mounds, as convenience may require. Rodgersias, Podophyllums, Meconopsis, many of the lesser Cypripediums, Trilliums, Orchis, Eomecor, a few of the lesser reeds and sedges, Galax, Shortia, Sanguinaria, Chamælirion, and the slender American Lilies will thrive apace in the wet soil around the pond and inside the cemented-containing basin, sites being raised up for those preferring drier conditions. In the water Frog Bit, Cabomba, Vallisneria, Lim. nanthemum, and Hottonia can be grown, whilst Azollas might have a little pool in the bog-bed, from which they could not escape. Sagittaria gracilis will represent the Arrow Heads. Skirting the pond may be placed patches of Primula rosea, P. sikkimensis, and some of the best forms of P. japonica, such as alba, sanguinea and splendens, with Gentiana septemfida, Iris cristata and verna among them.

of water that have served their purpose for a season or for all time. One can grow a few patches of Water Lilies in any moat, and many curling ponds I have seen in Scotland would certainly become more ornamental in summer if a few groups of Water Lilies adorned their generally uninteresting surfaces. They could be grown in baskets, and would not in the least degree interfere with the enjoyment of the "Roaring Game" in winter when they were resting quietly.

The ornamental basin or fountain is the greatest puzzle of all to plant. Such erections require but the slightest touch to do all that is required, and three or four small growing Water Lilies growing in open pans of Japanese or other ware to correspond with the materials of the fountain will provide that touch. If there is a jet of spray plant ncthing; if the water trickles

The rock-pool has this great advantage that will appeal to many-it enables one to grow a large collection of small plants without fear of spoiling its effect. As the rock-garden is the recognised home of the miniature representaives of the Alpine Flora, so may the rock-pool be regarded as the home of the miniature subjects in the water-loving flora.

THE MOAT, THE CURLING POND, AND THE ORNAMENTAL BASIN.

The more formal the environment of the water garden becomes the fewer are the opportunities offered to the planter for the formation of a realistic water scene of real merit. The margins of both the moat and curling pond are not generally fitted for a successful planting of waterside vegetation, but one can generally do something to alter the aspect of the dull stretches

slowly so that the temperature of the water in the basin is normal, such Nymphæas as pygmæa Helvola, pygmæa alba, Laydekeri lilacea, and chrysantha may be grown in it quite well. If a persistent display of flowers is desired, grow a few additional plants in a reserve tank to replenish the fountain as occasion requires. Leave quite two-thirds of the water's surface unplanted; a lale, pond, or tank quite covered destroys the keynote of artistic water gardening.

TUB-GARDENING.

This method of growing water plants has not reached the highest limit of excellence possible for it. Although a series of tubs or half barrels are in no wise ornamental, it is not difficult to make them so, or to hide them altogether. Choose, if possible, a slope facing south for a site, provide a small supply of water at the top,

and arrange the tubs in any way you choose, either in straight lines alongside a pathway, or, if the slope is limited, and places are required for a number of tubs, arrange them in the form of the letter S to get the maximum benefit of the fall of water on such a limited slope. Sink the tubs into the ground for half their depth, and convey with small iron water-piping the overflow of the uppermost tub to the next, and so on; fill each tub with good soil up to the ground level and with water up to the brim; plant from one to three Water Lilies in each, according to their strength; three plants of any of the pygmæa group will be readily accommodated in one tub, but one only of the odorata and Laydekeri groups will suffice. Plants may now be disposed around the tubs in the form of an attenuated but informal bed, choosing for the purpose any of the lesser Spiræas, the choicer forms of British Ferns, Astrantias, Miscanthus, Phormiums, Phlox, Irises of the Germanica and beardless groups, and any other plants whose flowers and foliage communicate an impression of waterside vegetation. Hide the tubs as much as is possible, but do not densely shade them, or the Water Lilies will find the water too cool for their well-being. There are scores of ways of using half-buried tubs effectually without the tub itself being such a dominant feature as now so often obtains, and many a novel method can be designed on the spot of so arranging tubs and plants that the latter appear to have possession of the site. One cannot expect an ideal water garden from the use of tubs, but a lot of very interesting plants can be well grown in them, and the plot containing them can be made as picturesque as one could wish. George Bacon Mallett, Colchester.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

