smaller; and out of the national stores, numerous examples, to them almost worthless, but to provincial establishments highly valuable,-might be contributed with facility and greatly to the public benefit.

It is in this way, viz., by the contribution of authenticated and instructive specimens, that the museums supported by the State can most legitimately assist those established from local resources in the provinces; the scientific arrangements of the latter might also be facilitated through the aid of the officers attached to Government institutions. Money grants would do in many cases, more harm than good, destructive as they are of a spirit of self-reliance, and apt to induce a looseness of expenditure and habits of extravagance.

At the same time, every shilling granted judiciously by the State for purposes of education and instruction, for the promotion of schools, libraries, and museums, is a seed that will in the end generate a rich crop of good citizens. Out of sound knowledge spring charity, loyalty, and patriotism,-the love of our neighbors, the love of just authority, and the love of our country's good. In proportion as these virtues flourish, the weeds of idleness, viciousness, and crime perish. Out of sound knowledge will arise in time civilization and peace. At present it is folly and self-conceit in nations to claim to be civilized, otherwise than as contrasted with savage barbarity. The admiration of physical prowess, the honoring of tinsel and pomp, the glorification of martial renown, are far too deeply inrooted yet in the spirit of the most cultivated nations to permit of the noble epithet "civilized," being appended to their names. The nobility of industry in all its grades,-first soul-work, the labor of genius,-then head-work, the labor of talent,-then handwork, the honest labor of the body striving in the cause of peace,-must be honored by state and people, before either can with truthfulness claim to be civilized. We are at best as yet but enlightened barbarians. Think how all Europe and half Asia have stood for months,* and are even now standing, on the verge of foul and barbarous war; how Christian nations have girded on their armor, and, with mutual distrust and well-grounded suspicion, have stood with hand on sword-hilt ready to guard or to strike; think of what is worse, of the crime and ignorance that fester in the by-ways of Christian cities, and then boast of civilization if you can. The arts, the sciences, taste, literature, skill, and industry seem to have thriven among us in spite of ourselves, to have come among mankind like good spirits, and by main force to have established themselves on earth. They struggle with us and conquer us for our welfare, but are not yet our rulers. Sent from Heaven, aided by the few, not by the many, they have made firm their footing. If the monarchs and presidents of the states of the earth knew wherein the best interest of themselves and their people lay, it is in these intellectual invaders they would confide. The cost of armanents and the keep of criminals would cease in time unproductively to drain their treasuries. But ambition and strife are sturdy demons yet, and the educator, who dreams of their enchainment, and anticipates the speedy approach of a peaceful millenium, has but a limited acquaintance with the condition of mankind, and the hearts of its governors.

I can not help hoping that the time will come when every British town even of moderate size will be able to boast of possessing public institutions for the education and instruction of its adults as well as its youthful and childish population,when it shall have a well-organized museum, wherein collections of natural bodies shall be displayed, not with regard to show or curiosity, but according to their illustration of the analogies and affinities of organized and unorganized objects, so that the visitor may at a glance learn something of the laws of nature, wherein the products of the surrounding district, animate and inanimate, shall be scientifically marshaled and their industrial applications carefully and suggestively illustrated,-wherein the memorials of the neighboring province and the races that have peopled it shall be reverently assembled and learnedly yet popularly explained; when each town shall have a library the property of the public and freely open to the well-conducted reader of every class; when its public walks and parks, (too many as yet existing only in prospect,) shall be made instructors in botany and agriculture; when it shall have a gallery of its own, possibly not boasting of the most famous pictures or statues, but nevertheless showing good examples of sound art, examples of the history and purpose of design, and, above all, the best specimens to be procured of works of genius by its own natives who

This was written in 1853-4, on the eve of the Russian, French and English War.

have deservedly risen to fame. When that good time comes, true-hearted citizens will decorate their streets and squares with statues and memorials of the wise and worthy men and women who have adorned their province, not merely of kings, statesmen, or warriors, but of philosophers, poets, men of science, physicians, philanthropists, and great workmen. How often in traveling through our beautiful country do we not feel ashamed of its towns and cities, when we seek for their ornaments and the records of their true glories and find none? How ugly is the comparison that forces itself upon our minds between the conduct of our countrymen in this respect and that of the citizens of continental towns? A traveler need not go far through the streets of most foreign cities without seeing statues or trophies of honor, serving at once as decorations and as grateful records of the illustrious men they have produced,-reminding the old of a glorious past, and inciting by example the young to add to the fame of their native soil.

