lycées. Thus his having learnt some Latin and Greek is rendered necessary. II:s diploma costs him altogether about 32/, but it only authorizes him to practise in the department where he has been received officier de santé, and he may not perform any great operation except in the presence of a doctor.

A kind of branch of the faculties of m dicine is formed by the Ecoles supérieures de Pharmacie, three in number, with nineteen chairs. These schools, too, are at Paris, Montpellier, and Strasburg. Chemistry, toxicology, pharmacy, and natural history are the main matters of instruction. For medicine and pharmacy there are, as for sciences and letters, auxiliary schools, (Écoles préparatoires de médecine et de pharmacie,) in twenty-two large towns of France, with profess ors only a grade below the faculty professors, with lectures allowed to count, to a certain extent, as faculty lectures, and with the right of examining for some of the lower diplomas and granting them. No one can practise as a druggist or apothecary in France without getting either a first or a second class diploma. A first class diploma necessitates three years' study in an Ecole supérieure de Pharmacie, three years' practise with a regularly authorized apothecary, and the passing eight examinations, the last of which cannot be passed before the age of twenty-five. The cost of obtaining this diploma comes to nearly 561. A pharmacien with this first class diploma may practise anywhere in France. A second class diploma only entitles its holder to practise in the department chosen by him when he entered his name for lectures. But to hold this second class diploma he must have attended faculty lectures for one or two years, have practised six or f ur years with a regular pharmacien, and passed four or five examinations, for the last of which he must be twenty-five years old. The candidate for the first class diploma must have the degree of bachelor of sciences before he can enter hms If to follow the lectures of the pharmacy school; the candidate for the second class diploma must have the certificat d'examen de grummaire mentioned

a o c.

In Paris the seat of the faculties of theology, sciences, and letters is at the Sorbonne; of the faculty of medicine, at the Ecole de Médecine; of that of law, at the École de Droit. There are eight inspectors of superior instruction,-four for letters, four for sciences, one for medicine, and one for law. Six of the eight are members of the Institute, and in 1865, were: M. Ravaisson, M. Nisard, M. Dumas (the chemist), M. Le Verrier, M. Brongniart, and M. Charles Giraud. Their salary, like that of the faculty professors in Paris, is 12,000 francs a year, a high salary for France; and the post of inspector-general and professor of superior instruction form a valuable body of prizes for science and literature.

Each faculty has an aggregation, similar in plan to that which exists for the professors of secondary instruction already described; but, for aggregation in a faculty, very high and complete studies are necessary. In general, the course of promotion is this: the intending agrégé first obtains the degree of doctor in his faculty; after being admitted agrégé he becomes assistant professor, and finally full professor. A full faculty professor must be thirty years old. The Dean of Faculty is chosen by the Minister of Public Instruction from among the professors of his faculty. While the minister has power to dismiss of his own authority the functionaries of secondary instruction, those of superior instruction can only be dismissed by imperial decree. The faculties have also the right of proposing candidates for their vacant chairs, though the Emperor, who nominates, is not bound to adopt their proposal.

(6.) Outside the faculties are a number of important State-establishments, all of them contributing to what may be called the higher instruction of the country. The most remarkable of these is the College of France, founded at the Renaissance, to make up, one may say, for the short-comings of the mediaval universities, and which has grown in scale, value, and consideration till it now has thirty-one professors, covering with their instruction all the most important provinces of human culture, and many of them among the most distinguished men in France. The École des Chartes, the pupils of which have labored so fruitfully among the archives of France and the early documents of her history, has seven professors. The Museum of Natural History has sixteen. The School of Living Oriental Languages has nine. The School of Athens is designed to give to the most promising of the young professors, from the age of about twenty-five to thirty, of French public instruction, the opportunity of for two years studying on the spot the language and antiquities of Greece. All these establishments, with the Bureau des Longitudes, and the public libraries of the capital, are

under the Minister of Public Instruction. Other ministers have special schools attached to their department. The Minister of War has thus the Polytechnic, Saint Cyr, and the Cavalry School of Saumur; the Minister of Marine has the Naval School and the Schools of Hydrography; the Minister of Finance has the School of Woodcraft (École forestière); the Minister of the Household has the School of Fine Arts; the Minister of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Works has the Schools of Agriculture, the Veterinary Schools, the Schools of Arts and Trades, the Central School of Arts and Manufactures, the School of Commerce, the Schools of Mines and Miners, and the Ecole Impériale des Ponts et Chaussées. The grants to the Institute and to the Academy of Medicine (a sort of medical institute) come into the estimates of the Minister of Public Instruction. Into his estimates come also all grants, whether for pensions, gratuities, missions, publications, or subscriptions, which fall under the head of grants for literature, science, and art. For 1865, these grants amounted to 680,000 fr. (27,2001.). The grants to the Institute and Academy of Medicine, grants which really come under the same category as the preceding, amounted to above 26,000l. more.