A TEXT BOOK OF BOTANY. THIS is a small treatise prepared by M. Yates, and published by Whittaker and Co. It is intended for the use of students preparing for the Civil Service, London University, Cambridge Local, Oxford Local, College of Preceptors, and South Kensington examinations. The plan of the work comprises the explanation of the principal technical terms in common use. Thus we are told that a "runner" is an underground stem, and as an illustration the Strawberry is cited and even figured, but we think the youngest boy in the garden would know that the Strawberry runner is produced above ground. We doubt also whether the examiners would look kindly on such a definition as this: -"A seed is a body produced by the agency of a flower within the ovary or seed-box. L. an egg." If this means that the ovary is synonymous with the ovum, or egg, we fear the examiners would frown, and certainly that would pronounce the definition as inadequate.

ovum:

The definition of an "inferior ovary" as growing "from below the calyx" is more specious than real, and the word "axillary," as used instead of axile in describing one mode of placentation, conveys a quite erroneous impression. The explanation of fertilisation as the

'process by which the pollen-cells are conveyed into the ovary, so as to enable it (the ovary?) to produce the seeds," is scarcely more accurate. Misprints will, of course, intrude themselves in such a book, but they are in this case rather numerous, and sometimes embarrassing, as when we read of an "Etoris " of achenes in the Buttercup. Instructions are given as to the method of describing plants, and over 200 questions are added, taken from the papers set at various examinations. Had the author studied some of these questions carefully he (or, query, she?) would have avoided some of the doubtful statements to which we have alluded. The book is copiously illustrated, and has an index.

(See Supplementary Illustration.) CANN HOUSE, the residence of Mr. H. Grigg, is distant about five miles from Plymouth, and is situated in close proximity to one of the creeks of the River Tamar. The ground slopes steeply down from the house to a long and winding dell or coombe, along which, at the lowest level, meanders a clear stream. The sur. roundings of this stream, by the side of which runs a path, are for a long distance tastefully planted with trailers, dwarf shrubs, moistureloving plants, and alpines between the rocks on the higher levels of the banks. The grounds are excellently laid out and planted, and an object-lesson is afforded of the fine effect produced by grouping the same species together rather than dotting single plants of various species indiscriminately about, a practice too o ten followed in gardens. A large and representative collection of plants is grown, and on the higher ground many tender subjects do well, though in the lower levels by the stream-side, sharp frosts are often experienced.

