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now i' th' open street,

Before my eyes devour'd the great Tom Thumb!
(A general groan.)
King. Shut, shut again the prisons:
Let our treasurer

of writing-was produced at the Crow Street | A huge red cow, larger than the largest size, just Theatre in Dublin. This was the well-known Midas, which on the first night appeared rather long and tedious, but on being cut down to its In Febpresent size became a great success. ruary it was reproduced at Covent Garden Theatre, London, and was repeated nine times during the season.

In 1773 his next work, The Golden Pippin, was produced at the same house with success, chiefly owing to the acting of Nan Catley, and her singing of one of its songs, "Push about the Jorum." In 1775 appeared the Two Misers, and in 1777, at the Haymarket, April Day. At Covent Garden, on the 3d of October, 1780, that "tragedy of tragedies," Tom Thumb, was produced, which at first appeared without the songs which are now always given with it. The work is founded on Fielding's Tom Thumb, but is in many respects superior. Mrs. Pilkington in her Memoirs declares that Dean Swift assured her he had never laughed but about twice in his life, "once at some trick by a merry-andrew, and the other time at the circumstance of Tom Thumb killing the ghost." On the 17th of June, 1782, less than two years after the appearance of Tom Thumb, O'Hara died, leaving behind him a reputation which to-day may possibly seem greater than his works deserve. But such is often the fate of burlesque literature,-to be over-estimated while fresh, and afterwards to be unduly depreciated.]

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Not issue out three farthings. Hang all the culprits,

And bid the schoolmasters whip all their little boys.

Nood. Her majesty the queen is in a swoon. Queen. Not so much in a swoon, but to have still Strength to reward the messenger of ill.

(Queen kills Noodle.) Friz. My lover kill'd! His death I thus revenge. (Kills the Queen.) Hunc. Kill my mamma! Oh, base assassin! there! (Kills Frizaletta.) (Kills Hunca.) (Kills Doodle.) (Kills Plumante.)

Dood. For that, take this!
Plum. And thou take that!
King. Die, murderers vile!
Ah! death makes a feast to-day,
And but reserves ourselves for his bon bouche.

So, when the boy, whom nurse from danger guards,
Sends Jack for mustard with a pack of cards!
Kings, queens, and knaves, tip one another down,
Till the whole pack lie scatter'd and o'erthrown.
Thus all our pack upon the floor is cast,
And my sole boast is, that I will die the last.
(Stabs himself. They all lie on the stage dead.)
MERLIN rises.

(Thunder and lightning.)

Mer. Blood! what a scene of slaughter's here! But I'll soon shift it, never fear. Gallants, behold! one touch of Merlin's magic Shall to gay comic change this dismal tragic. (Waves his wand.)

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[Thomas Leland was born in Dublin in the | which was issued in 1770. This translation, year 1722, and was educated at the school of Dr. Sheridan, grandfather of the famous Richard Brinsley Sheridan. At the age of fifteen he entered Trinity College, and in his nineteenth year obtained a scholarship. In 1745 he was unsuccessful in an attempt to procure a fellowship, but next year gained it easily. In 1748 he entered into holy orders, and the same year published the result of his anxious meditation on the duties of the ministry, under the title of The Helps and Impediments to the Acquisition of Knowledge in Religious and Moral Subjects. This essay was much admired on its appearance, but it is believed to be not now extant.

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together with the critical notes which accompanied it, at once established his reputation in England as a scholar. It was therefore with warm anticipations of success that his Life and Reign of Philip King of Macedon was received in 1758. These were not doomed to disappointment, for the work was at once successful, and continues to this day the best on the subject. In 1763 he was appointed professor of oratory in Trinity College, and soon after published The Principles of Human Eloquence, which was fiercely attacked by Warburton and Hurd. To them he replied with great force, obtaining a complete victory over both, as the best critics acknowledge.

After this, Leland turned his attention to the study of Irish history, and in a comparatively short time produced his History of Ireland, a work which is written in the best historical manner and graced with a pure

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style.

This work, though highly successful | might have maintained with advantage; but it soon appeared that they had taken their station to greater advantage, about three miles further to the south-west. Their camp extended more than two miles along the heights of Kilcommeden, with a rivulet on their left running between hills and morasses, and these again skirted by a large bog, in breadth almost a mile; on the side of which stood the ruins of an old castle, called by the name of the neighbouring village Aughrim, entrenched and occupied by infantry, and commanding the only pass on that side to the Irish camp. All along the front, at a distance of about half a mile from their encampment, the bog extended to their right, where was another pass through a range of small hills opening into wider ground. The slope of Kilcommeden, even to the edge of the bog, was intersected by hedges and ditches communicating with each other, and lined with Irish musketeers. Ginckle, with 18,000 men, was now to attack an enemy amounting to 25,000 thus posted, and who wanted only an additional number of cannon to take the full advantage of their situation. St. Ruth, from his eminence, had a full view of the motions of the English; he saw them cross the river and prepare to give him battle; he drew out his main army in front of his camp. He rode to every squadron and battalion; he reminded the Irish officers that their future fortune depended upon the issue of one encounter; that they were now to fight for their honour, their liberty, and their estates; that they were now to establish their religion, for which he himself had displayed an extraordinary zeal, on such a firm basis as the powers of hell and heresy should never shake; that the dearest interests and most honourable engagements of this life, and the ravishing prospect of eternal happiness, called for a vigorous exertion of that valour which their enemies affected to

from a critical point of view, was too impartial to be accepted by either of the two parties into which Ireland was then divided, and the author had consequently to be content with its praise and purchase by men of sense, a limited class in any nation. However, as years passed on the work grew in favour even with partisans, and to-day no library devoted to Irish matters is complete without it. The work had also a fair success in England, where party spirit did not run so high.

