war.

The originator of the Reform School was John Falk, of Weimar, the friend of Goethe and Herder. His first effort was purely original, a stroke of genius. He was Councilor of Legation, when, seeing the devastation and misery caused by the war, he devoted himself to the aid of the suffering. The Duke of Regusa, in 1813, had begun the work of destruction at Weimar. It was just before the battle of Leipsic. After the battle, bands of roving marauders laid the country again in ruins. In one year, the little State of 100,000 inhabitants quartered over 900,000 soldiers. Want and misery reached their highest point. The war soon drove the people from their homes. Pestilence followed. At this time, Falk was suffering great bereavement. One after the other, six daughters were taken from him; and at last, his only son, a boy of nineteen, died. He was childless. Then he resolved to become a father to the orphans of the To the care of the wretched and homeless he would now devote the rest of his life. His friend Pastor Horn joined him. They formed a society called "Friends in Need." In 1818, they had found homes for 300 children in the families of farmers and mechanics. Those who were without religious education were assembled in a day school, the confirmed attended an evening school. As the pupils of the Normal School were then needing assistance, he gathered sixty of them, and gave them instruction during the evening in the art of teaching. He took neglected girls as well as boys. They were taught reading, writing, sewing, and housework. In this way Falk became the center of an ever-growing circle of missionary labor. In his work of 1823, he says:-"The principal object of our Society during eleven years, has been the salvation of souls. Not the conversion of the heathen of Asia and Africa, but those of our own, in Saxony and Prussia." His local usefulness reached its height when he determined to build a house of prayer, aided by those of his pupils who were apprenticed to mechanics. The corner-stone of this "Luther hof" was laid by his own hands in 1823. The building was finished by his scholars, at a cost of 15,000 thalers. The money had been collected principally in North Germany and Holland. Falk survived the completion of this work but a short time. He died in 1826, after great suffering, but with full faith in his Saviour. He was fifty-six years old. The closing labor of his life was specially important, by the influence it exerted on Middle and North Germany; but his work was of too personal a nature to last beyond the life of its author. A small Orphan Home at Weimar is all that now exists.

The foundation of St. Martin, a similar institution, established in 1819 by Reinthaler, the friend of Falk, has done great good. Reinthaler took children out of the streets and prisons, and taught them by his "historical liturgical" method. During the first twenty-two years, 3619 children were instructed. But these institutions could not continue. For a time Reinthaler's school stopped. In 1867 it reopened with but fifteen boys. It is now maintained in part by the income of a bequest of Reinthaler (8000 thalers), and partly by the city of Erfurt. King Frederic William IV. presented the fine building now occupied by the school.

In Silesia, several small Reform Schools were created by means of the previous efforts of Falk and Reinthaler. Some of these are still in

existence. There were establishments at Goldberg (1829), Luben (1833), and in several other places. The arrangements made by the Counts Adalbert and Werner von der Ricke, at Düsselthal, are much more extensive. This work, although simultaneous with that of Falk, was entirely independent of it. The father of the young Counts above mentioned, who died in 1840, aged 80, had established a Normal School at Overdyk, on the Rhine, in 1789, and had founded besides a Society of the Friends of Education. The French occupation destroyed this work, which was, however, destined to reappear in another way. After the war of 1813, great destitution prevailed among the inhabitants of the Rhine country. The highways were filled with begging children. The young Counts von der Ricke, who had inherited the spirit of their father, resolved to provide for the poor. The old Count had left his sons the seminary building at Overdyk. Here a refuge was opened with four children, in October, 1819. The number soon increased to sixty-eight. All good things grew with the institution, which was soon divided into two departments for the older and younger scholar. The attention of Count Adalbert was directed to the large old Abbey of Düsselthal, near Düsseldorf. He bought it for 51,573 thalers, trusting that God would provide the means of paying for it. In June, 1822, the higher division, numbering forty-four children, was removed to the Abbey. The primary department has always remained at Overdyk. In the course of time, the estate increased. It now includes 493 acres of land. There is a fair capital, with an annual income of 20,000 thalers, partly the contribution of friends. During the early years of its existence, particularly, the sympathies of the charitable in North Germany were expressed by ample provisions of money and material. For Düsselthal and the "Luther hof" were then the only institutions of the kind in Germany. The Kings Frederic William III. and IV. made large contributions, considerable sums were sent from England, and the Count himself advanced money without interest. Thus, the institution was able to assume large proportions. It has been in existence forty-eight years; 2581 children have been educated, and afterwards have learned a trade. Count von der Ricke presided over the school till 1847, and then entrusted its administration to a Board, of which he is a member. During that year, Düsselthal contained 179 pupils, 69 of whom were girls. It has greatly increased since. Counting both departments, there are over 300 children in charge, making it the largest Reform School in Germany. The children have rooms in the Abbey; they receive school instruction, and learn to work. The boys are employed on the farm. Since 1859, a seminary for the training of teachers has been added, from which 132 graduates have been sent out. Düsselthal has been created a separate parish, and thus has corporate privileges.

