A GOOD CROP OF MELONS. FOR the opportunity of illustrating the house of Melons (fig. 62), at Buxted Park Gardens, Uckfield, Sussex, we are indebted to the gardener, Mr. Thos. Field, who writes:-" The accompanying photograph was taken on May 15 last, and it illustrates the crop of Melons grown on 10 plants. The plants were raised from seed sown during the second week of January. They were planted in the house on February 6. The first ripe fruit was cut on May 10, the variety being Ringleader, the last, Windsor Castle, on June 24. The crop comprised some 64 Melons, some of which weighed as much as 10 lbs. each. The varieties grown were Ringleader, Jubilee, Windsor Castle, British Queen, Earl's Favourite, and Blenheim Orange."

KEW NOTES.

GESNERA CARDINALIS.

THIS showy plant is less popular in gardens than it was a few years ago. This is to be regretted, for it is a very useful greenhouse subject.

The flowers, which are long and tubular, are bright scarlet in colour, and the velvety green leaves are also very handsome. The plant attains a height of from 6 inches to a foot, the growths terminating in clusters of flowers. The tuber is distinct, being more solid than that of the majority of Gesneras. The plants are readily raised from seeds. A batch of seedlings now flowering in No. 4 greenhouse furnish a very bright group. Slight variation is noticeable in the flowers, the colour being more intense in some than in others. By careful management they can be had in flower at almost any season, for they can be started into growth at different times. When growing they require a fairly brisk, moist heat, but they should be transferred to a cooler house when in flower. This plant is sometimes met with in gardens under the name of G. macrantha, and it is also known as Dircaea cardinalis.

LILIUM PHILADELPHICUM.

THIS is one of the upright flowering species. According to the Botanical Magazine, where it is figured tab. 519, it was first sent to this country by Mr. John Bartram, of Philadelphia, in 1759, to Mr. Philip Miller, but although so long known to cultivation it is not often met with in gardens. It has a rather wide geographical distribution over the Northern United States of America and Canada, where it grows in open woods, apparently preferring shelter with but little if any shade.

A number of plants are now in flower in the American garden, where it was planted several years ago in a bed of Cupressus filifera aurea. The shelter afforded by the foliage of the latter protects the Liliums from late spring frosts, and also prevents the soil from becoming parched by

the sun.

The flowering season is at the end of July and the beginning of August. The slender stems are 1 foot to 2 feet in height; the leaves are usually found in whorls, but solitary leaves are sometimes found on the stems. The terminal flowers are solitary or 2 to 4 together in an umbel. The flowers, averaging 3 inches across, have orange red segments spotted with purple near their base. They vary somewhat in shade of colour, but I have not seen a flower quite so dark as that illustrated in the Botanical Magazine. Each segment is distinctly stalked.

DABEOCIA POLIFOLIA VAR. ALBA. THIS is the white form of the St. Dabeoc's Heath, an evergreen shrub 1 to 2 feet in height, native of south-western Europe and one or two localities in Ireland. The foliage is small darkgreen above and white beneath; the flowers are drooping, terminal in loose racemes. A circular bed in the American garden is covered with its

pearly-white flowers, which viewed from the Palmhouse Terrace presents a pleasing object.

The Dabeocias have a Heath-like appearance, and they belong to the same natural order as these plants-Ericaceæ. The flowering season extends from June to late autumn, the plant being at its best condition at the end of July and the beginning of August.

Propagation is effected by layers or cuttings inserted in autumn and by seeds. The soil in which they are grown should consist mainly of sandy peat with the addition of a little loam. Like most other members of the Ericacea, they will not grow if lime is present in the soil. D. D.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

THE BOOK OF MARKET GARDENING. By R. Lewis Castle. Published by John Lane, The Bodley Head, Vigo Street, London, and New York, by the John Lane Co. Price, 2s. 6d.

net.

Viewed in reference to the action of the Board of Agriculture and the Local Government Board at the present time, we must regard the publication

come chapters on labour questions and difficulties, and under these the connection existing with these of cottage erection. Crops, methods and management are duly noted, in reference more especially to specialisation, showing how gigantic businesses have been created in the production of Grapes, Cucumbers, or Tomatos among glasshouse fruits; Roses, Chrysanthemums, or Daffodils amongst flowers; Celery, Onions, Asparagus, Cabbages, Cauliflowers, Brussels Sprouts, or Potatos among vegetables; and Apples, Pears, Strawberries, Currants, or Gooseberries amongst hardy fruits, and such exceptional crops as Mushrooms. Hardy bush fruits, as befits their importance to the community, are shown to be indispensable, and they should always be grown in conjunction with the cultivation of vegetables and flowers, Strawberries being regarded by the author as the best paying crop in one place; in another, Currants or Gooseberries, success with these being more certain than with Apples, Plums, Cherries, or Pears. According to the Board of Agriculture Committee, the total approximate area under fruit culture in Great Britain amounts to about 300,000 acres. Economy in production is a point greatly insisted upon, but at the same time false economy is deprecated as

of this little work by so experienced an expert as the author as being most opportune, and we trust that it will be widely read by the persons to whom its teaching will be of the utmost value, likewise by the members of the two Boards.

With matters of cultivation it does not concern itself at all; these being generally understood by market gardeners, and to a certain extent by professional gardeners; but it is crammed with information concisely stated, gained in the school of practical market gardening in various parts of the country; as for instance, at the Neville Court gardens and nurseries, the Duke of Bedford's fruit farm, Ridgemont, and Hampton Park farm. The author was the recipient of a prize, given by the Royal Horticultural Society, of Dr. Hogg's silver medal for an essay on grading and packing fruits and vegetables," and of the gold medal of the Fruiterers' Company. So much for his credentials.

44

The book begins naturally with a chapter on the selection of land, giving the current prices per acre, and the conditions which determine them. There are under this heading sub-chapters on landtenure, compensation, situation and accessibility, special districts, soil, aspects, and altitude. Then

being often the cause of loss instead of gain, that which appeared as extravagant expenditure in developing, or organisation of a business, resulting ultimately in gains out of all proportion to the outlay. There is a useful chapter on cultivation with the aid of glass, touching on temperature, ventilation, water supply, sunlight and sunheat, insects and diseases.

