who in a case of this nature is respectable authority, at a village in Northumberland, informed Mr. Brand, that in the first half of the 18th century, they used every where to dress up something similar to the figure above described, at the end of harvest, which was caled a Harvest Doll or Kern Baby. This northern word is plainly a corruption of corn baby or image, as is the Kern Supper or Corn Supper. Comp. Harvest.

Harvest Home. In Tusser's "Husbandry," 1580, under August, are the following lines alluding to this festivity:

"In harvest time, harvest folke, servants and all,

Should make, alltogither, good cheere in the hall,

And fill out the black bol of bleith to their song,

And let them be merie al harvest time long.

Once ended thy harvest, let none be begilde,

Please such as did please thee, man, woman, and child.

Thus doing, with alway suche helpe as they can,

Thou winnist the praise of the labouring man."

On which is this note in Hilman: "This, the poor labourer thinks, crowns all, a good supper must be provided, and every one that did any thing towards the inning must now have some reward, as ribbons, laces, rows of pins to boys and girls, if never so small, for their encouragement; and, to be sure, plumb-pudding. The men must now have some better than best drink, which, with a little tobacco and their screaming for their largesses, their business will soon be done." Tusser Redivivus, 1710, ed. 1749, 104. In another part of Tusser's work under "The Ploughman's Feast Days," are these lines:

"For all this good feasting, yet art thou not loose,

Til ploughman thou givest his harvest home goose;

Though goose go in stubble, I passe not

for that,

Let goose have a goose, be she lean, be she fat."

On which Hilman remarks: "The goose is forfeited, if they overthrow during harvest." In his "Travels," in England and elsewhere, temp. Elizabeth, speaking of Windsor, Hentzner says, As we were returning to our inn we happened to meet some country people celebrating their harvest home; their last load of corn they crown with flowers, having besides an image richly dressed, by which perhaps they

would signify Ceres: this they keep moving about, while men and women, men and maid-servants, riding through the streets in the cart, shout as loud as they can till they arrive at the barn." In Cornwall, it should seem, they have "Harvest Dinners"; and these, too, not given immediately at the end of the harvest. The harvest dinners," says Carew, 66 are held by every wealthy man, or, as we term it, every good liver, between Michaelmas and Candlemas, whereto he inviteth his next neighbours and kindred. And, though it beare only the name of a dinner, yet the ghests take their supper also with them, and consume a great part of the night after in Christmas rule. Neither doth the good cheere wholly expire (though it somewhat decrease) but with the end of the weeke." Survey, 1602, 68. Stevenson thus glances at the customs of harvest home. The furmenty pot welcomes home the harvest cart, and the garland of the battle of the field is now stoutly flowers crowns the captain of the reapers; fought. The pipe and the tabor are now busily set a-work, and the lad and the lass will have no lead on their heels. 0, 'tis the merry time wherein honest neighbours make good cheer and God is glorified in his blessings on the earth." Moneths, 1661, p. 37 (August).

Twelve

Poor Robin for 1676. A newspaper for 1773 says: "A few days ago a melancholy accident happened near Worcester at a harvest home. As near thirty persons were coming from the field in a waggon, it overturned, whereby great part of the company had one or other of their limbs broken, or were dangerously bruised, and one young woman was killed on the spot." Thomson, in his " Seasons," (Autumn), has left us a beautiful description of this annual festivity of harvest home. Other terms for it are the Mell, Kern, or Chern Supper, and the Ingathering or Inning. Cuthbert Bede, in Notes and Queries, October 12, 1875, gives the following account of a Rutland custom :-" On Wednesday evening, Sep. 18, 1875, I was at a farm-house in the county of Rutland, and saw "the last load" brought in. As marking the conclusion of harvest, and, as they termed it, "harvest home," the load (of beans) was decorated with green boughs; and on the top of the load were several children, who were lustily cheering as the waggon came lumbering along the road. It was eight o'clock, and a resplendent harvest-moon was just rising over the trees that girdled the old church hard by