Among the dwarfer plants doing well in the neighbourhood of the stream, where the rockformed banks afford ideal sites for their culture, both in the sunshine and shade, were Ourisia coccinea, occupying a large space, Ramondia pyrenaica, and its white variety, R. serbica, Haberlea rhodopensis, Dryas octopetala, and D. Drummondi, Androsace lanu. ginosa, A. sarmentosa, A. Chumbyi, Anemone Pulsatilla in a dry spot; A. sulphurea in a damp one; A. Robinsoniana, covering a flat space about 7 feet across and in full bloom at the time of my visit in April, was a beautiful sight; I noticed also Primula megaseæfolia, P. marginata, P. viscosa, P. Sieboldi, out all the winter; with P. rosea and P. janonica margining ornamental water, in which the best of Marliac's Water Lilies are grown. Gentiana acaulis, G. verna, G. asclepiadea, and its white form, Podo. phyllum Emodi, and Galax aphylla were in the best of health. Among other plants may be mentioned Onosma tauricum, and the rarer O. stellulatum, Litho permum prostratum covering the rocks with foliage and opening buds, Saxifraga longifolia, S. Griesebachii and ot! ers; Erythroniums in variety, Nierembergia rivularis, evidently happy, Iris juncea, I. tuberosa, and a large colony of I. lævigata occupying a level site higher up the stream; Tigridias, the Prophet Flower, Arnebia echioides, Dabeocia polifolia, and its white variety, Geum reptans; Edrianthus (Wahlenbergia) pumilorum, Fritillaria aurea, F. verticillata and others, Vaccinium, Vit s-Idæa, and Bryanthus empetrifolius. Tropæolum speciosum (the Flare Nasturtium), and T. polyphyllum rambled over the rocks at will. Shortia galacifolia was represented by twelve large plants, which were in full flower at the date of my visit, in one group in a sheltered and shady nook. In a damp spot and in partial shade, Meconopsis Wallichi grows to a height of 8 feet, and Astilbe Davidi lasts long in flower, while by the side of the stream are large colonies of Lomaria procera, the Ostrich Fern, Struthiopteris (Onoclea) germanica, Solomon's Seal, Saxifraga pe tata, and Adiantum pedatum. Amongst other plants in the neighbourhood of the stream are Senecio clivorum, with self-sown seedlings springing up around t; S. tanguticus, rapidly annexing a large space of ground; Mo'opospermum cicutarium, Ligularia macrophylla, Phormium tenax, and its variegated form, as well as P. t. purpureum, P. t. macrophyllum, P. t. pendulum, and P. alpinum, while in an open spot Gunnera manicata spreads its enormous leaves, and hard by the tiny little G. magellanica shows its small, rounded foliage. A pleasing effect is obtained by the introduction of dwarf shrubs into the stream banks and the surrounding ground. Philesia buxifolia was the picture of health, and produces its Lapageria-like blooms in quan. tity; Daphne cneorum, often difficult to grow,

was obviously at home, as was the pink New Zealand Broom, Notospartium Carmichaeliæ, Gaultheria procumbens, G. nummularifolia, and G. trihophylla spread over the rocks; dwarf Acers brighten the surroundings in summer and autumn with their richly-coloured leaves, while Azalea Anthony Koster and A. rosea flore pleno are charming in the late spring. Other shrubs include Cistus corbarensis, Cory'opsis spicata, Grevillea rosmarinifolia, and G. sulphurea, Genista Ardoini, Pyrus nivalis, Spiræa gigantea, S. Lindleyana, and S. ariæfolia. A fine specimen of the Fan Palm (Trachycarpus excelsa) gives a tropical aspect to the spot, and there is a good example of Cupressus Lawsoniana Triomphe de Boskcop. Leaving the precincts of the stream for the higher ground, a fine mass of Erica carnea is passed, and the Pernettyas hard by berry well. In the other portions of the grounds a large collection of interesting shrubs, trees, and plants is grown. Amongst the shrubs I noticed Abutilon vitifolium, both the type and the white-flowered variety, Amelanchier canadensis, and A. Botryapium, which, though held to be synonymous, differ in foliage and flower, Arbutus canariens's, Azalea indica, and among the Berberis family a large group of B. stenophylla x, a gorgeous sight when in full bloom, Buddleia Colvilei, which has flowered, Caesalpinia japonica, and the rare C. (Poinciana) Gilliesi, which is 6 feet in height against a wall, Calycartus macrophyllus, Carpenteria californica (see figs. 4 and 5), much healthier than is usually the case, Caryopteris Mastacanthus, Cistus ladaniferus, rare in gardens, Citrus trifoliata, 12 feet in height, which invariably flowers freely and also fruits; Clethra canescers, Cornus florida, C. Mas vari: gata, 10 feet in height and as much through, Corylopsis pauciflora, a large group of the new Cotoneaster augustifolia, Cytisus capitatus, C. nigricans, Daphniphyllum glaucescens, Disanthus cercidifolius, whose foliage turns a brilliant scarlet in the autumn, Distylium racemosum, Drimys aromatica, and the far more beautiful D. Winteri, Edwardsia (Sophora) grandiflora, and E. microphylla, both of which flower well; the gorgeous Embothrium coccineum, many Escallonias, among which were remarked E. Langleyens's X, the lovely Eucryphia pinnatifolia, and the scarcer E. cordifolia, Exochorda grandiflora, Fabiana imbricata, Feijoa