Then come remarks on kinds and varieties, variety trials; the official trials of the Royal Horticultural Society and the exhibits at the fortnightly meetings of this society being referred to, as well as the trials of some of the County Councils. The preparation of produce for sale, the gathering and collection of flowers, vegetables and fruit, grading for profit, the forms of baskets, crates, boxes, the methods of packing, &c., come in for due notice, the remarks being appropriate and useful. There is, in fact, scarcely a subject connected with the business of the market grower which is omitted.

The chapters on co-operation, assessment, taxes, rates, compensation and insurance, fruit preserving and crop returns, values and profits, with which the book closes, show an intimate knowledge of the subject.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the opinions expressed by his correspondents.) FLOWERS AT KENSINGTON.-Visitors to Kensington Gardens should be careful not to miss the gay show of flowers on the south and east fronts of the palace. The beds have been particularly bright this summer, and some of the varieties of plants employed to make a very fine effect are worth noting. At the same time one cannot help observing that in one or two instances the combination of colour has not been particularly pleasing, and it is a pity that one or two little faults of this kind should have been permitted to creep in and mar to some extent an otherwise fine example of ornamental gardening. At Kensington they still appear to be conservative in the matter of bedding plants, for the good old-fashioned zonal Pelargonium still holds pride of place, and no such innovations as Begonias or Verbenas are used for bedding. All the principal borders are planted with Pelargoniums, of which a grand scarlet, Paul Crampel, is the most prominent. This is a splendid variety for bedding, being particularly free in habit and bearing immense trusses of a brilliant scarlet. Another good variety is Phyllis, a profuse bloomer of a bright pink hue, its one fault being that it seeds too freely and therefore soon begins to look untidy, unless it has constant attention. Rose of Allandale is, perhaps, best described as a magenta pink of a trailing habit and almost like ivy-leaved Pelargoniums in some respects. It is certainly a taking variety. A good deep scarlet is provided in Mrs. H. Cannell, although beyond its colour there is nothing very striking about this Pelargonium. With Phyllis, already mentioned, this variety would probably do better in a less hot summer. Last of all we come to two varieties which the palace gardeners might very well have omitted from their list-Dr. Nansen, a white with very poor straggly blooms, and Mrs. Wright, a hideous magenta-coloured flower with nothing at all to recommend it. These two varieties are planted in mixture, and they form quite the worst bed of the whole collection. The magenta goes badly also with the pinks and scarlets near at hand, and might with advantage have been dispensed with. In other borders a good effect is obtained with Coleus in variety and Abutilons, the latter forming a good centre in groups of four or five in small circular beds. A striking feature of the gardens is the long border on the western side of the south lawn facing east. This is a wild mixture of Sweet Peas, Stocks, Canterbury Bells, Violas, and many other old-fashioned flowers, the whole forming a very effective display against a background of flowering shrubs and dark evergreens. East Sussex.

It

CATALPA BIGNONIOIDES.-Among other examples of beautiful flowering trees seen growing in Hampstead are several fine Catalpas. One in John Street has, during the last few days, become covered with a profusion of lovely blossoms, and it forms a feature in this picturesque old street of Hampstead. The Catalpa is deciduous, but after the leaves have fallen the long, slender fruit-pods remain and give a curious appearance throughout the winter to its leafless branches. A very fine specimen may be seen in the Marylebone Road; another in Harrington Square, Hampstead Road, while others are met with in some of the dusty and most fog begrimed places of the metropolis. In Gray's Inn Gardens are two of these trees. is said by some-disputed by others-that the older was the first specimen imported into England, having been brought over from America by Sir Walter Raleigh during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The larger and finer of the two is an offshoot from its aged parent, and is about 50 years old. The finest Catalpa tree known in this country stands in the Courtyard at Claydon House, Bucks. Some years ago this exceedingly handsome tree took the first prize as being the largest of its kind, as well as the most symmetrical in appearance. The loose spikes of flowers resemble the inflorescence of a Foxglove, and like that flower the corolla is beautifully spotted. The flowers have scarcely any calyx, and in their shape they resemble the globular flowers of the Figwort Scrophularia nodosa-and the order Bignonaceæ, to which it belongs, is closely allied to the Scrophularinæ. The Tulip tree-Liriodendron tulipifera-has this season presented a more beautiful appearance than for years past. James E. Whiting, 11, Heath Street, Hampstead, N.W.

THE ROCK GARDEN AT KEW IN JUNE.-At every season of the year there is much to interest the flower-lover in the Royal Gardens, Kew. By whatever section of floriculture the visitor is especially attracted, he will find an object lesson in its treatment and in the wealth of species and forms present in these gardens. On entering the gardens early in June it is difficult to decide whither to direct the steps, such beauties are to be admired on every hand, but, to those whose bent lies in the direction of the cultivation of Alpines and such-like plants, the skilfully laid out rock garden will prove the special lodestar. Though during a period of several months this portion of the grounds will well repay a visit, it is perhaps at the season of which I write that it is at its brightest with innumerable floral treasures. In the moist peat bed beneath the perpendicular rock-work, in the crevices of which flourish Ramondia pyrenaica and its white form, with other species, and Haberlea rhodopensis, a fine collection of the Meconopsis genus was in bloom, including the bright yellow M. integrifolia, the purple-blue M. racemosa, M. aculeata, pale purple with a tinge of red in the petals, the well-known M. Wallichi and M. punicea, 2 feet 6 inches in height, with drooping, crimson flowers about 6 inches across. In the same bed were growing Primula Cockburniana, with glowing orange flowers, P. deflexa, over 2 feet in height, bearing a crowded head of small purple blossoms with white centres, and Ourisia coccinea, as well as Cypripediums in variety. A little distance away was growing a fine plant of the handsome Rodgersia podophylla, with the newer R. æsculifolia, R. pinnata and R. p. alba in close proximity. A fine collection of Saxifrages was in flower, comprising S. valdensis, S. lantoscana superba, S. cochlearis, S. lingulata, S. Hostii, S. Portæ, S. Macnabiana, S. vochinensis, S. cartilaginea, S. Wallacei, S. Geum gracilis, S. trifurcata, many varieties of S. aizoon and other hybrids. Amongst other flowers in bloom were Campanula thyrsoides, with greenish white blossoms, the slender-growing C. Steveni, Dianthus callizonus in fine bloom, D. nitidus, D. fragrans, Onosma echioides, O. sericeum, with pale, yellowish white flowers. The single scarlet Ranunculus asiaticus, a beautiful flower, unfortunately unknown in gardens, the scarlet Delphinium nudicaule, Dicentra eximia and D. formosa, Edelweiss, the lavenderblue Iris tridentata, Dodecatheon Meadia and its white variety, Anemone palmata alba, A. polyantha, A. Regeliana, Ethionema cordatum and others, Eremuri, Gentiana verna, Eomecon chionanthum, Galax aphylla, throwing up bud, Linum arboreum, a mass of yellow, the fine Ornithogalum arcuatum, not so tall as usual, Oxalis enneaphylla, Paradisea (Anthericum) liliastrum, the blue flowered Pentstemon humilis, Senecio aurantiacus, with small orange flowers, and Lonicera pyrenaica, bearing greenish white blossoms. S. W. F.