The third establishment important in the history of Reform Schools, is Beuggen. It is situated at the very southern part of Baden, on the borders of Switzerland, and actually belongs to both countries. The Rev. Mr. Spittler, of Basle, was greatly instrumental in the erection of this school. He also founded the Mission House of Basle. The project was carried out in the midst of the calamities of war. Resolutions were passed

amid the roar of the cannon of the battle field of Kuningen, which struck fear to the hearts of the people of Basle. It was in 1816 that Spittler and Zeller, returning from a visit to the Mission House, resolved to work for the establishment of a Nonaal School in connection with a Reform School. After several attempts to obtain the necessary funds for the work, the Grand Duke of Baden consented to rent them the Castle of Beuggen, at the nominal sum of thirty florins. Here the first Reform School of South Germany was founded, in which seventy children are now instructed A training school is connected with it. Many of the teachers educated there have since become the Directors of Reform Schools elsewhere. In 1864, forty-three years after its foundation, 672 children, and 277 brethren had been admitted; while 153 teachers had been sent out from the establishment.

The reformatory work in Wurtemburg was associated with the school of Beuggen. The Reform Schools in connection with the Normal Schools at Lichtenstein (1836) and Tempelhof (1843) are among the larger institutions of the kind. Lichtenstein was founded by the Prussian School Inspector Zeller, after a visit to Beuggen, which afterwards came under the direction of Louis Völter. It is situated near Weinsburg, and includes a Reform School for boys, and another for girls, with forty-six pupils in both. A Normal School, number thirty-five pupils, is carried on with the School for boys. The whole is directed by an inspector. The Tempelhof Reform School, numbering ninety-two scholars, has a Preparatory Department, and Private Seminary for teachers, connected with it; both of which are designed to supply the schools of Wurtemburg. Among the high-born persons who have supported the Wurtemburg schools, we must mention with due honor the Duchess Henrietta.

The institutions of Gustavus Werner belong to this class. There are eight of them: the Chief Home at Reutlingen, with its seven Branch or Associated Schools. These Asylums possess three hundred and twenty-three acres of land, a large industrial factory, with an annual working capital of thirty thousand florins. In 1862, four hundred and thirty-eight pupils were accommodated here, but financial losses have reduced the number to one hundred and eighty-five. Seven hundred children in all have been educated there. In 1867 Wurtemburg contained thirty-two institutions of the kind: twenty-six Protestant, five Catholic, and one Jewish Reform School. These could accommodate 1667 children, and in 1867 actually did contain 1269 pupils. The total number of children received since 1820 is 10,099. There are besides many Societies, whose object is to bring neglected children into Homes, or Schools. All these institutions and societies work under the direction of a Central Committee of Charity, organized in 1817 by Queen Catherine, the foundress of St. Pauline, the first Reform School in Wurtemburg, Stuttgart.

Wurtemburg has done more for reform and education than any other German state. It is strange that the efforts of Protestants here should have ceased in 1848, for the two Schools established in 1856-59 have no importance. On the contrary, the Catholic church has shown great energy. In 1848 it possessed but one Reform School, but now has five, in which about two hundred and seventy pupils are educated. These Wurtemburg insti

tutions adopt children for the purpose of guarding them from neglect and vice; this is a characteristic feature. The report of the anniversary of 1867 confirms this: The Schools are termed "Institutions for Neglected Children," and they are further distinguished from the foundation of Schönbühthof, which admits boys from the House of Correction.

The Farm and Reform Schools of Switzerland must be considered together, for they differ only in a few unimportant particulars. From 1810 to 1830, seven Schools were erected. During the next ten years twelve were founded, and from 1841 to 1846 ten more. In 1846 there were twentynine schools with seven hundred pupils. Since that time fifteen new institutions have been established, so that Switzerland has now forty-four schools with 1543 pupils. The name of Professor Spleiss ranks first among the early laborers in this field. The "Swiss Patriotic Society" and Baron Wessenberg founded the Reform School at Bächtelen, near Berne in 1839. Berne has fourteen of these institutions, among which are several Schools for Children condemned for crime. Zürich has four, St. Gall four, Lucerne and Appenzell one each. Sonnenberg, near Lucerne, is a Catholic foundation. The School at Oldburg in Argovia is for both confessions. The rest are Protestant.

