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applied to Erasmus who recommended to them his scholar, William Nesen, who founded there the "Junker school"-the miserable commencement of the Frankfort gymnasium. It was at first but a private school and though there was no want of scholars, yet for want of suffi cient support from the city council, Nesen left at the end of three years, and was succeeded by Ludwig Carinus, who likewise remained scarcely three years. Jacob Molyer followed, better known as Micyllus, and one of the most able educationists of the 16th century. He remained until 1532 under the same unfavorable circumstances as his predecessors, with a salary of about fifty florins ($21.) In 1537 he was recalled from his position as professor at Heidelberg, through the influence of Melancthon and with the determination to improve the condition of the school. His salary was raised to 150 florins, and a school ordinance was passed whose peculiar merit lay in an unusual regard for the practical objects of instruction. The school was divided into five classes and the assistant teachers were paid by a tuition fee of four florins annually. This institution was long called the "Barefooted school," from being held in the convent previously occupied by the order of barefooted friars.

While the cathedral schools at Frankfort were thus being supplanted, other schools also arose as the commencement of the common schoolthe German reading and writing schools, called also briefly "German schools." The first teacher of whom mention is made, was Jacob Medebach, in 1543, a cobbler; but by the end of the century there were at least eighteen such. Small claim, indeed, was made upon their learning; knowledge of the catechism, ability to read and write, and the capacity to maintain discipline by means of the rod, were qualifications amply sufficient. The authorities troubled themselves little about these schools, so that various abuses arose, and among others that the children were transferred from one school to another for the purpose of defrauding the teacher. Hence, in 1591, the teachers met and agreed upon certain general regulations respecting the time of admission to school, and the amount of tuition fee (12-18 schillings quarterly-15-21 cents, exclusive of arithmetic,) and requiring each scholar on admission to produce the receipt of his former teacher. The city council also in the same year required the visitation of the schools by the preachers, regulated begging by poor scholars, and limited the tuition fees to one florin a year, or to twice that amount for wealthier children. Thus the school teachers were formed into a "guild," and were recognized as such; they had an elected head and a common treasury, they met quarterly in con vention, and at a later period had also a widows' fund. But these "quarter" schools also were not without their quarrels, which arose principally from the religious differences between the Lutherans and Calvinists, and still another difficulty arose from the unlicensed of "hedge" schools, which was finally removed for a time by a city regula tion that no school could be opened without permission from the au thorities

In this form the Frankfort school system remained, in all essential points unchanged till the re-organization of Frankfort as a free city in 1815. During this time the number of teachers varied from sixteen to thirty-two, each school being limited to a single assistant and hence restricted to a moderate number of scholars. The schools were sometimes under the charge of female teachers, which is explained by the fact that the school privilege was a real right, transferable by inheritance or sale. The course of study was probably extended so as even sometimes to include French, but there were special charges for instruction in all branches beyond the elementary ones of reading and writing.

That this arrangement, as carried out, was by no means satisfactory, is evident from a reform document by one of the teachers, J. M. Schirmer, in the middle of the 18th century. He proposed that the number of schools should be limited, the teachers paid by the State, a revival of the regulation requiring visitation of the schools, and that all teacherships should be made hereditary. He was especially opposed to the numerous "hedge" schools which had again arisen, kept by "school disturbers" and various kinds of strollers, "lackeys, tailors, shoemakers, stocking weavers, wig makers, journeymen printers, invalid soldiers, and sewing and knitting women," who managed to gain a subsistence by means of instruction in German and the catechism. But his criticism met with slight response and no attempt at a re-organization was made until within the present century, when a great improvement in the schools was inaugurated through the active exertions of the mayor Baron von Gunderode and Dr. Hufnagel, Sr., by whom the new "Model School" was founded in 1803. In 1804 was founded the Jewish school, the "Philanthropin;" in 1813, the "White Lady's School," the first purely State common school; in 1816, the German Reformed Free School, and the female school of the Ladies' Society. During these changes the quarter schools had gradually diminished in number, and in 1824 they were wholly displaced by the formation of four evangelical common schools, to which were added in 1857 a higher burgher school.

