Cupressus Corneyana; 3, Cupressus Goveniana; 4, Podocarpus chilina; 5, Spruce with galls, caused by Chermes abietis ; 6, adventitious root of Cryptomeria japonica. We know of no satisfactory method of preventing the leaves of Picea from falling when dry.-W. H. S. It is very difficult to name Cypresses from the leaves only. 1, Thuya orientalis var. Sieboldi; 3,

probably C. Benthami; 4, perhaps C. sempervirens; 2, 3, 4, conjectural. — Rex. The garden varieties and hybrids of Begonia Rex are very numerous, and some of the forms very similar to others of their section. Yours seem to be: 1, Louise Closson; 2, smaragdina; 3, Evansiana maculata; 4, Mrs. Anna Low; 5, Count Alfred de Limminge; 6, Marshalli.— Felix. 1, Odontoglossum odoratum; 2, Odontoglossum Lindleyanum; 3, Odontoglossum Hunnewellianum; 4, Oncidium varicosum; 5, Epidendrum selligerum; 6, Tainia barbata.— J. S. 1, Pteris serrulata cristata; 2, Lomaria gibba; 3, Polypodium crassifolium; 4, Selaginella Martensii; 5, Selaginella denticulata; 6. Asplenium Trichomanes.-G. O. S. 1, Abies Nordmanniana probably; 2, Picea nigra; 3, Picea excelsa, Common Spruce,-C.H.T. Sternbergia lutea (the yellow Crocus); Cestrum aurantiacum (the climber); Melaleuca hypericifolia. Why not number the specimens ? PEACH AND NECTARINE TREES: W. B. One of two things must be done, either prune back the shoots to a wood-bud, or, better still, allow them to produce fruits, as you are of the opinion they are capable of doing this. The bearing of fruit would serve as a check to excessively strong growth. If the wood is well ripened, cut the shoots back two thirds of their length, and take two shoots up from the base of each that has been pruned. Next season the old shoots may be cut out altogether. You could hardly have expected the trees to fruit last season, seeing they were planted as late as April, when most fruit trees are in flower.

RAIN: F. G. B. An inch of rain weighs about 101 tons per acre. The weight would be practically the same in all parts of the country, and under different conditions of the atmosphere. SEEDS SCREENED FROM BARLEY: J.G.G. The seeds are those of Darnel grass Lolium temulentum Linnæus. The seeds have injurious effects on chickens which, having eaten them, appear as if intoxicated. Larger animals, horses especially. have frequently shown signs of injury after eating fodder containing a quantity of these seeds. The symptoms noticed were inflammation of the stomach and intestines, diarrhoea and a dry cough. It is not advisable to use the screenings mentioned in your note as food for cattle, similar injuries having been noticed in these animals also.

SWEET PEAS: A. H. The making of a Row from pale pink to "deep red" is comparatively easy, but the gradation from lavender to blue is abrupt in the Row evolving from "Mauve" to "deep violet." From pale pink to deep red: Duchess of Sutherland, Eliza Eckford, Countess Spencer, Mrs. Gladstone, Lovely, Princess Beatrice, Janet Scott, Phyllis Unwin, Coccinea, Firefly, Prince Edward of York, Scarlet Gem, Queen Alexandra, George Gordon, and King Edward VII. From mauve to deep violet: Lady Nina Balfour, Mrs. Walter Wright, Dorothy Tennant, Lady Grisel Hamilton, Golden Gate, Countess of Radnor, David R. Williamson, Countess Cadogan, Emily Eckford, Captain of the Blues, Indigo King, True Blue, Miss H. C. Philbrick, Navy Blue, and Romolo Piazzani.

You

VIOLETS DISEASED: L. W. The plants are badly affected with the Violet disease, Ascochyta violæ, a pest that is spreading through almost every garden in which Violets are grown. should burn your diseased stock and plant some other crop, for the disease is sure to attack any plants of Violets that may be grown in the same soil. See Gardeners' Chronicle, November 5,1904, p. 328. WIREWORM: IV. C. Give the land a heavy dressing with the gas lime, 8 ounces to the square yard, after which allow it to remain fallow for some weeks, or a season, when the strength of the chemical will have greatly abated. If weeds were uninjured by the former application, the quantity you used was insufficient. Use the material when fresh, as old gas-lime is a comparatively mild substance.

COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVED.-A, P.-Rex.-W. C. W,-J. & A. McB.-J. P.-E. B.-C. B. G.-H. L.-E. L. B.A. C. B.-H. W. W.-V. C.-F. G. B., next weekA. Brown-W. K., too late-W. L., we regret being unable to refer to the matter again-G. P., the report is out-of-date -A. E. S., the matter has ceased to be of sufficient interest-A. N.-H. W.-A. P.-W. H. S.-A. C.-D. Bros -C. J. D.-A. Scot-A. C. B.-F. S.-J. C.-A. T.-W. F. -H. M.-H. B.-A. C. B.-F. T. L.-A, C, W.-L. L. — C. E. P.-I.. W.