the expenses incurred during the child's stay. Of course, if the parents are utterly unable to pay, nothing remains but to dismiss the children without insisting on the payment of the expenses. The departure of pupils who have gone through the regular course, that is to say, have stayed till after their confirmation, ought to take place in a solemn and impressive manner; the best time will be the hour of daily worship. The House Father will then hand to those that are about to leave, a Bible, with some suitable words of scripture written on the fly-leaf. At the end of the service, a few words of love and exhortation ought to be addressed to them in public. As regards the finding of places for pupils that have left, those who have paid for their full board and instruction will have to find places themselves; but the institution will gladly give advice and useful hints. For the pupils of the poorer classes, however, places will have to be found by the institution, as a completion of the education which they have received. The choice of a trade is always to be left to the child, and should have the sanction of the parents. The House Father should, long before the time of leaving, in confidential conversation, ascertain the wishes and ideas of the child on this subject, and, if possible, try to check foolish desires and aspirations. A difficult problem is the superintendence of pupils after they have left, which should be continued up to a certain stipulated period. After leaving the Reform School, the pupils will in most cases see and hear just the contrary of what they have been wont to at the school; they will be surrounded by immorality and infidelity, which will do their best to draw them into the whirlpool of sin; the public press, with its but too frequent mocking of God and heavenly things, will exercise its baneful influence. On the other hand, there is the excessive demands which in some Christian houses will be made on children that have come from a Reform School, which, according to the ideas of some people, should only turn out perfect angels. It even happens, not unfrequently, that the parents themselves destroy the tender plants of morality and religion which with so much care have been raised at the Reform School, by entreating and encouraging their children to forget all that gloomy religion which they have learned there, and again to place themselves on a level with the cheerful world. All these circumstances combine to make the continued superintendence a very difficult and delicate task. At any rate a regular contract ought to be signed by the principal of the Reform School and the tradesmaster with whom the pupil is to be placed. Among the conditions there ought to be: permission for the pupil to pay a visit to the Reform School on certain Sundays in the year; a regular weekly visit of one of the assistants from the Reform School to the house where the pupil lives, etc. If possible, the Reform School should, during the time the contract lasts, supply the pupil with clothes, in order to hold out some inducement to his master. Very difficult, in fact almost impossible, will this superintendence become when the pupils are placed far away from the Reform School, or go to sea, or emigrate to foreign countries. In some such cases the pastor of the village or town where they were placed has been asked to have an eye to such, and if they should go astray to try and lead them to the right path again. Often, however, this will be entirely impracticable, and all that can be done is to exercise the greatest care in the selection of the persons with whom such pupils are placed. RESULTS. As regards the results of the Reform School education, mere numbers will never convey an adequate idea of the good that has been done by them; their silent influence will, nevertheless, make itself felt far and near. As there were no statistics extant concerning these Reform Schools, communications had to be opened with every one of them, and the result has been the following: There are at present in Germany and the six German-speaking provinces of other countries, 80 Roman Catholic and 320 Protestant Reform Schools. Concerning the former, no information could be obtained, and of the latter, information was received from 79. Many of the other Reform Schools have either not responded at all to our inquiries, or have done so in an entirely unsatisfactory manner, or declared themselves unable to give any information. Of the 79 institutions mentioned below, 28 are for boys and girls, 44 only for boys, and 7 only for girls. GRAND DUCHY OF BADEN.-Hardt, near Carlsruhe (16 years).* KINGDOM OF BAVARIA.-Marienthal, near Schweinfurt (154); Inkenthalerhof, near Rockenhausen (13); Hassloch (17); Trauthergerhaus, near Castel (17); Puckenhof, near Erlangen (17); Jean Paul Reform School, at Baireuth (26). DUCHY OF BRUNSWICK.-St. Leonhard, near Brunswick (15). FREE CITIES.-Rauhes Haus; at Horn, near Hamburg (34); Ellenerhof, near Bremen (204); Fischer-büden, near Lubeck (221). MECKLENBURG.-Bethanien, near Rattey (16).. PRUSSIA-1. Province of Brandenburg.