PEACH CULTURE OUT-OF-DOORS.-I have no doubt but that most readers will agree with Mr. Ward as regards the methods of planting, &c. But I was surprised he did not mention the "Blister" disease that has caused great damage to the trees during the past few seasons, and which has, I think, been the reason why many growers have largely abandoned planting Peach trees outside. I have not up to the present found a remedy for this complaint. The trees are always well netted at the critical time, but in spite of all precautions the last few seasons' results have been very disappointing in North Devon.

BEECH TREES AND LIGHTNING.-I have always heard since boyhood that Beech trees were immune from strokes by lightning and I think the following facts will bear this out: At Lee Moor, in the parish of Shaugh, Devon, during the month of June, 1902, a clump of Scots Fir, among which were four Beech trees, was struck by lightning during a heavy thunderstorm with the result that all the Fir trees were killed, but not one of the Beech trees was injured. I think this is sufficient proof that lightning has no effect upon Beech trees. T. Martin, Trevabyn, Plympton, Devon.-[One instance can hardly be deemed "sufficient." Some of our readers can perhaps supply others.-ED.]

KOCHIA SCOPARIA.-It may not generally be known that the pyramidal specimens of this plant which one sees in the London parks have been made to assume this form by cutting back the side-shoots with a knife or with a pair of small shears. Specimens grown in this manner differ greatly in appearance from plants which have been grown with insufficient space between the shoots. Some growers, whose plants have not been trimmed into shape in their earlier stages of growth, are inclined to grumble if stiff flowering shoots are produced, and in some cases it has been stated that the plants which they have grown as Kochia scoparia are not true to name. trouble all arises from the omission to check the coarser growing shoots in the manner described. When these plants assume autumnal tints and the nights become colder, they may be potted up for the decoration of the conservatory and the greenhouse. About ten days before their removal from the flower-beds, the roots should be cut through with a sharp spade at a distance of 3 inches from the main stem. It will be found, as a rule, that many new fibrous roots will be produced near to the stem, which will enable the plants to quickly overcome the check caused by removal. F. James.

The

YELLOW SUMMER REINETTE APPLE.-Late flowering varieties of the Apple should form a considerable proportion of every collection in our most uncertain climate, and the above-named variety, flowering at the end of the month of May, almost invariably escapes injury from late frosts. F. M.

FOREST TREES IN GERMANY.-I have recently seen in Germany a wonderful collection of Pines, especially Sciadopitys verticillata, only inferior to the magnificent specimen at Mr. Bolitho's place at Trewidden, Cornwall. Shade and peat evidently suit this tree. The proprietor grows a large variety of Pines, some of his forests being some 5 miles in length, and he is always seeking for trees which will succeed in arid, sandy soil. He has found that the Banksian Pine, so far, has showed its superiority over P. silvestris and P. Strobus. It was interesting to see the great care and method adopted by the Germans in planting their forests. Quercus rubra is another of their favourite trees even in soil which we should not believe to be able to support it: but then water is also found at a depth of 10 feet. B., Cork.

GLADIOLI.-Herewith I send you a few spikes of some of my seedling Gladioli. The cream coloured one is a new seedling, and in common with a number of similar and equally good ones is pure in colour, and I think this purity will be maintained As I have noted before in previous communications, wireworm has been a terrible scourge, but I have minimised its depredations to a great extent this season by ramming the beds after planting. Some I put a heavy stone roller over, but the Gladioli seem to like it, and this process has succeeded when both heavy doses of soot and vaporite both failed utterly. W. C. Bull. [Large spikes of well formed, brilliantly coloured flowers. -ED.]

APPLE EARLY WHITE TRANSPARENT.-I am forwarding you a few fruits of the abovenamed Apple. They are picked from a young nursery espalier tree only planted last December. We have not grown this variety before, but were we planting a number of trees for early fruiting should decidedly put a good proportion of the variety in question. I do not know anything of its history, it is not mentioned in Hogg's Fruit Manual, though I find it catalogued by several of our leading nurserymen. Judging by appearance it has evidently some close relationship to Lord Suffield or Keswick Codling. I enclose a fruit of the former for comparison. H. J. C., Grimston Gardens, Tadcaster. [In shape very like Calville Blanche, and very fragrant and richly flavoured.ED.]