He

head and little wit")-"A little head of a subtile knave. A middle head, of a liberal wit. A round head, of a senselesse irrational fellow. A sharp head, of an impudent sot," &c. Our author's remarks, or rather citation of the remarks, upon round heads above, seem not to have been over-well timed, for this book was printed in 1652, and is dedicated to Cromwell. Mag-Astromancer posed, p. 183. Head-Ache. John London, writing to Cromwell, about 1536, mentions a recipe for the head-ache, which was supposed at that time to have great virtue. writes: "In the body of the Churche at Tellisford Cross (or Crutched) Friars, Somersetshire, wasse an image at an awters end callid Mayden Cutbrogh, and vnder her feete wasse a trowgh of wodde descending vnder the awter wich wasse hollow. Thyder resortyd such as wer trobely with the hedde ache, or hadde any slottiche wydowes lockes, viz. here growen to gether in a tufte. Ther must they putt in to the trowgh a pecke of oots, and when they wer oons slydyd vndre the awter, the Crosse Fryers schuld behynd the awter pryvily stele them owt, and the sykk person must geve to the Fryer a peny for a pynte of these Mayden Cutbrogh owts, and then ther heds schuld ak no more till the next tyme."

Head-Penny. A payment in former times to a parson for burying a poor parishioner or otherwise; but it was the old silver coin. The money was also applicable to the purchase of bread and wine. Comp. Easter Offering.

Heads and Points.-A child's game, played with pins. It seems to have been popular in Scotland in 1724. Chambers, Dom. Annals, iii., 491.

Heads or Tails. This is the modern game of toss, and corresponds to the Capita aut Navia of the Romans. It was known, it appears, in Edward II.'s time, and formed a favourite diversion of that prince, who won and lost money at it, as is to be collected from entries among his privy purse expenses: "Item paid to the King himself to play at Cross and Pile by the hands of Richard de Mereworth, the receiver of the Treasury, 12 pence. Item paid there to Henry, the King's barber, for money which he lent to the King to play at cross and pile... 5s. Item paid there to Peres Barnard Usher of the King's Chamber money which he lent to the King, and which he lost at cross and pile to monsieur Robert Wattewylle... eight pence." In the preface to Plantagruel's Prognostication (about 1645) it is called Cross or Pile.

Healths.-The Greeks and Romans

used at their meals to make libations, pour out, and even drink wine, in honour of the gods. The classical writings abound with proofs of this. The Greeks had the practice of toasting the nine Muses as Three times Three, of which the origin and antiquity may not be generally known, and which is yet followed both in England and abroad.

The Greek and Roman writers have also transmitted to us accounts of the graceful custom of drinking to the health of our benefactors and of our acquaintances: "Pro te, fortissime, vota

Publica suscipimus: Bacchi tibi sumimus haustus."

It appears that the men of gallantry among the Romans used to take off as many glasses to their respective mistresses as there were letters in the name of each. Thus Martial:

"Six cups to Nævia's health go quickly round,

And be with seven the fair Justina's crown'd."

How exceedingly similar to our modern custom of saying to each of the company in turn," Give us a lady to toast," is the following:

"Da puere ab summo, age tu interibi ab infimo da suavium.' Plauti Asinaria, v. 2. In the "Maner of the tryumphes at Caleys & Bullen," 1532, Henry VIII. and the French king are described as drinking to each other: "And dranke eche to other/the frenshe kyng than they dyd lyght of theyr horses & dranke fyrst to our kynge & whan they had dronke they embraced eche other agayn with great loue/" Francis I. drank before his guest in this case, perhaps, in order to prove that there was no foul play. Pasquier, in his "Recherches," p. 501, mentions that Mary, Queen of Scots, previously to her execution, drank to all her attendants, desiring them to pledge her. See what the same author has said in p. 785 of his work concerning this custom. In Decker's Lanthorne and Candle-light, 1608, sign. H 2, we have: "The third man squires her to a play, which being ended, and the wine offered and taken (for she's no Recusant, to refuse anything) him she leanes too; and being set vpon by a fourth, him she answers at his own weapon, sups with him, and drincks Vpsie Freeze. In the second part of Dekker's "Honest Whore," 1630, signat. 1 verso, is the following: Will you fall on your maribones and pledge this health, 'tis to my mistris? So in Marmion's Antiquary," "act ii. :

"Drank to your health whole nights in Hippocrase,

Upon my knees, with more religion Than e'er I said my prayers, which Heaven forgive me.