Since the delivery of the Lecture from which the foregoing extracts are taken, the English Government have enlarged and systemised its appropriations in behalf of Museums of Natural History, and Industrial Exhibitions and Instruction. In 1855-56, the expenditures by the "Department of Science and Art," under the Committee of Privy Council for Trade, amounted to £81,384, or about $450,000. The Third Report of this Department, a volume of over 300 pages, made to and published by Parliament, in 1856, gives in detail the operations for the year 1855. The following summary gives, in a condensed form, the results:

The Museums and Libraries of the Department continue to be in an effective state, and have been visited by above 331,000 persons, being an increase of fiftysix per cent. above the numbers of the previous year. This increase is chiefly due to the new Circulating Museum of Ornamental Art, which has been visited by 55,701 persons in the provinces, and to the success which has attended the new arrangements made by the Department in regard to the Museum of Natural History in Edinburg, resulting in an increase of the visitors from the old average of 800 to above 100,000.

The Botanical Gardens in Dublin have been visited by above 30,000 persons, and the Zoological Gardens by 138,000.

The Exhibitions of the Department have been attended by 72,000 persons. The Geological Surveys in Great Britain and Ireland, and Mining Record Office, continue to be carried on with increased activity.

The Schools of Art, including the Training School in London, have been attended by nearly 12,000 pupils.

The number of children taught drawing in public schools, through the agency of the masters of Art Schools, amounts to 18,988; but although this is an increase of eighty per cent. above the return for last year, it is not sufficient to meet the public wants, and new measures are being devised to give increased development to elementary art instruction.

Instruction in art has been given to 2,181 teachers of public schools, and the results of their examinations have been more satisfactory than in preceding years. The Schools of Science, which have this year increased considerably in number, the Working Men's Lectures in London, and provincial lectures in Ireland, have been attended by 10,000 persons.

Means of illustrating the courses of instruction by the diffusion of examples have been taken advantage of by 192 schools, at a cost to the schools of £1,510.

Expenditures and Operations in 1869.

In 1869, the sum of 10,6921. was expended on the Geological Museum, and School of Mines, besides a much larger sum on the Geological Survey, under the direction of Sir Robert I. Murchison. The maps and sections are published as rapidly as they can be completed. The Natural History branch is conducted by Prof. Huxley, and that of Palæontology by Mr. Etheridge. Mr. Hunt, the keeper of the Mining Record Office, has added 310 plans of new surveys of the coal fields and mineral districts, and sections of mines, and placed the mineral statistics in the most reliable condition.

ROYAL SCHOOL OF MINES.

Although under the nominal supervision of the Science and Art Department, this School is still administered by the Director-General of the Geological Survey. In 1868-69, there were 17 students (including 12 royal exhibitioners), and 93 different students in attendance on the special courses, viz.: 30 in chemistry; 11 in natural history; 14 in physics; 17 in geology; 5.in mining; 4 in mineralogy; 4 in metallurgy; 7 in applied mechanics; 1 in mechanical drawing. Besides the regular lectures, four special courses were delivered to working men, in the afternoon, with an average attendance of 600 artisans; and two evening courses, one in chemistry and a second in physics, were delivered to school teachers, with an attendance of 237 on the former, and of 180 on the latter. This Central School should have feeders in the various mining districts, where some familiarity with mining operations can be had, and the want of higher scientific instruction be brought home to the future engineers and fore

men.

METALLURGICAL LABORATORY.

In 1868-9, thirty-five students in all, 14 in the spring term, 9 in the summer, and 12 in the winter, attended the laboratory practice in metallurgy, under Dr. Percy.

MUSEUM OF PRACTICAL GEOLOGY

The Museum was visited in 1869 by 47,506 persons, of which number, 26,871 were by day and 20,635 in the evening.

Mr. Scott Russell, while acknowledging the great value of its collections, and the reputation of its professors, complains that "its sphere of usefulness is sadly narrowed by the facts that it has neither the advantage of provincial technic schools, which lead to it; of coördinate institutions that educate analogous professions alongside of it; nor any thing above to which it leads up. It is a "lone school, of the advantages of which our millions of technical folks can not possibly avail themselves, save by a passing visit, or a rare holiday, or a rarer attendance on a lecture. With its valuable collections, it may become the nucleus of a larger and better-endowed organization—the favorite resort of working men, filled day and night with enthusiastic students, zealous, industrious, and ambitious."

The laboratories, collections, and teaching staff of the School of Mines, College of Chemistry, and Geological Survey, properly supplemented, would make a Central School of Science, with applications to construction, engineering, and manufactures of all kinds, worthy of the nation.