THE PLUM CROP.-After carefully reading the reports of the fruit crops, I notice a great scarcity of plums. I am sending a branch for your inspection that I left unthinned. I am pleased to state that we have a remarkable crop of these fruits. The garden consisting of 24 acres of ground is all walled around, and the fruit crops this year are particularly good, there being an abundance of all small fruits. The soil here is loam on chalk, the situation high, being almost level with Box Hill. Thos. Beeson, Headily Park Gardens, Epsom. [The small spray sent was carrying about four dozen fruits, that hung in clusters. Mr. Beeson is to be congratulated, for most other growers have next to none.-Ev.]

are

It

BLACKBERRIES.-The note from Maidstone (p. 137) in reference to the promise of a Blackberry crop this season is interesting in so far that it applies to this one fruit which seems to be acceptable to all when ripe, and which is, in consequence of its wildness, everybody's fruit. But the conditions under which Blackberries habitually grown wild, by roadsides in crowded hedgerows, with roots starving from want of moisture at the fruiting season, too often cause the promise of a crop, judged by the blossom seen, to be followed by disappointment. The people who collect Blackberries so produced seldom have the fruit fully developed or ripened, hence the need of its culture on a large scale is not at all difficult to obtain the plant in commerce, and some very fine selections of British Brambles exist which, under good culture, produce une, richly-flavoured, juicy fruit. These well repay proper culture. There is the well-known, yet far too little grown Parsley-leaved Bramble, Rubus laciniatus, plants of which should find a place in every garden. Earliest of all, however, is the now famous and large-fruited Loganberry, so far America's finest production among the Rubus tribe. This seems to adapt itself to any soil, and also to ripen its annual growths, in any sunny position. I saw but recently plants of it growing in almost pure sand at Reigate in a small garden, where early in July it was fruiting finely. The grower lamented that he had not room to grow it largely, there being such demand for the berries. Veitch's Mahdi is the result of a similar cross to that which produced the Loganberry, but the fruits are broader and of a deep claret colour. But whilst there are others which may be equally good, these named suffice to show that if any area of good, deep, retentive soil, well exposed to the sun, be planted with these very fine fruiting Brambles, not only will frost troubles be escaped by them, but there is a market open for the fruit and remunerative prices awaiting them. A. D.

THE LATE WILLIAM CHESTER.-Many of the present and the old Chatsworth hands and other persons who came in direct contact with Mr. Chester will have read with regret of the death of this worthy gardener. Why not perpetuate the name of William Chester" by making a special appeal inviting donations to a fund on behalf of the Royal Gardeners' Orphan Fund? Many of the Chatsworth hands are to-day subscribers to the R.G.O.F., but I venture to think that many would still be prepared to contribute on behalf of such a memorial" fund, the sum collected to be paid in either as a "donation " or as might be decided later. Should there be anyone with greater influence than myself I am willing to cooperate and send my donation, but, failing another, I shall be glad to "act" in the interests of a fund for the purpose. Donations need not be large in every case, but the many should make a respectable sum which would be gladly received to strengthen the funds of the society in question. Stephen Castle, West Lynn, Squires Lane, Finchley, London, N.

VIOLA VIRGIN QUEEN.-I forward you a bunch of Viola Virgin Queen to show how well it stands drought, even on a light sandy soil. The habit is perfect. I find it a valuable variety for florists' work owing to the flowers possessing long stalks. The flowers are of the purest white, and it has been highly spoken of. Arthur Young, Oxted Nursry, Oxted, Surrey. [An excellent white variety of robust habit and with large fragrant flowers that are produced in abundance.-ED.]

SUTTON'S EVERGREEN DWARF BEAN.-I sowed one row of this variety beside Canadian Wonder, and picked pods quite 10 days before the latter came into bearing. We have been picking during the past six weeks, and shall do so for some time. Our ground is rather heavy and gets very dry, and as the weather has not been favourable for growing Beans, I consider my rows have answered all expectations. It has also proved, with me, a good forcing variety. J. A. Huntley, The Gardens, Oak Hall, Buckhurst Hill.

Obituary.

SQUIBBS, ROBERT.-We regret to record the death, in his 83rd year, of this highly esteemed gardener, which took place at his residence, Albion Terrace, Sleaford, on Thursday the 9th inst. Mr. Squibbs was for many years head gardener to the Marquis of Bristol at Ickworth Park, and was held in high esteem by his lordship and the members of the family.

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

Scientific Committee.

AUGUST 14.-Present: Mr. G. Massee, F.L.S., V.M.H. (in the chair); Messrs. G. Nicholson, E. M. Holmes, J. Odell, C. Shea, C. H. Hooper, H. Gussow, and F. J. Chittenden (hon. secretary). Visitor, Mrs. E. Hancock.

Diseased Crinum and Dracana.-Mr. Gussöw reported that he had examined these shown at a recent meeting by Mr. WORSLEY, but had been unable to find on either any parasite to which the death of the plants could be attributed.

Reversion in Picotee.-Concerning the plant shown by Mr. DOUGLAS at the last meeting, Mr. F. WILLIAMS, F.L.S., writes: The stem sent to me bears a female flower only, and the styles are very much coiled, as is so frequently the case when only female flowers are produced. From the clear and interesting history given with the plant, the result is not at all a matter of surprise. It is certainly a curious result. It is an attempt on the part of the seedling at atavistic reversion to simpler type-of a form of reversion so lucidly described by Mendel in his experiments on hybridisation, and to which I have drawn attention in reviews of Mendel's work in the Journal of Botany, and in an explanatory note in my Prodromus Flora Britannica, part III. The whole energy of the plant was directed to modification-and a very marked one-of its nutritive organs at the expense of the development of its floral organs. The whole of its energy of growth was expended in the modification of the leaves. Even when the flower is produced it is (in the specimen sent) an imperfect one. No doubt it was less coddled in its cultivation than other specimens, and so took the opportunity in a hardier environment to revert to a simpler type. I have before pointed out that Pinks resent coddling as much as they can; the natural habitat of all species of Dianthus is in exposed situations, slopes of hills facing the wind, edges of rocks, overhanging ledges, unprotected banks, and open sandy ground. Altogether the specimen has a much more wild appearance than its somewhat artificial origin suggests."

Smut in Carnation. Mr. MASSEE reported that flowers of Carnation Miss Audrey Campbell with discoloured centres were "attacked by the fungus Ustilago violacea, and to the presence of this fungus the discolouration was due. The spores of the fungus are produced in the anthers. In several of our wild plants belonging to the Pink family this disease occurs, and in those instances the mycelium is a perennial in the root. Hence it appears every year, and a plant once infected remains so for life.

Malformed inflorescences.-Mr. ODELL showed some specimens of Trifolium repens virescent, similar to those shown at the last meeting by Mr. SUTTON. He said that he found it much more frequently in temporary than in permanent pas

tures.