sellowiana, Genista tinctoria flore pleno, G. viminalis; the Snowdrop Tree (Halesia tetraptera), Hamamelis Zuccariniana, and the rew H. mollis, Hydrangea quercifolia, Illicium religiosum, a pretty white. flowered shrub seldom met with, Lagerstroemia indica, another rarity, Ledum lat folium, Lepto. spermum bullatum, Ligustrum coriaceum, groups of the best Lilacs, Lomat a ferruginea, Loquat (Photinia japonica), Magnolia conspicua, M. stellata, M. Soulangeana, M. fuscata, Medicago arborea, Nandini domestica, Olearia Haasti, O. macrodonta, O. nummularifolia, very rarely grown, Olea fragrans, Osmanthus rotundifolius, Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius, Piptanthus nepalensis, Pittosporum Ralphii, and others; Pyrus Maulei grandiflora, P. Malus floribunda, and its variety atrosanguinea; many members of the Prunus family, including P. pendula, P. sinensis, P. Watereri, I. triloba, P. Davidiana alba and rubra, Rhapiolepis cvata, Rhododendrons, amongst which were R. Hodgsoni and R. racemosum, Rhus Cotinus purpureus, Ribes speciosum, Robinia hispida, Senecio Rubus deliciosus, Salvia coccinea, Greyi, Skimmia japonica, Solanum crispum, Spiræas in variety, Stuartia pentagyna, S. virginica, Styrax Obassia, Tamarix odessana, and T. Pallasi rosea, better known as T. hispida æstivalis, of which there was a large group of thirty plants that must afford a charming picture when their pink flower-plumes and feathery foliage are at their best; Tricuspidaria lanceolata, better known as Crinodendron Hookerianum, covered with bud, Veronica Hulkeana, Viburnum plicatum, V. macrocephalum, and Xanthoceras sorbifolia.

Of trees, the most noteworthy were Acacia dea bata; the Judas Tree, Cers's siliquastrum, Cornus capitata, better known as Benthamia fragifera, the new Davidia involucrata, the Horey Locust (Gleditschia triacanthos), the Kentucky Coffee Tree (Gymnocladus canadensis), Ilex latifolium, T. Taraio, Kölreuteria paniculata, and Parrotia persica, both very brilliant in their autumnal colouring, and Paulownia imperialis. Of climbers there

were

present Akebia quinata, Berberidopsis. corallina, and Lapagerias, rose and white, with Tropæolum speciosum, all luxuriating on a shady wall, in front of which the Mocassin Flower (Cypripedium spectabile) grows with astonishing vigour; Clematis balearica and C. cirrosa climbing trees, C. montana rubra, newly introduced, Ercilla (Bridgesia) spicata, Hydrangea scandens, which had ascended the trunk of a giant Cupressus macrocarpa to a height of over 20 feet; Jasminum primulinum, Mandevilla suaveolens, Sollya heterophylla, Trachelospermum jasminoides, and T. japonicum maculatum.

In front of a sheltered south wall were growing some of the rarest and tenderest subjects, including Abelia floribunda, Agapetes buxifolia, Correa cardinalis, Crossosoma californica, Desfontainea Hookeri, Diosma gracilis, Eriostemon neriifolius, Libonia floribunda, Mitraria coccinea, and Olearia nitida. In the same border were a number of Irises, amongst which were I. gracilipes, I. cristata, I. fimbriata, flowering, I. Willmottiana, I. Warleyensis, I. bucharica, I. Douglasiana, I. bracteata, I. Purdyi, I. tenax major, and I. Oncocyclus hybrids as well as Calochorti, Gerbera Jamesoni, Tecophile a cyanccrocus, Gladiolus tristis, Ixiolirion Pallasi, Tulipa Greigi, and many rare bulbs. Amongst her plants grown were Calceolaria violacea, Convolvulus cneorum, Dendromecon rigidum, Desmodium pendulifolium, Hedychium Gardnerianum, which never fails to flower well every autumn; Ostrowskia magnifica, of which there are two fine groups in robust health, Phyteuma comosum, Rehmannia angulata, the beautiful Californian bush Poppy (Romneya Coulteri), and a colony of Watsonia Ardernei, which threw up twelve flower-spikes last year. Against the house were growing Azara microphylla, Ceanothus divaricatus, and C. Gloire de Versailles, Cassia corymbosa, Clematis indivisa lobata, Mag olia grandi. flora, Roses and other plants. The glasshouses contained a select collection of subjects, one of the most noteworthy of which was a splendid specimen of Solanum Wendlandi. S. W. Fitzherbert.