-Neander Haus, at Gross-Cammin (16); Marwitz, near Henningsdorf (10); Heilbrunn, near Wusterhausen (15); Gossner House, in Berlin (64); Pfingsthaus, in Potsdam (16); Wilmersdorf (:1); Cöthen, near Falkenberg (11); Angermünde, (15); Reitwein, near Podelzig (18); Rothes House, in Brassow (20); Linde (14); Hermsdorf (15); Rppen (153); Wulkow, near Alt-Ruppin (15). 2. Province of Pomerania.—Siralsund (20); Stolp (103); Garz (23); Triebsees (14); Elisabeth Stift, at Kieckow (17); Elisabeth Suft, at Görcke (17); Züllehow, near Stettin (36). 3. Province of Prussia.-Schönbruch (25); Tilsit (20). 4. Province of Saxony-Lindenhof, near Neinstedt (17); Eckartshaus, near Eckartsberge (19); Genthin (12). 5. Province of Silesia.-Steinkunzendorf, near Peterswaldau (14); Breitenhain, near Schweidnitz (131); Neisky (7); Görlitz (174); Rinkau, near Mörschelwitz (16); Wiltschau, near Kollerwitz (16); Schreiberhau (34); Morija, near Gnadenfrei (104); Neusalz (17); Michelsdorf, near Landshut (11); Bethesda, in Friedland (11). 6. Province of Westphalia-Hellweg Institute, at Holzwickede (41); Gottes ütte, at Klein Bremen (84); Pollertshof, near Pr. Oldendorf (16); Vörde, near Hagen (64); Schildesche, near Bielefeld (15). 7. Province of the Rhine.-Duisburg (23); Schmiedel (17). *The figures in parentheses denote the number of years the institution had been in operation in 1865. 8. Province of Hanover.-Hameln (14); Linerhaus, near Altenzelle (22); Schladen (16); Ricklingen, near II nnover (17); Gr、ssefehn (21); Hütenberg, near Melle (14). 9. Province of Hesse and Franconia.-Beiserhaus, at Rengshausen ` (33); Scheuern (16); Wiesbaden (10). 10. Province of Schleswig-Holstein.-Martin-stift, near Flensburg. SAXONY (Kingdom.) –Weinberg, near Resa (154); Prince Albert-sti.t, in Schwarzenberg (15). SAXON DUCHIES.-Heinrich-stift, in Great Paschleben, near Cöthen (144); Friedericken-sti t, in Ballenstedt (10); Georg and Marien Haus, at Meuselwitz, near Altenburg (134); Fischhaus, near Meini gou (74). SWITZERLAND.-Bächtelen, near Berne (28); Friedhe.m, near Bubi kon (204). WURTEMBERG-Habrechtergen (26); Tuttlingen (42). In these 79 institutions there have, up to November 1867, been received 10,527 pupils. Of this number 1. Tucre died at the Reform School, 2. Returned to the parents from various reaso. s, or run away, 3. Left the institution in the regular course, after having been confirmed, . Those of whom indifferent accounts are giver, Those of whom perfectly satisfactory accounts are given, 7,223,"89.3 2,427 pupi's. 23 institutions. 37 institutions. 48 institutions. 43 institutions. 40 institutions. Present in the s venty-nine institutions in 1868, Of these seventy-nine institutions, there rise above the percentage With good (62.6 per cent), With indifferent (17.3 per cent.) And there are below the percentage With bad, not punished (4.3 per cent), With bad, punished (4.7 | er cent.), With bad generally (89 per cent.), Fuller details can, of course, be given only when returns shall have been received from all the Reform Schools of Germany. XIII-RELATION OF THE REFORM SCHI OLS TO THE STATE. It is self-evident that the state and communal authorities will take a lively interest in the Reform Sch ols, because the number of vagrants and candidates for the houses of correction is thereby greatly diminished. That this is really done, is conclusively shown by the numbers given in the preceding chapters. The governments of most Christian countries hive, therefore, shown a desire to assist the Reform Schools. The greatest possible caution should, however, be exercised, and the timeo Danaos always be remembered, because not unfrequently the union of the state authorities and those of the Reform School endangers the character of the latter and tends to make them meie houses of correction. This induces the parents, either by stratagem or by force, to entice their children away from the Reform School, and encourages the children to run away fron the so-called prison. The spirit of Christian charity which shou'd always pervade the Reform School is thereby greatly diminished, and the confidence of the better class of parents entirely shaken. It is, therefore, necc-sury to keep the two carefully separated, not as if they were enemies, but because it will be to their mutual advantage. The question is chiefly whether pupils are to be received, who, from some reason, have been placed in the Reform School by the communal or state authorities. The temptation lies in the fact that by receiving such pupils the Reform School gets a certain fixed subsidy, which is paid regularly by the authorities. Agreements of this kind exist in several countries. Thus the Prussian penal law code (§ 42) of 1851 decrees," that criminals who have not yet completed their 16th year are to be set free, if it has been ascertained that they do not yet possess the faculty of discriminating, and that the court has to decide whether they are to be sent back to their family or placed in a House of Correction." As there were then only very few such institutions, some substitute for them had to be found, and