He also showed Plantago major with virescent flowers, and Scabiosa atropurpurea in which the central florets were displaced by long green bracts.

Damaged Cactus stems.-From Teignmouth came shoots of Phyllocactus showing brownish spots of somewhat irregular shape, and nearly a quarter of an inch in diameter. In the centre of each was a dark spot looking like a puncture. These were no doubt caused by punctures from the spines on neighbouring shoots, and by the production of cork on the part of the plant in its efforts to heal the wound made by the spines.

Buds on inflorescence of Saxifrage.-Mr. E. H. JENKINS. of Hampton Hill, sent a specimen of Saxifraga Cotyledon received from Bavaria, in which a large number of small rosettes of leaves had been produced in the axils of bracts on the axis of the inflorescence. He said that the occurrence was very frequent this year with this species, and suggested that by reason of the incessant rains experienced there the functions of the flowers were interrupted, or their power of forming seeds destroyed. Possibly the pollen had been washed away or injured, and no seeds were formed. The flowering stems remaining green beyond their usual time directed their energies to the formation of these small rosettes.

Montbretias dying.-Plants of Montbretia with foliage dying and turning a dark brown colour came from Chingford. The trouble seems common this year, and appears to be a physiological one

rather than one due to any specific organism. The best plan to adopt in order to avoid its occurrence appears to be to move the plants at least every two years; plants left for a longer time very frequently succumb to the disease.

Bean anthracnose.-Specimens of Runner Beans were received from Plympton badly affected with Bean anthracnose caused by the fungus Colletotrichum undemuthianum. The disease is described, and treatment indicated in Gardeners' Chronicle, 23 (1898), p. 293, and Journal Royal Horticultural Society, xxvii. (1902), p. 809.

Melampyrum arvense.—Mr. CHITTENDEN showed specimens of the Purple Cow Wheat (Melampyrum arvense), a somewhat rare semi-parasitic cornfield weed in England, from an Essex locality, together with the seeds, which bear a remarkable resemblance to dark grains of wheat.

Solanum Commersoni.-Mrs. HANCOCK gave an interesting account of the way in which she introduced this plant, which has recently been the cause of a considerable amount of discussion among growers of Potatos, particularly on the Continent, into her garden from Mons. Labergerie's garden at Verrières after the Brest conference. She first received it in January, 1904, and has succeeded in establishing it thoroughly well in her garden at Horeham Road, Sussex, and has since been able to distribute a considerable number of tubers to

different parts of the country. She finds it will withstand a greater degree of cold than do the varieties of S. tuberosum. Her remarks were illustrated by a photograph of the plant growing, specimens of the plant in flower, and with immature fruits and tubers of a considerable size. She had cooked the tubers and found they possessed no bitter flavour.

EASTBOURNE HORTICULTURAL

SOCIETY.

AUGUST 15.-The above society held its annual show in the grounds of Compton House, kindly nt by his Grace the Duke of Devonshire, K.G. The private gardens were also thrown open to the visitors, while her Grace gave permission for the famous Dexter cattle, with which so many prizes have been won, to be viewed.

The exhibition was held in four large tents, which in some cases were much crowded, so great was the competition in some of the classes.

The attendance of the general public was

numerous.

Plants. Some good groups of plants were seen, the 1st prize for these being secured by Mr. G. T. SCOTT, Upperton and Ceylon Nurseries; 2nd, Mr. I. DUKE. Dinner table decorations formed a strong feature. The premier award in the professionals and nurserymen's classes was well won by Mr. A. B. Wadds (gr. to Sir WEETMAN PEARSON, Bart., Paddockhurst, Worth), he having a splendid table, decorated largely with Odontoglossum crispum. The 1st prize in the ladies' class was won by Mrs. RAPLEY. Messrs. CLARK and JENNER staged respectively the best sprays and buttonholes.

In the Rose classes chief honours fell to Messrs. DURANT-YOUNG, with Mr. EVERSFIELD 2nd.

In the open smaller class for 24 blooms Messrs. YOUNG, WOLLARD, and EVERSFIELD Won in the order named.

Dahlias of high quality were staged. Messrs. CHEAL AND SONS, Crawley, were placed 1st for Cactus, for single varieties, and for pompon Dahlias.

The best 18 bunches of hardy perennials were shown by Mr. A. CHARLTON, and he was easily first, having splendid material. Mr. G. H. Simmons (gr. to H. G. WHITE, Esq ), won the 2nd prize.

Messrs. PETERS and DUKE Won in the classes for Gladioli in the order named.

Stove and greenhouse plants are not so well staged now as they were years ago, but good groups of Begonias were shown by Mr. W. F. THOMAS, Wannock Fruit Garden, who secured the 1st place, and by Mr. W. UNSTED who was 2nd. Mr. GODDEN showed the best Fuchsias, Mr. I. DUKE the best specimen plant in bloom, and Mr. LYDDIARD the best foliage plant. Messrs. A. KEMP and G. GRIGG had the best decorative plants, and Mr. LYDDIARD the best exotic Ferns. The premier group of Ferns were those shown by Messrs. PENROSE BROS., Hurstmonceaux. Mr. I. DUKE was to the fore in the class for foliage plants.

Fruit of splendid quality was seen in all the classes. Plums were not shown largely, but no

falling off in their quality was noticeable. No fewer than six collections of fruits were seen. Mr. I. GORE, Albion Vineyard, Polegate, won with an assortment including splendid quality Grapes, Peaches, Nectarines, and Melons. Mr. G. Grigg (gr. to the EARL OF ASHBURNHAM), was a close 2nd. A good Pineapple was seen in the 2nd prize display; 3rd, Mr. H. Poulton (gr. to C. T. CAyler, Esq., Tunbridge Wells).