Of the early Catholic schools at Frankfort, the cathedral school of St. Bartholomew was the only one which survived the Reformation, which was only for boys and under the charge of the rector and a single assistant. As the number of Catholics afterwards increased, some English nuns from Fulda were permitted to commence a female school, and still later the Rosenberg nuns established a similar school for pupils from the wealthier families. In 1783 a real school was added to the trivial school of the cathedral, and in 1790 the Catholic gymnasium, the "Fridericianum," was founded. In 1808 the school of the Rosenberg nuns was changed to a common school, and the hitherto public school of the English nuns, to a female high school. In 1812 the cathedral gymnasium and the Fridericianum were formed into one grand-ducal gymnasium common to all religions, leaving nothing but the real division as a special Catholic rcal school, which was also dissolved two years

later, while an additional class was added to the elementary classes of the cathedral school. This newly formed class was in 1816 organized into the still existing "Select School."

From this imperfect historical sketch of the schools of the Free Cities, we pass to a view of the existing condition of the institutions of each city.

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The schools of Frankfort are under the direction of four coördinate school authorities, viz.: 1. The "Evangelical Lutheran Consistory," under which are the gymnasiums and the country schools. 2. The "United Evangelical Protestant Consistories," consisting of members of the Lutheran and Reformed consistories, and acting as school authority for the schools of the Evangelical Protestant parishes (the burgher high school and the four burgher schools,) and also as supervising authority for the model school. 3. The "Catholic Church and School Committee," consisting of two Catholic senators, a city priest, one of the church directors, and a well informed layman, for the four Catholic schools. 4. The "Mixed Church and School Committee," consisting of deputies from the consistories and the Catholic committee, for the Jewish schools and private schools generally. There is also an intermediate authority for schools of the Evangelical Protestant parishes, as "Board of Inspectors," selected from the united consistories, and having the supervision of the individual schools, while the external business (the collection of the tuition, payment of salaries, care of the buildings and furniture, &c.,) is conducted by a "Board of Deputies," which delegates a member to each school. The affairs of the Catholic schools are similarly conducted. The immediate oversight of the affairs of the model school belongs to a special permanent board, which itself fills any vacancy in its numbers. The Jewish schools are under the immediate charge of a school council, chosen from the parish, while the country schools have in each district a local school committee, presided over by the pastor.

The Gymnasium has eight classes and an average of 160 pupils, composed equally of Catholics and Protestants, with special instruction for the Catholic children in religion and history. The corps of instructors includes the director, eleven professors, and seven teachers, and has numbered many able men-Buttmann, Schlosser, Weber, Ritter, Herling, &c. The course continues ten years-tuition fee sixty florins.

The Model School has nine male and seven female classes of one year's course each the lower department elementary; the higher, organized as a real school, without instruction in Latin, and a female high school. It is exclusively Protestant and averages 600 pupils. Besides the director, it has fourteen regular teachers, eleven special teachers, and two female teachers. Tuition, fifty florins.

The Burgher High School-a real and female high school-has eight male and seven female classes, with a two years' course for each higher

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class. The plan of study is usually realistic, including Latin instruction. The attendance averages 740-tuition, twenty-five florins. The instructors are a director, fourteen regular teachers, eight assistant and special teachers, and three female teachers.

The four Burgher Schools, organized as city common schools, exclusively Protestant, each with four male and four female classes, and an eight years' course. There are at each school a principal, eight male and three female teachers. Total attendance, 2,230, of whom 1,664 are free pupils. Tuition, eight florins.

The Catholic Select School is a pro-gymnasium and real school with four classes and an eight years' course; religious instruction not obligatory upon Protestants. Eight teachers; 140 pupils; tuition, thirty florins. The Cathedral School is an advanced common school for boys, with four classes, seven teachers, and 350 pupils. Tuition, ten florins. The English Nuns' School is a female high school, with four classes, six teachers, and 100 pupils. Tuition, thirty florins. The Female Common School (of the Rosenberg nuns,) has four classes, six teachers, and 310 scholars. Tuition, ten florins.