By this time Leland had not only established his position as a writer, but also as an eloquent preacher, and when Viscount Townshend became lord-lieutenant, in October, 1767, it was expected that he would be rewarded with some rich preferment. Preferment did indeed come to him, but not such as his friends expected. Early in 1768 he was appointed to the vicarage of Bray together with the prebend of Rathmichael, and soon after settled down to parochial work. After passing a quiet evening of life he died in the year 1785.

Dr. Johnson had a high opinion of Leland's works, as may be seen in several places in Boswell's Life. Dr. Parr had also a high regard for him, and says, "Of Leland my opinion is not founded on hearsay evidence, nor is it determined solely by the great authority of Dr. Johnson. I may with confidence appeal to writings which have long contributed to public amusement, and have often been honoured by public approbation; to the life of Philip, to the translation of Demosthenes, to the judicious dissertation upon eloquence, and to the spirited defence of that dissertation."]

THE BATTLE OF AUGHRIM.

(FROM "THE HISTORY OF IRELAND.") The fate of Ireland was now ready to be decided. Whether the English power was to be at length unalterably established in this harassed country, or whether it was to be once more exposed to the calamities of a tedious intestine war, seemed to depend on the event of a few days, and the minds of all men were in consequence strained to a painful pitch of anxiety and expectation. On the 10th day of June Ginckle marched from Athlone, and encamped along the river Suc, in the county of Roscommon, a pass which the Irish

deny them. The priests ran through the ranks, labouring to inspire the soldiers with the same sentiments; and, we are told, obliged them to swear on the sacrament that they would not desert their colours.

On the 12th day of July at noon (for the fogs of the morning had hitherto prevented them) the English army advanced in as good order as their broken and uneven ground would permit. It was in the first place deemed necessary to gain the pass on the right of the enemy. A small party of Danes sent to force it, fled instantly at the appearance of a still smaller party of the enemy. Some English

dragoons were next employed, were boldly opposed, were sustained by other bodies; the enemy retreated; as the assailants pressed forward they found themselves encountered by new parties, but after an obstinate contest of an hour they forced their way beyond the bog; nor possibly was St. Ruth displeased to have an opportunity of fighting one wing of the English separately in a place where, if defeated, their retreat must prove fatal. The skirmish served to convince Ginckle both of the spirit and of the advantages of the enemy. It was now debated whether the battle should not be deferred to the next morning; and, with difficulty, resolved to prevent the enemy from decamping in the night and prolonging the war, by an immediate renewal of the engagement. By the advice of General Mackay it was resolved to begin the attack on the enemy's right wing, which would oblige St. Ruth to draw off some forces from his left, so that the passage by Aughrim Castle would be rendered less dangerous for the English horse, and the whole army be enabled to engage. About the hour of five in the evening the left wing of the English, both horse and foot, advanced boldly against the enemy, who obstinately maintained their posts. The musketeers, supported by their cavalry, received and returned the English fire, defending their ditches until the muskets of each side closed with the other; then retiring by their lines of communication, flanked their assailants, and charged them with double fury. The engagement was thus continued for one hour and a half, when St. Ruth, as was foreseen, found it necessary to draw a considerable part of the cavalry from his left to support his right wing. Mackay seized the favourable moment, and while the cavalry were in motion to gain the pass by Aughrim Castle, several regiments of infantry in the centre were ordered to march through the bog extending along the front and to post themselves on the lowest ditches, until the horse should gain the passage, and wheel from the right to support their charge. The infantry plunged into the bog and were instantly sunk to their middle in mire and water; they floundered on unmolested, but no sooner had they gained the opposite side than they received a furious fire from the hedges and trenches occupied by the enemy. They advanced still undismayed; the Irish retired on purpose to draw them forward; transported with ardour, they forgot their orders, and pursued almost to the main battle of the Irish. Both horse and foot now poured down upon

them, assailed them in front and in flank, forced them from their ground, drove some of them back into the bog,pursued them with slaughter, and took several prisoners of note; while St. Ruth exclaimed in an ecstasy of joy, "Now will I drive the English to the very walls of Dublin."

His attention was soon diverted to the English cavalry on his left, commanded by Talmash, who, seeing the alarming disorder of the centre, pushed with incredible ardour close by the walls of the castle, through all the fire of the enemy, forcing their way through a narrow and dangerous pass, to the amazement of St. Ruth, who asked what the English meant? "To force their way to our left," replied his officers. "They are brave fellows!" said the general, "it is a pity they should be so exposed."