In the Grape classes Mr. I. GORE led easily for black kinds, while Mr. W. WELLER had grand bunches of Muscat of Alexandria in that for white fruit. The class for any other variety of Grape saw Messrs. GRIGG, POULTON, and GORE in the order named. Mr. F. THOMAS had the best scarletfleshed Melon in a strong competition, and Mr. WEST the best green fleshed. Mr. J. Bettles (gr. to CECIL CHANDLESS, Esq., Sherrington Manor) was an easy 1st winner for Figs, a class usually well contested at this show, Mr. T. WEST being 2nd. Mr. I. GORE showed the finest Nectarines, and Mr. G. GRIGG the best Peaches. The lastnamed exhibitor was also first for dessert Pears. Mr. GRIGG showed first-class Apples, and his were also the best dessert Apples. In a class for a collection of Apples. Mr. THOMAS was easily 1st, Messrs. GOLDSMITH and HUNT taking 2nd and 3rd prizes respectively.

Vegetables of good quality were seen. In the class for a collection, Mr. A. B. WADDS, Paddockhurst, was an easy 1st prize winner, and he was followed by Mr. KEMP, Mr. PUTLAND being 3rd.

Some splendid non-competitive exhibits of plants and flowers were seen. Groups were staged by Mr. MAY, Compton House Garden; Messrs. DURANT-YOUNG, Eastbourne; Messrs. CHEAL and SONS, Crawley; Messrs. CHARLTON and SONS, Tunbridge Wells; Mr. WILL TAYLOR, Hampton; Messrs. WALLACE and Co., Colchester; Messrs. BARR and SON, Covent Garden, and Messrs. HICKS and BLOOMFIELD, Reading.

DIXONS, Hull-Bulbs.

WM. FELLS & SON, 16, Market Place, Hitchin-Bulbs.
J. R. PEARSON & SONS, Chilwell Nurseries, Lowdham,
Notts-Bulbs.

WEBB & SONS, Wordsley, Stourbridge-Bulbs.

DICKSON, BROWN & TAIT, Corporation Street, Manchester -Bulbs.

FISHER, SON & SIBRAY, LTD., Handsworth, Sheffield-Bulbs. HOGG & ROBERTSON, LTD., 22, Mary Street, Dublin-Bulbs. SUTTON'S, Reading-Bulbs.

CLIBRANS, Altrincham & Manchester-Carnations & Bulbs.
MCHATTIE & Co., Chester-Bulbs.

R. H. BATH, LTD., Floral Farms, Wisbech-Bulbs.
BAKERS, Wolverhampton-Bulbs.

BEN REID & Co., 23, Stirling Street & Exchange Street,
Aberdeen-Bulbs.

MISCELLANEOUS.

J. G. WAGSTAFF LTD., Alma Iron Works, Dukinfield near Manchester-Hot-water Boilers.

Messrs. PROTHEROE & MORRIS, 67 & 63, Cheapside, London, E.C.-Register of Nurseries, Market Gardens, Farms, Florist & Seed Businesses, &c. to be let or sold.

FOREIGN.

J. M. THORBURN & Co., 33, Barclay Street, New York, U.S.A.-Tree and Shrub Seeds, Bulbs and Tuberous Roots.

MESSRS. E. H. KRELAGE & SON, Haarlem, Holland-Bulb
Catalogue for 1906.

MESSRS. HAAGE UND SCHMIDT, Erfurt-Dutch Bulbs and
other flower roots for autumn, 1906.
VILMORIN-ANDRIEUX ET CIE, 4, Quai de la Mégisserie, Paris,
France-Bulbs, Plants & Seeds.

WILHELM PFITZER, Stuttgart, Militärstrasse 74, Germany-
Seeds & Plants.

E. NEUBERT, Wandsbek bei Hamburg, Ahrensburgerstrasse 4-Ferns, Begonias, Palms, Rose, &c.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

ASPARAGUS MULCH: A. B. The reason Asparagus beds are generally mulched in the autumn, after the plants have matured their growth and the latter have been cut down and removed to the fire-heap, is to prevent the roots and "crowns from sustaining injury from the effects of severe frosts during the interval elapsing between November and March. The soil is raked off the individual beds into the alleys prior to laying on the three inches thick surface dressing of manure. Early in March the soil

is shovelled up and scattered over the beds and the surface raked evenly preparatory to the "grass" coming up uninterruptedly through the six inches or so covering of manure and soil; the autumn and winter rains meanwhile will wash the substance of the mulch down to the roots, to be assimilated by the latter in due time. It would not be advisable or practicable to mulch the beds in the manner indicated by you immediately after the crop has been taken, say the middle of June, as the late young growths which had not then pushed through the soil would be likely to get injured in the process, although an ordinary surface-dressing of manure laid on the beds at that time without disturbing the surface soil would certainly have a beneficial effect. The fact of growers residing in seaside districts mulching their Asparagus beds in the autumn, after the September gales have washed the Seaweed ashore, only affords in this case an additional reason for doing the work at this time of the year. The mulching of Asparagus beds in the autumn, as indicated above, is sound in practice and in theory. The conclusions you arrived at in the last two lines of your note are erroneous. H. W. W.

BEECH COCCUS: W. E. N. The white floculent mass is composed of insects that are destructive to the trees, and they should be eradicated. You will notice that they only attack the main stem and the larger branches. The best remedy is to scrub the bark and the crevices with petroleum emulsion or with caustic alkali wash. Paraffin emulsion is best prepared by mixing a solution of soft soap in boiling water with an equal quantity of paraffin, thoroughly mixing the two together, and then adding, when required for use, 20 times the bulk of water, churning and mixing as before. Caustic alkali wash is made by dissolving 1 lb. crude caustic soda in water, then adding 1 lb. crude potash or pearl ash, also dissolved in water, lb. soft soap, and water sufficient to make up to 10 gallons of the mixture. This wash being of a very caustic nature, gloves should be worn by the operator, and the mixture must not be allowed to reach the foliage. BEGONIAS: Anxious. From what you say we conjecture your plants are attacked with the Begonia If so, steeping the plants in tobacco water will destroy the mites, but without seeing the plants it is not possible to give an accurate opinion.

mite.

Books: R. R. Bentham's Handbook of the British Flora, which may be had from our publishing office price 9s. 4d., free by post.