the Reform Schools were at once thought of. Many people highly lauded the new movement, extolling the "Christian spirit" of the State; whi'c, in reality, the State only wished to get rid of these young criminals. Thus we fin l, in 1857, 313, and, in 1859, 276 children, who properly ought to be in a House of Correction, distributed over sixty-nine Protestant and seven Catholic Reform Schools. Similar agreements between the State and the Reform Schools exist, to some extent, in Wurtemberg and in Bavaria. In the last-mentioned country it has gone so far that some of the Reform Schools have entirely lost their original charac'er, and are at present nothing but Houses of Correction, maintained by government subsidies, but originally founded by private individuals, legacies, etc. XIV. RELATION OF THE REFORM SCHOOLS TO THE CHURCH. During the first three decades of the Reform School's existence in Germany, this relation never gave rise to any difficulties. There was a change, however, after the year 1848-49. The question is only interesting in so far as there are not a few ministers who ignore, and even despise, Reform Schools, because they are not "church institutions." We cannot but deplore their taking this view of the matter, because the Protestant Reform Schools in Germany, whoever may have founded them, are, in fact, religious institutions, though not founded, ruled and maintained by the church. The Reform Schools are religious institutions, because, resting on the same foundation as the church, they build up the kingdom of God here on earth,- His invisible church,— by secking the lost ones, and by leading them again to the right path. They are also religious institutions, inasmuch as members of the church, in voluntary love, have founded and maintained them by their contributions and prayers; they are a com fort for those who seek in the church a saving hand for their children; they are a living testimony that faith is not yet dead. So they are entirely different from merely philanthropic and humanistic institutions, which, without leading to Christ, attempt to reform the youth entrusted to their care. The religious character of the Reform School demands that children of churches which, in principle, are opposed to each other, such as Catholics and Protestants, should not be received in one and the same institution. That the Protestant Reform School, with its inmates, takes part in the public services is understood, because it forms one of the families of the Christian congregation. XV. ADMINISTRATION, FINANCIAL AFFAIRS AND PUBLICITY. Great or small as the Reform Schools may be, they are nowhere merely private institutions, but aim at obtaining the privileges of corporations, that they may acquire real estate and legacies. The difficulties which are to be overcome in this respect are very great, especially when it is to be proven that the institution is in possession of a definite amount of property. The possession of real estate is, generally speaking, a vital condition for the continuation of a Reform School after the death of its founder. This property belonging to the Reform School, the regulation of other external affairs, the raising of the required funds, and the way in which they are to be employed, the installation or dismissal of a House Father, all this, and many other things, demand an administrative body (verwaltungskörper.) - We will not in this place criticise the way in which things have been managed hitherto, but much remains to be desired in this respect. Thus it has happened that well-meaning persons,-noblemen or owners of large real estates, have founded a Reform School on their property, but did not regulate its ownership, and, after the death of the founders, the existence of such a Reform School has been seriously threatened by the heirs. The position of such an institution is very awkward, especially if no one has the will or courage to investigate the matter thoroughly. The House Father will find himself in the worst predicament, particularly if he have a large family of his own, as he is exposed to the entirely arbitrary treatment of persons who either take no interest in his school or hate it. Next to the real estate, the finances are a fruitful source of cares and difficulties. This certainly ought not to be one of the duties of the House Father, as it has been in some places, where he has actually been forced to wander round from house to house, and collect contributions. As regards the raising of the necessary funds, the most natural way is to have the Reform School chiefly maintained by a number of wealthy benefactors. These generally agree to do this before the undertaking is commenced; but their number is gradually diminished by death, removal and other circumstances, and ought, therefore, to be continually recruited. Another important source of income is the money paid for board. However, there should never be a certain fixed sum which is made the conditio sine qua non of a pupil's being admitted to the Reform School, as has been in some places. Where this sum is very high, as a natural con |