Mackay, Talmash, Rouvigny now gradually pressed forward from the right, bearing down all opposition; the infantry of the centre rallied, advanced, and regained their former ground; the left wing fought bravely and was bravely opposed. St. Ruth saw that the fortune of the day depended on making an impression on the enemy's cavalry in their rapid progress from the right. He rode down from his station on the hill, and having directed one of his batteries where to point their fire, led a body of horse against them. In this critical moment a cannon-ball deprived him of life. His body was conveyed away, and the intelligence of his death ran through the lines. His cavalry halted, and as they had no orders, returned toward their former station. The Irish beheld this retreat with dismay; they were confounded and disordered; their disorder increased; Sarsfield, upon whom the command devolved, had been neglected by the proud Frenchman ever since their altercation at Athlone. As the order of battle had not been imparted to him, he could not support the dispositions of the late general. The English in the meantime pressed forward, drove the enemy to their camp, pursued their advantage until the Irish, after an engagement supported with the fairest prospect of success while they had a general to direct their valour, fled precipitately, the foot to a bog, the horse towards Loughrea.

During the heat of this action some Danish forces stationed at the extremity of the left wing kept several bodies of the enemy in awe. When they perceived the advantage at length gained by the battalion in the centre they charged their opponents, to prevent their fall

ing back to the relief of their associates. The Irish received them intrepidly, and continued the contest for some time; but on the general rout of the army, fled with their countrymen. In the battle and in a bloody pursuit of three miles 7000 of the Irish army were slain. The unrelenting fury of the victors appeared in the number of their prisoners, which amounted only to 450. On their side 700 fell, 1000 were wounded. All the cannon, ammunition, tents, and baggage of the enemy were taken, with a great quantity of small arms, eleven standards, and thirty-two colours, destined as a present to the queen. Such was the crowning victory of the English army.

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On Philip's return to Macedon the education of his young son Alexander became the immediate object of his regard. . . . The philosopher Aristotle was therefore invited to the court of Macedon, and to him was committed the important charge of superintending the education of the prince, "that he may be taught,” said Philip, “to avoid those errors which I have committed, and of which I now repent." To engage him more effectually in a faithful and diligent discharge of this great trust, Philip loaded Aristotle with favours worthy the generosity of the king and the merit of the philosopher. He caused Stagira, the city which gave birth to Aristotle, and which had shared the common fate of the Olynthian territories, to be rebuilt, and the inhabitants, who were now slaves or fugitives, to be restored to their original settlements and privileges: and there set apart a spacious park, laid out into shady walks and ornamented with statues and seats of marble, for the use of the Peripatetic sages, who were there at full liberty to pursue those exercises which gave the title to their sect.

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A governor named Leonidas had ever attended him; a man naturally austere, but virtuous and brave, rigidly scrupulous, and careful of the most minute particulars relating to his charge. Nothing superfluous, nothing that administered to vanity or luxury, was ever suffered to approach the prince's apartment by this exact inspector. In some religious rite Alexander was observed by Leonidas to make use of more incense than seemed

necessary on the occasion, and told, with some severity, "that it would be time enough to be thus lavish of perfumes when he was master of the country that produced them;" which occasioned the prince, when he had afterwards conquered Arabia, to send Leonidas a large quantity of these perfumes, "to engage him," as he said, "to make his offerings to the gods with a more liberal hand." He had another governor, Lysimachus of Acharnania, who seems to have been recommended by his age and attachment to his pupil. He called Alexander Achilles, Philip Peleus, and himself Phoenix. This flattering application recommended and endeared him to the King of Macedon, who had that paternal tenderness which made him feel a sensible delight in all presages that seemed to promise that his son should surpass him in the glory of his actions. Aristotle on his part laboured to improve and adorn the mind of Alexander with every kind of knowledge suitable to a prince. That logic for which his sect was famous, was neither wholly neglected nor minutely inculcated. What the philosopher more insisted on, was to give the prince a perfect knowledge of the human mind, to explain all the objects which affect it, and the motives by which it is determined. The three books of rhetoric which he afterwards dedicated to Alexander were an abridgment of those lectures on eloquence which he had given to the prince, to complete him in that branch of knowledge. Thus the first care of his teachers was to form this prince to speak with grace, propriety, and force. Nor is it probable that they had less attention to teach him an equal propriety of action and conduct in the elevated station in which he was at some time to appear. But those studies which might inspire him with great and exalted ideas of glory and heroism seemed to have been the particular delight of Alexander, if we may judge from that remarkable veneration which he ever expressed for the works of Homer.

As Aristotle was the son of a physician, doubtless a natural partiality in favour of the art determined him to give his pupil an extensive knowledge of medicine. If it be allowed to indulge conjecture, he might be supposed to have taken the hint from Lysimachus, and to have flattered his pupil by imitating the education of Achilles, and appearing in a character similar to that of Chiron. But the deference due to the judgment of Milton, who in his tractate on education recommends this branch of knowledge as of great use to

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