CARNATIONS: H. B. The cuttings have rotted from having been planted too deeply and kept too wet. There is neither fungus nor eelworm. CHRYSANTHEMUM LEAVES CURLING: B. W. The diseased condition is due to a rust fungus, Puccinia Hieracii. This disease was figured and described in our issue for October 8, 1898, p. 269. Spray the plants when they are making their growth with potassium sulphide, using ounce of the potassium salt to one gallon of water. You must be careful not to propagate from diseased plants; indeed they should be burned at the end of the season, and a new stock obtained from healthy plants.

CORRECTION P. 135, col. at end of first paragraph, for "month read year. F. M. ETHER FORCING: E. H. There is no book in English that we know of. The matter has been treated of in our back numbers. Apply to the secretary of the station you mention. EUCALYPTUS: F. R. The shoot is swarming with aphis. Spray the plants with some insecticide such as tobacco water, quassia extract, or soft soap and water with a very small quantity of paraffin added.

FLOWER SHOW JUDGING: J. J. G. If the exhibitor publicly announces that he sells his flowers, &c., and this as part of his business from which he derives his livelihood, he cannot be ranked as an amateur. However, the committee being appealed to should know all the facts of the case, and we advise you to accept their decision.-J. S. The schedule is worded loosely. If it means 12 distinct genera then you are right in your assumption, but if you have more than one variety of Pentstemon, they might make, with others shown, a total of more than 12 varieties, which number was not to be exceeded. This would, of course, apply to any other vase or vases in the exhibit; for instance,

if Roses were shown they must be all of one kind.

FRENCH GARDENING PAPER: J. K. Le Jardin, 84 Rue de Grenelle, Paris. If you apply to the Editor of that paper, he will no doubt answer your queries.

The

GRAPES DISEASED: H. O. and Amateur. berries are affected with the "spot disease, so often described in these columns. Cut out and burn any of the berries that are diseased and spray the remaining ones with liver of sulphur one ounce to two gallons of water, taking care not to wet the paint.

GUNNERSBURY PARK GARDENS: We understand that all the glass houses in these noted gardens (see p. 121) were erected by Mr. James Gray, Danvers Street, Chelsea, S.W.

LILIUM AURATUM FAILING: A. B. The plants are attacked by the Lily disease, caused by a fungus -Botrytis sp. Bulb mites are also present and some of the scales are rotting. We advise you to burn all the affected plants, and to spray the healthy ones with a weak solution of permanganate of potash. Do not plant Liliums on the same plot of ground for some seasons. NAMES OF FRUITS: W. G. S. 1, Emperor Alexander; 2, Adam's Pearmain; 3 and 4, Send again later; 5, Beauty of Hants; 6, Gascoigne's Scarlet.-W. H. B. 1, Quarrenden; 2, Not recognised; 3, William's Favourite; 4, Juneating; 5, Duchess of Oldenburgh: 6, Irish Peach. -Interested, Swanley. Sugar Loaf.

NAMES OP PLANTS: A. D. G. 1, Cypripedium Lowii; 2, Cypripedium Stonei.-Lewis Hawkins. 1. An Acacia; 2, A species of Solanum, no flowers sent; 3, Leycesteria formosa; 4, Albizzia lophantha: 5, Polygonum orientale.-R. R. 1, Gnaphalium margaritaceum; 2, Malva moschata alba; 3, Sedum spurium; 4, Inula Helenium; 5, Omphalodes verna; 6, Achillea Millefolium, pink var.; 7, Spiræa filipendula; 8. Stachys lanata.-H. H., Sandhurst. Oncidium flexuosum. The black fly in Chrysanthemums can be kept down by occasional spraying with a safe insecticide, or dusting with one of the preparations used in the form of powder.-T. H. 1, Prunus Pissardi; 2, Cornus mas variegatus ; 3, a Cupressus, we cannot tell which from the specimen sent; 4, Euonymus radicans, variegated form; 5, Philadelphus; 6, Send when in flower.-C. B. & Co. A variety of the common Honeysuckle, Lonicera Periclymenum.- Fairmile. Ophiopogon Jaburan; Arabis next week. PARTNERSHIP: A. C. R. W. We certainly do not advise you to commence business before you have had some experience. As you are without any we advise your entering some nursery or gardens for at least a time, and, if possible, adding to your capital, which is very inadequate. A list of nurseries to let is to be found in our advertising columns. Messrs. Protheroe & Morris publish a monthly register of places to be let or sold.

PLANTS UNHEALTHY: E. H. and W. B. We have submitted the specimens to our expert, who states the injury is not caused by either fungi or insects. The peculiar appearance must be due to faulty treatment, to be determined only on the spot.

SPANISH IRISES, ETC.; Quality. The following varieties, with their colours, are among the best for your purpose:-Cantab, blue; Snowball, white; Princess Ida, white, primrose, and orange; Lemon Queen, canary yellow; California, deep golden; Donna Maria, azure and white. The Fuchsias should include Avalanche, Rose of Castille, Mrs. Marshall, Lord Beaconsfield, Scarcity and the species fulgens, which is very suitable for culture in bush. TOMATOS NOT RIPENING: G. H. The parti-coloured appearance is not due to fungoid disease, but seems to result from a thickening of the placenta and base of the fruit which does not ripen properly. Give the plants some manure that is rich in potash. The Chrysanthemum shoots are curled similarly to those sent by B. W., but yours are not affected by the rust disease; the injury in your case is caused by insect mites and green fly. Dip the shoots in tobacco water.

COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVED.-H. H., Darmstadt-A. B., La Mortola-A. O. W.-de B. C.-S. W. F.-W. B., ErfurtE. H.-A. D. W.-L. L. R.-M. H. B-J. R., too late.J. G.-J. W. M.-J. C.-E. H. J.-W. H. A.-A. O., with thanks.-J. G.-R. H. P.-C. Brinsley-Marlay, next week. —D. M. L.-B. K. B.-J. O'B.-Interested.-D. E.Hortus.-J. M.