Reform Schools were established in South Germany in 1848-first in Bavaria, and afterwards at Neuhof, near Strasburg, and in Baden. The name of Karl von Raumer is connected with the Bavarian schools. He established in 1824 the first Reform School at Nurnberg, under a director from Beuggen. Almost at the same time Pastor Kraft of Erlangen, whose house was a centre of all missionary enterprise, undertook a similar work. Aided by his family, and a student, who had become acquainted with the institutions of Wurtemburg, he founded a Reform School for girls in Erlangen, under the direction of a lady educated at Düsselthal.

In Bayreuth the dedication of a monument to Jean Paul (1841) induced the Mayor of the city to found a school. The establishment of the Reform School at Neuhof, near Strasburg in Alsace, is a beautiful evidence of Christian faith. A pious carpenter, Phil. James Wurtz, was the founder of it. He died at the age of eighty-tree, in the midst of the children of his school.

In Baden a Society had been formed, with Baron Wessenberg at the head, which formed a Protestant School at Durlach, and a Catholic one in the Convent of Marishof (1843), each numbering fifty pupils. While the interest in Reform Schools was fast increasing in the south and southwest of Germany, it seemed to be dying away in the north. After Falk's death, in 1826, Lutherhof was suspended. St. Martin's, at Erfurt, and Düsselthal showed little vigor. At that time the bond of German union was wanting. There was no national sympathy between the countries of the north and south.

Besides the work of reform carried on in Southern Germany, there were some institutions started in Berlin and in some of the provinces, the fruit of political expediency. One of these was founded by M. Rother, assisted by some members of the Berlin magistracy. It is situated before the Halle-Gate, and was first opened in 1825, under director Kopf. The inmates were sent by the Berlin magistracy. The institute contains forty

eight pupils at an annual expense of two hundred and twenty-three thalers paid by the city. They are under the care of the civil authorities, for it is a kind of Private House of Correction. Parents may send their children here, as in other Reform Schools; but the discipline is necessarily severe. For many years the pupils were employed in the manufacture of screws. For a time the boys, strictly watched, printed the papers relating to the public debt. The scholars are also obliged to work in the house and garden. The institution is divided into two separate parts, and contains in the one sixty-nine boys, and in the other thirty-eight girls. Within the last forty-two years, 1,619 children have been admitted. The capabilities of the establishment will soon be increased, for a new building (200 feet in front, 80 ft. deep) his been erected at a cost of 140,000 thalers. It is furnished with every convenience, with large enclosed play-grounds. The children are divided into twenties. Every "twenty" forms a "family," over which a special educator presides.

It was natural that the example of the capitol should be followed by other places. Many different societies worked to lessen the number of young criminals, which had alarmingly increased. New Reform Schools were organized after the plan of Berlin, at Memel, Frankfort, Posen, Königsberg, etc. Not one has ever equalled the model. This is to be regretted, for through these Schools, communal aid could be given to a large class, who now fall into crime from want of care. These institutions, with the exception of Stettin, disappeared, when the government erected special Houses of Correction for young criminals. Such departments were soon established in Saxony. A House of Correction w is founded at Hamburg, 1829. It opened with nineteen inmates. In 1833 it numbered two hundred. There are twelve houses of this c'ass in Prussia, three in Saxony, and one in Wurtemburg, one at Himburg and one at Bremen.

It would appear as if in the north of Germany the distinct interests of the Reform School proper had become absorbed in those of the communal establishments. This was the more to be feared from the condition of the church at that time. Religious feeling only could call the true charitable school to life. The people were accustomed to contribute liberally to benevolent objects of a more general character. They were not used to denying themselves for the sake of furthering missionary work. A few scattered communes alone made any attempt of the kind. The ground for such labors had first to be won. It was a very different field from that of Wurtemburg and Basle, where the spirit of self-sacrifice had been fully awakened. Still there were many persons who worked on, hoping for co-operative aid, which came at last. Falk and the school at Düsselthal had much influence on the work, but the great movement began in 1818.

Rauhe Haus.

The success of the North German Reform Schools is closely connected with the history of the Rauhe Haus,* which was the first of many similar institutions in this part of the country. The Rauhe Haus was in its first

A full notice of the Rauhe Haus, drawn from the annual reports of the founder and the published account of visitors both American and European, will be found in the American Journal of Education, Vol. III, 5-603, and in Barnard's Reformatory School and Education, p. 18, 107.