SITUATED on the Surrey side of London Bridge, close to St. Saviour's Cathedral, this is one of the most cramped and inconvenient of all the London markets, yet the business transacted there is, of its kind, probably unsurpassed. For many years it has been as noted for its Potato trade as a neighbouring portion of the Borough High Street is for the Hop trade, and some millions of tons of the homely tuber have been sold in its limited area since I first became acquainted with the market. But, though Potatos are a great feature, other vegetables are also sold on an extensive scale, and fruits are dealt with largely, especially imported fruits, which are so popular with the masses, such as Bananas and Oranges. For South-Eastern London this market is very convenient as regards distance, and it is regrettable that it cannot be rendered more commodious and supplied with better approaches. The Borough Market Trust, in whom the management is vested, have effected several improvements, and the salesmen enjoy some advantages now which were foreign to them years ago. For instance, one part is well covered and lighted; but the whole

CANN HOUSE, PLYMOUTH, THE RESIDENCE OF H. W. GRIGG, Esq.

Photo by S. Wyndham Fitz herbert.

place is so restricted, and has such a mixed, confused appearance, that it will need a substantial advance in many directions before it can be regarded as a credit to a city like Southwark.

BRENTFORD.

Incidental mention was made of the Kew Bridge Market in the opening remarks of these articles; it only remains to add here that since these notes appeared the new market has been completed and opened. In many respects it is the best-designed and most spacious in the metropolitan district. Beyond this, from the way the trade is developing, it bids fair to rival in a few years some of the largest in the amount of business transacted. In can never be expected to equal Covent Garden for first-quality produce of any kind, but as it is so convenient for the West of London shopkeepers and providers, it is probable that high-class fruit and vegetables will in time have an important place in the market. At present good average fruit, vegetables, flowers, and plants, with imported fruits, hold the principal part of the trade. Immediately adjoining the London and SouthWestern and North-London stations, communication is readily established with the London and North-Western Railway, so that a wide area of the country can be tapped for supplies, as well as those which come by road from Western Middlesex and Surrey. The Brentford District Council is not likely to do a better service to their locality than has been rendered by the establishment of this handsome market.

LOCAL MARKETS.

Beyond the depôts at St. Pancras and King's Cross, chiefly for Potatos and other vegetables, there is little other market accommodation in the metropolis, with all its millions to be supplied. At the fruit enquiry instituted by the Board of Agriculture in 1904 some difference of opinion was expressed as to the desirability of increasing the number of markets. Mr. Wm. Poupart, of Twickenham, and Mr. E. Rochford, of Cheshunt-both weighty witnesses-were not in favour of such an extension, but appeared to think that concentration in a few centres was On the preferable for growers and buyers. other hand, Mr. W. J. Lobjoit, of Heston, and Mr. W. Sams, of Worthing, were of the opinion that we cannot have too many markets." Even Mr. G. Monro favoured this view to extent, for he said: "It is much better for a man with a small lot of goods to sell it in the locality in a local market than to go to the expense of a long journey, with commission for the sale of the fruit, and possibly it is not worth the salesman's while. These small consignments give a great deal of trouble."

some

But there is another aspect-namely, the bencfit to the retailers and the public which arises from facilitating the progress of the goods from Mr. Lobjoit touched producer to consumer.

upon this when he said: "If a municipal market could be opened in the south of London somewhere about Balham it would be a very great advantage, both to the people who live there as well as to the growers who send there. Does it not seem absurd that cartloads of fruit should be drawn past the shops up to Covent Garden, and then have to be taken back again to Balham?" It is difficult to conceive how two opinions can exist on this matter; the waste of time, the expense incurred, the risk to the produce are all opposed to the interests of grower, retailer, and consumer. Yet it is not only in South London, but in other districts of the metropolis, where the same anomalous state of affairs prevails. The large central markets have their special uses, and are indispensable; but when an assemblage of human beings reaches the magnitude that London has attained, judiciously-placed local markets, as concerning the food of the people, are quite as much a necessity as the means of locomotion upon which such huge sums are expended. Lewis Castle.