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HE culture of fruit trees in pots is not such a novelty as it was some few years ago. Nevertheless, I think many growers hesitate before embarking upon this system of fruit growing for various reasons, peculiar, perhaps, to their own cases. Some may think that the crops will not be commensurate with the pains and labour bestowed on them. To such let me at once state that this, providing the pot trees are given suitable conditions, is a mistaken notion. Others may think that pot trees are not of a lasting character. Here, again, a popular error is made, as I have proved after several years' experience. As an instance of their long life I may state that the original tree, in a pot, of Lord Napier Nectarine introduced into cultivation by Messrs. Rivers and Son more than 30 years ago only succumbed to old age about three years since. Some persons imagine that the flavour of forced fruit from pot trees is not of the first quality, and I have often had questions on this point put me. This also is a mistaken idea; the flavour is, in fact, often better from pot-trees than from those grown upon the planted-out system. One distinct advantage lies in the fact that

a greater range of varieties of any given kind of fruit can be cultivated under the pot system than under any other, and, thereby, a better succession can be maintained. Everyone admires large, finely-trained trees of Peaches and Nectarines which bear heavy crops of fruit, but there is the disposal of such large crops to be considered whilst the fruit is in the best condition for dessert purposes, as the fruits ripen more or less at one time, but even where several trees of any given variety of fruit are forced in pots, it is not often that they ripen simultaneously. Again, when a planted-out tree has ripened its crop of fruits the plant-house cannot be turned to such further uses as when pot trees are grown. In this matter, therefore, the latter have another distinct advantage. At Gunnersbury we have adopted the forcing of trees in pots for several years, and find that it answers admirably.

At first I was doubtful if it would be a success. I had, in common with many other gardeners, seen the splendid examples of fruit trees in pots staged at the Temple Show and elsewhere by Messrs. Rivers and Son. I took up the forcing of fruit trees in pots at the instigation of Mr. Leopold de Rothschild, who had so often seen the trees staged by the firm just named. After a year's experience I 'plainly saw there was more value in the system than I had at first imagined, and the number of trees for forcing in pots was, therefore, extended, and the number of houses devoted to their culture also. With us it is now reduced to a regular system to suit the special supplies required. We usually have dessert Cherries ripe by the end of April. Our Nectarines begin to ripen the first week in May, and these are closely followed by Peaches and Plums. It is to these four kinds of fruit that I wish to direct my remarks. When once we commence to pick ripe fruit we aim at getting a succession throughout what is termed the "London season," in other words, to the end of July, or thereabouts. Of course, during the latter part of this period the trained trees in the borders also come into bearing. Indoor Cherries are finished by the middle of June, when the outdoor crop becomes available.

CHERRIES.

Of these fruits we find the earliest and most reliable variety to be Guigne d'Annonay, and this is very closely followed in its period of ripening by Belle d'Orléans. The former is quite sweet and good when of a dark red colour, but it is perfection when black. It is of medium size, and it has a small stone. Frogmore Early Bigarreau and Governor Wood follow in close succession; both of these are very fine in flavour and very similar in appearance. Early Rivers and Bigarreau de Schrecken are the two finest black Cherries for pot culture, both kinds being large, fleshy, and of first-class flavour. In addition, we grow a few trees of May Duke, as it produces much pollen, which is useful for fertilising purposes.

NECTARINES.

We rely entirely upon Cardinal for our earliest crops of these fruits. It is fully ten days earlier in ripening than Early Rivers, which is itself the same number of days. in front of Lord Napier. Cardinal, as indicated by its name, develops a remarkably fine colour. It is a heavy cropper grown in pots and the fruits are of fine flavour, but it possesses a somewhat clingstone character. This defect is also to be detected in Early Rivers, but, in my opinion, it is no detriment in either case.

Early Rivers, when fully matured in pots, is a grand fruit. To follow these we have both Lord Napier and Advance. The latter variety is not so well known as its merits entitle it to be. Next, Pineapple and Humboldt come into Both of these kinds crop freely, and their good flavour is well known, whilst they both keep well when ripe.

use.

PEACHES.

Our two earliest Peaches are Duchess of Cornwall and Duke of York, both reliable as good croppers. I have, however, yet to learn which is really the better of the two; the lastnamed has the best reputation. Amsden June is also a useful variety, but it is not always reliable; neither is Hale's Early, a good and handsome Peach where it thrives well. I am very partial to Dr. Hogg as a second early variety; with us it always crops freely. It is also valuable for its abundant pollen. As a flowering plant only it is most ornamental. Peregrine, one of the more recent of Messrs. Rivers' introductions, promises well. It sets freely and possesses an excellent constitution, so far as I have been able to form an opinion.

PLUMS.

Of Plums the earliest is Early Prolific. This usually ripens about the middle of May, and although it is not of first-class flavour it is valuable from its earliness as well as for its free cropping qualities. To follow, I find nothing equal to Early Transparent Gage, which is a most valuable variety to grow, both for its high-class flavour and for the freedom with which it crops year after year; rarely does it fail. Grown in the same house with Cardinal Nectarine, it ripens about 14 days later. Golden Transparent Gage, which, in my opinion, is the finest of all Plums for pot culture, succeeds it. This variety is likewise a good cropper, whilst for flavour and appearance it is unsurpassed. Two other excellent kinds are Kirke's and Jefferson's. Of these two I prefer the latter; both well-known dessert varieties. As a later kind we grow Reine Claude du Comte d'Althann, which is a very fine Plum when fully matured. I would strongly recommend the cultivation of Plums in pots, for they are most amenable to this method of cultivation. They succeed well under the same treatment as Peaches and Nectarines, whilst for fruit-bearing qualities they are not to be surpassed.

ORCHARD HOUSES.

The best possible form of house for the forcing of fruit trees in pots is the span roof. Our houses face nearly south and north, and I think, all things considered, it is the better position, for the southern side thus ripens earlier, and thereby a succession is ensured. For later crops I think houses facing east and west are preferable, but it is not an essential point. Lean-to houses are not to be recommended, for in these the plants have a tendency to grow towards the light. Threequarter span-roofed structures are a good medium between the other two, especially if back ventilation is provided. It is essential to secure a free circulation of air, for nothing is more harmful to these fruit trees than a close, confined atmosphere. Our span-roof houses have provision made for side ventilation in a continuous manner from end to end. This is provided by means of wooden shutters about 20 inches in width. These are hung, not at the top, as is the common fashion, but at the bottom; thus the inlet of a cold current of air is greatly overcome. Even in cold, windy weather side ventilation can