Pledging is again mentioned in act iv.: "To our noble Duke's health, I can drink no lesse, not a drop lesse; and you his servants will pledge me, I am sure." Braithwaite says: These cups proceed

either in order or out of order. In order, when no person transgresseth or drinkes out of course, but the cup goes round according to their manner of sitting: and this we call an health cup, because in our wishing or confirming of any one's health, bare-headed and standing, it is performed by all the company. It is drunke without

order, when the course or method of order is not observed, and that the cup passeth on whomsoever we shall appoint."Again : "Some joyne two cups one upon another and drinke them together." Laws of Drinking, 1617, p. 9. It seems to have been formerly usual for a man in company, not contented with taking what he chooses, to bind another to drink the same quantity that he does. In the following passage one proposes a health which another pledges to honour by drinking to it an equal quantity with him that proposed

it :

"Oh, how they'll wind men in, do what they can,

By drinking healths, first unto such a

man,

Then unto such a woman. Then they'll

send

An health to each man's mistresse or his friend;

Then to their kindreds or their parents deare,

They needs must have the other jug of

beere.

Then to their captains and commanders

stout,

Who for to pledge they think none shall stand out,

Last to the King and Queen, they'll have a cruse,

Whom for to pledge they think none dare refuse."

Ward of Ipswich, in his Woe to Drunkards, 1622, strenuously, but vainly exhorted his countrymen to abandon that foolish and vicious custome, as Ambrose and Basil call it, of drinking healths, and making that a sacrifice to God for the health of others, which is rather a sacrifice to the Devill, and a bane of their owne." It appears from the same writer, that it was a custom to drink healths at that time upon their bare knees. The author is speaking of pot-wits and spirits of the buttery, "who never bared their knees to drink healthes, nor ever needed

to whet thir wits with wine, or arme their courage with pot-harnesse." In Braithwaite's "Times Curtaine drawne," 1621, is the subsequent passage:

I was conjured by my kissing friend To pledge him but an health, and then depart,

Which if I did I'de ever have his heart. I gave assent; the health five senses were,

(Though scarce one sense did 'twixt us both appeare)

Which as he drunk I pledg'd; both pledg'd and drunk,

Seeing him now full charg'd, behinde I

shrunke," &c.

In Marmion's" Antiquary," 1641, act iv., is the following passage: Why they are as jovial as twenty beggars, drink their whole cups, sixe glasses at a health." Douce's MSS. Notes say: "It was the custom in Beaumont and Fletcher's time, for the young gallants to stab themselves in the arms or elsewhere, in order to drink the healths of their mistresses, or to write their names in their own blood." So, in lines occur: a song to a Scotish tune, the following

"1 stab'd mine arm to drink her health, The more the fool I, the more the fool I," &c.

And

"I will no more her servant be

The wiser I, the wiser I,

Nor pledge her health upon my knee," &c.

At Christmas, 1623, the gentlemen of the Middle Temple, according to one of the Harleian MSS., quoted in the " 'Life of Princess Elizabeth who, with her husband Sir Simonds D'Ewes," drank a health to the King of Bohemia, was then in great straits, and stood up, one after the other, their cup in one hand, and their sword in the other, and pledged her, swearing to die in her service, which is said to have greatly offended James I. Herrick writes:

"Remember us in cups full crown'd, And let our Citie-health go round, Quite through the young maids and the men,

To the ninth number, if not tenne;
Untill the fired chestnuts leape
For Joy to see the Fruits ye reape,
From the plumpe Challice and the Cup
That tempts till it be tossed up.'
Hesperides, 1648, pp. 146, 87. The fol-
lowing is a curious epigram of Owen on
this subject:

Quo tibi potarum plus est in ventre
Salutum,

Hoc minus epotis, hisce Salutis habes. Una salus sanis, nullam potare Salutem, Non est in potâ vera Salute salus." Part I. lib. ii. Ep. 42.