MOVING LARGE TREES.

THE Chestnut tree (see fig. 3) has had an uncommon experience, over and above that of being successfully transplanted after having attained the age of some 30 years. It was not decided until the last minute that this tree should be transplanted, and therefore it did not receive the preparation that was given to some other 32 specimens in the shape of root-pruning some months beforehand to cause the roots to throw out young fibres and make a compact ball close to the bole of the tree. Bearing this fact in mind I had a much larger circular trench dug out than usual, working well under the roots, and, after carefully wrapping round with mats the ball of earth thus made, the tree was ready for shifting

The question was how? There it stood, weighing about four tons, too large for my tree shifting trolley, guarded in front by some three or four yards of newly made ground and a trench 4 feet wide and 3 feet deep.

It had to be moved, and we decided to pull it over into a hori: o tal position after fixing some

THE PROPAGATOR.

ROSES.

WHEN the shoots of Noisette, China (monthly) Roses, the earliest and the latest to bloom, Tea, and the so-called Tea hybrids, have become fairly firm in consistency, propagation by means of cuttings, furnished with a base of the older wood, may be undertaken on mild hotbeds made up of tree leaves and a small quantity of stable litter, and covered with an ordinary garden frame. Some gardeners prefer to place the hotbed on the north side of a wall, and to do so is certainly a saving of labour in the matter of shading, but in no other way.

If many cuttings are to be made, the hotbed, when it has reached its greatest degree of heat, should be made level and firm, and receive a 4-inch thick layer of leaf mould, into which the Rose roots will enter almost as soon as they form, deriving nutriment and moisture therefrom; otherwise they are apt to turn black and die. Over the leaf mould a layer of sandy loam should be laid to the depth of 4 inches, made

strong chains round the ball, the chains being prevented from cutting in too deeply by placing pieces of wood at short intervals between the mats and the chains. The tree was then lifted out of its hole by means of an endless chain, lowered on to a platform arranged on rollers, rolled on to firm ground by manual labour and again lifted by the chain gear on to a stone trolley and wedged up to prevent its rolling off. After arranging several men to steady the top, it was drawn to its destination, some 600 yards distant, accompanied by the wondering gaze of some and the cynical smile of others.

Yet there it stands to-day in full leaf, a living testimony to the fact that although always desirable it is not absolutely necessary to prepare large trees twelve months before transplanting. In moving 33 large trees there are many incidents of an amusing and an annoying character, such as the giving way of a part of a brick drain picked up in one of the balls, an axle breaking, &c., but nothing of great interest to the readers of this journal. John Kiament, Westgate-on-Sea.

firm, smooth and level. When the heat has declined to 75° Fahr. the cuttings may be made and inserted in rows, and barely touching each other.

In making them, remove the unripe tip, and the leaves so far as the cuttings enter the soil, and the end leaflet on each. As has been stated, each cutting should be provided with a "heel." A light having been filled with cuttings, the bed of soil should receive a thorough application of water (warm preferably), and the light should be put on, with a mat over all, if the sun be shining strongly. When the frame is filled with the cuttings, it should be shaded only when the sun is upon it, and kept close, except for the space of half an hour between 8 and 9 a.m., when the lights should be drawn off in order to dissipate moisture. When it is noticed that the cuttings generally have become caiiused, the amount of shading may be lessened, and the frame kept open for an hour, until, as roots form on the cuttings, more and more air may be admitted, and the shading dispensed with. In a month the