(7.) In 1868, the Minister of Public Instruction announced that the laboratories in the Museum of Natural History, the Sorbonne, and School of Medicine had been greatly enlarged and better equipped for the purposes of instruction, and that means had been furnished by the Corps Legislatif to construct new laboratories of original research, in which eminent professors would assure the perpetuity of scientific progress, by training a limited number of pupils, already the recipients of the best knowledge, to the art of observation and the method of experimentation.

To the instruction given in the University Faculties, the College of France, the Museum of Natural History, and the Special Schools, was added in 1867, a Practical School of Superior Studies, in which instruction is given in: 1. Mathematics; 2. Natural Philosophy and Physics; 3. Natural History and Physiology; 4. Historical Studies and Philological Science. Each section is under a special director, and the whole scheme is administered by a general Director and a superior Council. No conditions as to age, sex, or nationality, are prescribed, but all applicants must pass a probationary stage of three months, before they are registered as regular students.

(8.) A scheme for the reorganization of Superior Instruction, has been matured by the Minister of Public Instruction, after an examination of the Universities of other countries, and particularly of Germany and Great Britain, by which the principle of liberty as regards persons, subjects, and methods in each Faculty is established; the faculties of theology are removed from the general system; a new faculty, that of Economic and Administrative Science, is added; scholarships in aid of sons of those who have deserved well of the State in military or civil service are instituted; each Faculty elects its own dean, and the deans and one professor of each faculty compose a General Council of Superior Instruction.

PROPOSED REORGANIZATION OF SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION.

ART. 1. Superior public instruction is given:-(1.) In the faculties maintained by the State; and (2) in the public schools of superior education maintained by communes or departments.

2. There are four orders of faculties, namely-Letters; mathematical, physical, and natural sciences; law, and the economic and administrative sciences; medicine and pharmacy.

3. The faculties confer, after public examination, the degrees of "bachelor," "licentiate," and "doctor." Juries appointed by the minister, and composed of professors of all the faculties, grant, as at present, what are called "special degrees of "bachelor" and "licentiate."

4. These degrees are granted alike to all students, whether inscribed in the faculties or not.

5. The degree of "bachelor" is required of all who desire to be employed in classical education, or in the special teaching of the lycées and colleges; the degree of "licentiate" is necessary for the humanity classes and the superior courses of special education in the lycées; and that of "doctor" for appointment in the faculties and public schools of superior education. The grade of "licentiate in law" is required for admission to the magistracy; and that of medicine or pharmacy for medical employment under the State.

8. The faculties are composed of titular professors, and agrégés or substitutes. 9. Professors must be natives of France, full thirty years of age, and of the degree of "doctors," and are nominated by the Emperor from a list of three candidates elected, by ballot, by the professors.

10. No professor can be removed from his chair except by the decision of a commission of five members of the Imperial Council, and on the advice of the Committee of General Inspectors of the faculty.

12. The agrégés, or fellows, are elected, after competitive examination; and the judges, two-thirds of whom must belong to the faculty in which the vacancy occurs, are elected by their colleagues; the remaining third to be elected by the Academies of Inscription and of Sciences, the Court of Cassation, and the Council of State, according to the faculty.

13. The candidates for the title of agrégé must be natives of France, not less than twenty-five years of age, and doctors.

15. Every professor, or agrégé, is at liberty to open a course of lectures within the faculty, and to receive the fees.

16. The Minister of Public Instruction may authorize other doctors also to establish such courses.

18. Inscription of students on the list of the faculties is maintained, but the State abandons all fees, which are divided into two parts, by a vote of the Imperial Council; one of these parts goes to the professors, in proportion to the number of pupils inscribed for their course, and the other to the funds of the university, for the creation of scholarships, &c.

19. The dean of each faculty is elected from amongst the professors, by the votes of themselves and the fellows, and for the term of three years only.

20. A general council, elected for three years, consists of the deans and one professor from each faculty; it has the administration of the funds and all matters relating to the superior academic establishments in general.

Chapter II deals with the faculties of economic and administrative sciences: 22. Faculties of economic and administrative science are founded within the faculties of law of Paris and Toulouse.*

23. The instruction comprises the Code Napoleon, criminal law, and civil procedure, studied with regard to the economic interests of society and individuals; public law, the law of nations, commercial, industrial, and rural law, administrative law and judicial organization, political economy, and the history of economic facts and doctrines.

24. Candidates for admission must have obtained the diploma of bachelor of letters or sciences; and students in law are also free to this faculty.

Chapter III deals particularly with the faculties of medicine and pharmacy. 25. The medical education is theoretical and practical.

It comprises, for the preparation for the grade of licentiate or doctor, normal and pathological anatomy, physiology, internal pathology and therapeutics, external pathology and operations, obstetrics, clinical medicine and surgery, pharmacology, medical applications of chemistry, physics, and natural history.

26. For the degree of doctor of medical sciences is added-Special pathol- · ogies, the public hygienę, forensic medicine, and medical history.

The students study dissection, manipulations, and analyses, under the professors or agrégés.

27. The pharmaceutical education comprehends physics, chemistry, botany, zoology, pharmacy, toxicology, the natural history of drugs; with manipulations, practical lessons, and herborizations, under the direction of the professors. 28. The degrees are of two grades:

(1.) Licentiate in medicine and in pharmacy, or doctor and pharmacien. (2.) Doctor in medical and pharmaceutical sciences.