The Jewish Burgher and Real School consists of two mixed elementary classes, and eight male and five female classes. The male department is a real school, without Latin instruction. It has twenty-one teachers, and 650 scholars. Tuition, 24-66 florins. The School of the Jews' Religious Society is also an elementary, real, and female high school, with two elementary, six male, and four female classes, thirteen teachers, and 240 pupils. Tuition, 24-54 florins.

The "Society for the advancement of Useful Knowledge" has founded several institutions-a Sunday and Etening School, and a higher Model School. The latter receives 1,500 florins from the city, has four classes, eight teachers, and 110 pupils. The higher class corresponds somewhat to the upper class of a real school or to the preparatory classes of a polytechnic school.

There may also be mentioned the school of the Orphan House, the Ladies' Society's School, the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Institution for Medical Gymnastics and Orthopedics, besides infant schools and forty-four private institutions.

In the eight country districts of Frankfort there are also well-arranged schools, those in the larger villages having each several teachers.

On the whole, therefore, the schools of Frankfort are in a very flourishing condition, and in financial respects their position is especially gratifying, for more has been done here than in any other city for securing to the teachers sufficient salaries. The director of the gymnasium receives 4,000 florins ($1,660) besides house-rent; and the professors, 2,000 fl.; the director of the Model school, 2,400 fl., &c.; while the regular teachers receive from 800 to 1,600 fl. according to their time of service. Much also has been expended upon school buildings, apparatus, gymnasial halls, &c. On the other hand, only the regular teachers of the gymnasium and of the select school, and the directors of the public

schools, rank as State officials of the first class, in respect of pensions and dismissal from service; other regular teachers having like privileges only after twelve years of service. But the greatest evil lies in the great complexity of the present system of administration. Many attempts

have been made to remedy it, but it is rendered almost impossible by the terms and restrictions of the constitution. Until these difficulties are removed and a thorough administrative reform carried into operation, the most generous outlay of means will not effect correspondingly favorable results.

2. Bremen.

Of the remaining Free Cities the same is true, in many respects, that has been said in general of Frankfort-while there is a zealous interest in the cause of education and a strong attachment to the older institutions, there is also much of imperfection, especially in matters of organization and administration. The higher school system is essentially the same with the gymnasial system of the rest of Germany; the schools are well endowed, and have always been fortunate in procuring and retaining the services of men of eminent talents. But in the burgher and elementary school system there are still wanting clear lines of demarkation, both to separate distinctly between the public and private schools, and to define the relations of the churches and the schools. Too little attention also has been paid to the training of teachers.

The higher and private schools of Bremen included in 1856 the following institutions:-1. The Head School, consisting of the gymnasium, founded in 1584, reörganized in 1794, enlarged in 1817, and again reörganized in 1858-with six classes, eleven teachers, and 117 scholars; the Commercial School, with nine classes, fifteen teachers, and 227 scholars; and the Preparatory School, with three classes, twelve teachers, and 278 scholars. 2. Six private schools, preparatory to the Head School and the burgher schools, with 366 scholars. 3. Four private burgher and real schools, with about 555 pupils. 4. Nine higher female schools, private institutions, with 648 pupils. 5. Fifteen elementary schools for children of the higher classes, with 627 pupils.

The public schools include nine parish schools, under committees composed of the pastor and members of the parish, usually of four classes, the sexes separate only in the higher class. The number of scholars in 1858 was 2,939; the city appropriation 10,000 gold thalers. There are also nine free schools supported by the city, and each with three or four classes. Number of scholars, 2,062, who receive, in addition, books and writing materials. Besides these there are twenty-four licensed schools, with 2,118 pupils, conducted mostly by females-some of these are assisted by the city; two Ladies' Society's schools, with 78 pupils; and five rescue institutions for children.

Since 1858 there has existed a fully organized Teachers' Seminary, with three classes. The director receives a salary of 1,000 gold thalers; the

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