PREFATORY NOTE. WITH this Number (for January, 1871), we resume the regular publication of the American Journal of Education, which has been somewhat intermitted, although not positively suspended, during our connection with the Department and Office of Education. We hope to receive sufficient encouragement to enable us to continue our articles, original and selected, on the existing condition and movements of Education in different countries, until we have given something like completeness to our survey of the past history and present condition of:— I. National Education in different countries in respect to: 1. Elementary Schools-Infant and Juvenile. 2. Secondary Schools-Public High Schools-Gymnasiums, &c. 3. Superior Schools-Universities-Colleges, &c. 4. Special and Class Instruction, viz.: (1) Theology; (2) Law; (3) Medicine and Surgery; (4) Teaching; (5) Agriculture, and Rural Economy generally; (6) Architecture and Construction of all kinds; (7) Chemical Technology; (8) Commerce and Trade generally; (9) Engineering, Civil, Mechanical and Marine; (10) Drawing, in its Ideal and Industrial applications; (11) Metallurgy and Mining; (12) Mechanics and Machinery; (13) Music-both Vocal and Instrumental; (14) Navigation-by steam and sail, on river and ocean; (15) Military and Naval Schools; (16) Public Service, the administration of Telegraphs, &c.; (17) Female Education-both general and special; (18) Exceptional Classes, such as Orphans, Deaf Mutes, Blind, &c. 5. Supplementary Schools and Agencies: (1) Evening Schools and Classes; (2) Libraries; (3) Lectures. 6. Societies for the Advancement of Art, Education, Literature and Science. 7. Architecture for Schools of every grade, and for all Educational purposes. 8. School Codes of different countries in reference to a discussion of the organization and administration of School Systems. 9. The Pedagogy of different Nations: (1) Germans; (2) Swiss; (3) French; (4) English; (5) American. 10. Educational Biography: (1) Teachers; (2) Promoters and Benefactors of Education. II. The past history and present condition of Education as a Science and as an Art. HARTFORD, CONN., Jan. 15, 1871. HENRY BARNARD. II. SYSTEM AND INSTITUTIONS OF SPECIAL INSTRUCTION-GREAT BRITAIN,.. 1. Advocates and Promoters of Realistic Instruction,................ Elyot-Bacon-Milton-Ratich-Comenius-Hoole-Hartlib-Petty-Cowley,.. 25 Locke-Adam Smith-Anderson-Birkbeck-Brougham-Spencer-Russell,....... 2. Associated Efforts-Organized-Incorporated-Subsidized,................. Societies to advance Astronomy, Botany, Geology, Mineralogy, Zoology, &c.,... 37 3. Government Aid to Science and Art..... Royal Galleries-Royal Academy-British Museum-National Gallery.... Schools of Design-Department of Practical Art-Department of Science,...... Whitworth's Scholarships, and Exhibitions in Aid of Mechanical Science....... Royal Society-Industrial Museum,... 5. Scientific Instruction in Literary Institutions-Old and New,. Agriculture-Engineering and Mechanical Science-Veterinary Science,....... 141 Modern Schools, of Natural Science, Mathematics, and Living Languages,.......... Navigation Schools under Mercantile Marine Board,.... Trinity House School at Hull-London Navigation School,. Liverpool Marine Society and School Ship Akbar,.. Outline of Aims and Management,... Obstacles to the Success of Navigation Schools,.. Aid to Navigation Schools and Classes in 1863,. School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Ireland-System of Agricultural Instruction,.. Professorships of Agriculture in Queen's Colleges,.... Model Farm and Albert Institution at Glasnevin,. England Royal Agricultural School at Cirencester,. Veterinary College near London,.. Scotland-Professorship and Degree in Edinburgh University,.. VIII CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION,... 1. JOHN MILTON-Plan of an Academy-1644,....... 2. SIR WILLIAM. PETTY-Plan of a Trades College-1647,. 3. SAMUEL HARTLIB-Plan of a College of Husbandry Learning-1651,. 5. J. SCOTT RUSSELL-Plan of a Technical University-1868,... IX. INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITIONS ON TECHNICAL EDUCATION, · English Jurors on the. Relative Progress of English Industry,. English Workmen on what they saw in Paris in 1867,.... XI. STATE OF. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN England,. Report of Select Committee on Scientific Instruction... Conference under call of Society of Arts, Jan. 23, 1868,.. XII. EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE IN TEACHING Drawing,.. INSTRUCTION IN SCIENCE AND ART. INTRODUCTION. A prominent defect, second only to the absence of all provision for the professional training of teachers, in our systems and institutions of public instruction in 1836, as compared with those of France, Switzerland, and the leading German States, as they were found after personal inquiry and observation, was the absence of special schools and classes for teaching drawing, geometry, physics, mechanics, chemistry, and the natural sciences generally, with special reference to the great national industries, to commerce, locomotion, machinery, manufactures, mining, engineering and civil constructions of all kinds. The demand for engineers, and practical chemists and geologists, was very inadequately met by the Rensselaer School at Troy, by graduates (resigned, or detached from the public service) of the Military School at West Point, and by ingenious men, who educated themselves in practice (involving much cost and many failures), and from books, for their work. Public attention in Connecticut was called to this omission in an address prepared in 1837, after my return from Europe, and delivered in 1838, and subsequently in connection with other topics of educational reform, in different parts of the country. Information in detail, on institutions referred to in this address, viz: the Polytechnic School of France, with the Special Schools of Applications in machinery, engineering and mines; the Conservatory of Arts and Manufactures, with its museums of machines and implements, and popular but systematic lectures ; the Agricultural Course and industrial teaching of Fellenberg at Hofwyl; the Agricultural Institute in Wurtemburg; the Mining School in Saxony; the commercial and technical classes in the Institute at Vienna; the architectural lectures of the School of Arts in Berlin, and various incipient steps in the same direction in the Mechanic Institutes of England, in a document first issued in 1839, and made part of my Annual Report as Secretary of the Board of Commissioners of Common Schools for Connecticut for 1839-40; re-issued with additions in 1847, as Commissioner of Public Schools in Rhode Island, and again in 1853-54 in the volume entitled National Education in Europe in the series of educational treatises issued as Superintendent of Common Schools in Con necticut. In 1852, Samuel Colt of Hartford, the inventor and manufacturer of the Colt Revolving Fire-arm, contemplated the early establishment of |