561. HEALTH.

wish,

No health I'll wash with drink, Health wish'd, not wash'd, in words, not wine,

To be the best I think."

Witts Recreat., 1667. Evelyn, speaking of taverns, says, "Your L. will not believe me that the ladies of greatest quality suffer themselves to be treated in one of these taverns, but you will be more astonisht when I assure you that they drink their crowned cups roundly, strain healths through their smocks, daunce after the fiddle, kiss freely, and term it an honourable treat. There is a sort of perfect debauchees, who stile themselves Hectors, that in their mad and unheard of revels, pierce their veins to quaff their own blood, which some of them have drank to that excess, that they died of intemperance. I don't remember, my Lord, ever to have known (or very rarely), a health drank in France, no, not the King's; and if we say a vôtre Santé, Monsieur, it neither expects pledge or ceremony. 'Tis here so the custome to drink to every one at the table, that by the time a gentleman has done his duty to the whole company, he is ready to fall asleep, whereas with us, we salute the whole table with a single glass onely. Character of England, 1659, pp. 34-6-7. In his Diary, June 19, 1663, Pepys observes: "To the Rhenish wine-house, where Mr. Moore showed us the French manner, when a health is drunk, to bow to him that drunk to you, and then apply yourself to him, whose lady's health is drunk, and then to the person that you drink to, which I never knew before; but it seems it is now the fashion." In 1666, at the Bear Garden, on a thanks-giving day, the Diarist drank Mercer's health with his hat off. But in 1668, at Sir George Carteret's at Cranbourne, the party drank to the Duke of York's health on their knees in turn, the King included. Pepys, 23rd Sept. 1668. M. Jorevin, who was here in Charles II.'s time, speaking of Worcester and the Stag Inn there, observes: "According to the custom of the country, the landladies sup with strangers and passengers, and if they have daughters, they are also of the company, to entertain the guests at table with pleasant conceits, where they drink as much as the men. But what is to me the most disgusting in all this is, that when one drinks the health of any person in company, the custom of the country does not permit you to drink more than half the cup, which is filled up, and presented to him or her whose health you have drank." Antiq. Repert, 1808, iv.,

"Each man upon his back

Shall swallow his sack,

This health will endure no shrinking;

The rest shall dance round
Him that lyes on the ground;

:

Fore me this is excellent drinking." Misson has some curious remarks on the manner of drinking healths in England in his time. An author who wrote at about the same period, alludes to a custom at the Old Crown Inn, at Ware, by which every one coming to see the great bed there preserved, was expected to drink "a small can of beer," and to repeat some health, but the gentleman unluckily forgot what this was. A Journey from London to Scarborough, 1734, p. 4. Healths in Scotland.-Ramsay mentions as in use among the Scots, "Hy jinks," "a drunken game, or new project to drink and be rich; thus, the quaff or cup is filled to the brim, then one of the company takes a pair of dice, and after crying Hy-jinks, he throws them out : the number he casts up points out the person must drink, he who threw, beginning at himself number one, and so round till the number of the persons agree with that of the dice, (which may fall upon himself if the number be within twelve); then he sets the dice to him, or bids him take them he on whom they fall is obliged to drink, or pay a small forfeiture in money; then throws, and so on: but if he forgets to cry Hy-jinks he pays a forfeiture into the bank. Now he on whom it falls to drink, if there be anything in bank worth drawing, gets it all if he drinks. Then, with a great deal of caution he empties his cup, sweeps up the money, and orders the cup to be filled again, and then loses the privilege of drawing the money, throws; for, if he err in the articles, he The articles are (1) drink. (2) draw. (3) fill. (4) cry Hy-jinks. (5) Count just. (6) Chuse your doublet man, viz. when two equal numbers of the dice are thrown, the person whom you chuse must pay a double of the common forfeiture, and so must you when the dice is in his hand. A rare project this," adds honest Allan, "and no bubble, I can assure you; for a covetous fellow may save money, and get himself as drunk as he can desire in less than an hour's time." The following passage is curious: "Now to drink all out every man (Drinking and Carrowsing) which is a fashion as little in use amongst us, as ye terme itselfe is barbarous and strange: I meane, Ick bring you, is sure a foule