29. Candidates for the degree of licentiate must have previously obtained the degree of bachelor of letters or of science, and have to undergo—

(1.) A first examination in the physical, chemical, and natural sciences applied to medicine.

(2.) Three other examinations on the subjects named in Art. 25, to be hereafter determined by the Imperial Council, and, finally, a clinical examination. (3.) Hospital or pharmaceutical studies for the period of three years, dating from the first examination, and consisting of assiduous and registered attendance in a hospital, or in a laboratory under a licentiate.

30. Candidates for the degree of doctor in medical sciences must have previously obtained the degrees both of bachelor in letters and sciences, or of the degree of special bachelor, named above; the degree of bachelor in letters is not required of those who seek the degree of doctor in pharmaceutical science. The candidates undergo three examinations on the subjects named in Articles 25 and 26, and write a thesis.

31. If the pupils, after seven years' study, have not obtained the degree of licentiate or doctor, their names are struck off the lists of the faculty; an exception is, however, made in the case of internes, dressers in the hospitals, pupils in lunatic asylums, and anatomical preparators and assistants.

32. Candidates for the degree of licentiate or doctor, who engage before the rector to exercise their art in any of the districts of medical assistance, where there is no practitioner, are relieved from all fees of inscription, examination, and diploma, and they may, moreover, obtain through the Minister of Public Instruction an annual allowance during the time of their studies.

33. Before entering on the practice of their profession, all who have obtained their degree must register their diplomas, either at the Academy or at the civil tribunal of their district.

34. The medical and pharmaceutical are not incompatible with each other. Chapter IV deals with the public schools of superior education.

35. The public schools which now exist, or may hereafter be founded by communes or departments for special superior education, law, economic science, medicine, and pharmacy, prepare pupils for the grade of licentiate, whether educated in private or public schools.

36. The professors and assistant professors in the public schools of medicine and pharmacy are named in the same manner, and on the same conditions as those of the faculties, with the single difference that the jury for the compet itive examination of assistant professors is formed, two-thirds of professors of the said schools, and one-third of licentiates and doctors attached to the schools. As regards schools of law or economic science, which any towns may desire to establish, the Minister will make the nominations, so long as there are no more than three such schools, after which the existing system of presentation will come into operation. The regulations respecting professors in the faculties, given above, apply also to the public schools of superior instruction.

38. These schools deliver the diploma of licentiate, but the recipient must pass the final examination in one of the faculties. In the case of a medical degree the examination is clinical.

A commission of the Imperial Council will be charged with the revision of the statutes and regulations of the University.

PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL IN A GRADED SYSTEM.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF THE PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL OF HARTFORD, IN A LETTER TO THE PRINCIPAL.

HENRY BARNARD, LL. D., TO PROF. S. M. CAPRON.

DEAR SIR: In complying with your request to jot down briefly the substance of our talks on efforts put forth here in Hartford and in Connecticut generally, prior to the final action of the First School Society of Hartford in 1846-7 to establish a Public High School, to revive the old requirements of the Statutes, by which such a school (called originally a grammar school for the town, or county), was made possible, I shall note such only as I was personally conversant with, viz Efforts (1,) to change the law, by which such School Societies as Hartford, or the Districts into which the compact portions of all the cities and villages of the State were unfortunately divided, could be authorized to establish schools of different grades (including the highest), and maintain the same by tax like any other public interest; and (2,) to induce the wealthy and educated to give up their reliance on academies and select schools and unite in establishing on the firm basis of public law and with a proper equipment of school-house, apparatus, and teachers, a local school which while it met their wants better than any existing institution, should also be open to worthy and talented children of their poorer and less fortunate fellow-citizens. I will try to be brief, but as this chapter in our school history seems not to be fresh in the memory of the present generation, it will be necessary to go into details, to show that a good deal of work was done, and done too with some thoroughness, before the policy of a Public High School supported by tax could be put back on the statute book, and into the hearts and habits of this people.

The English and Classical High School of Hartford, as established in 1847 by the First School Society (now coterminous with the Town), and especially when viewed in its present connection with the Trustees of the old Town Grammar School, may be regarded, legally and historically, as the School taught by Mr. Higginson in 1637, Mr. Collins in 1641, and Mr. Andrews in 1643, and partially endowed by the Town in 1642; the Grammar School made imperative on Hartford as a town of one hundred families by the act of 1650, "the masters thereof being able to instruct youths, so far as they may be fitted for the University" then in operation in Cambridge; the Latin School, "for the maintenance" of which William Gibbins (steward of the Wyllys family) who died in 1655, devised by will about thirty acres of meadow and upland in Pennywise, in the town of Wethersfield (part of the tract on the Cove on which E. G. Howe in 1863 erected a residence); the County Grammar School, in aid of which the General Court appropriated in 1672 six hundred acres of land "to be improved in the best manner that may be for the benefit of a Grammar School in said county, and for no other use or end whatever "; and one of the two Free Schools