ROYAL COLLEGE OF CHEMISTRY.

The Royal College of Chemistry was established by a Stock Company in 1845 to provide facility for systematic laboratory practice in chemistry, in reference to the demands of agriculture and manufactures. The funds to provide a building and equipment were raised by subscription to memberships, which conferred some privileges assignable in the lectures, and manipulations of the laboratory. The institution was managed by a Council, and an Executive Com. mittee.

The first Professor was Dr. Michael Hofmann, an eminent pupil of Baron Liebig, at Giessen, whose experience and reputation has led to his being recalled to Prussia, to superintend the construction of the two great Laboratories built by the government for the Universities of Bonn, and Berlin, for original research, and the highest practical teaching, at an expense for the two of near one million of dollars.

The first temporary laboratories were erected in George Street, Hanover Square, where the Practical School of Chemistry was opened in October, 1845. Permanent quarters were provided in a new structure erected on Hanover Square, the first stone for which was laid by Prince Albert, June 16, 1846, and better facilities for laboratory practice were provided than at that time existed in Great Britain. With the aid of the Royal Society, in 1850 and 1851, Dr. Hofmann undertook a series of experiments on vegetable alkaloids, and with Prof. Graham, of University College, and of Prof. Thompson, of Glasgow, and Professors Millar and Redwood, he carried on investigations of various kinds at the request of the Government, besides lecturing from 1847 to 1853, three times a week.

In 1853, the building, furnaces, and other fixtures, were transferred to the Department of Science and Art, and incorporated into its scheme of operations; but it seems practically to have been administered as an integral portion of the School of Mines, and the annual notice of its work for 1869 is included in the report of the Director-General of the Geological Survey, to which both institutions belong.

In 1869, there were 136 students in attendance on the regular courses of lectures, enjoying opportunities of manipulations and analysis in the Students' Laboratory, and the Laboratory of Research; in which together there is accommodation for only 48 pupils at the same time.

The chief professor, Dr. Frankland, who succeeded Dr. Hofmann, is allowed two assistants in the laboratory work, and is much employed in making investigations and analyses for different departments of the government. He deliv. ered in 1869 a course of lectures, with illustrations in the laboratory, on teaching chemistry to a class of 26 science teachers.

All students but the Royal Exhibitioners pay an annual fee of 367. The entire cost for one year of laboratory practice and the lectures is 421.

Many improvements in manufacturing processes, in which chemistry is involved, have already been made by men trained as students in this College; and any student holding its first class certificate of proficiency commands ready employment in certain establishments.

The Director (Dr. Frankland) asks for larger and better accommodations to meet the increasing demand and put the laboratories on a footing with those of Carlsruhe, Zurich, and Berlin.

OWENS COLLEGE, MANCHESTER.

OWENS COLLEGE, in Manchester, was founded by the bequest of Mr. John⚫ Owens, a merchant of Manchester, who, dying in 1846, bequeathed the larger part of his property, amounting to nearly 100,000, to "trustees, to found an institution for providing or aiding the means of instructing or improving young persons of the male sex (and being of an age of not less than 14 years) in such branches of learning and science as were then, and might be thereafter usually taught in the English Universities." In addition to this bequest, which yields an income of 3,000l. a year, the trustees have received in benefactions of various kinds the sum of 20,000, which has been applied to scholarships, and to a chemical laboratory. The fees received from students amount to about 2,000. a year, making a total income of 6,000l. in 1867.

The College was organized for the reception of students in 1851, the chemical department being the most important, in reference to Manchester being the center of the largest manufactures in which chemistry plays an important part, in the kingdom. To encourage the study of chemistry in its highest branches and applications, several scholarships, (named after the eminent chemist, Dr. Dalton,) to the value of 50l. a year, have been instituted. These scholarships are tenable two years, and the main condition upon which success in the examination rests, is the evidence of successful practical work in the laboratory. This scholarship was instituted in 1851, and since then (to 1869) it has been taken 9 times. The successful students at once find employment in the large works, or as teachers of science in other institutions. There is another scholarship, founded by Mrs. E. Shuttleworth, with the sum of 1,250, to promote the study of political economy. Mr. Whitworth has given to the college seven exhibitions of 251. each for the purpose of encouraging candidates for the examination for his scholarships in mechanical engineering of the value of 1001. each. A fund of 10,000 has been raised among the engineers of Manchester, to found the department of civil and mechanical engineering. The sum of 100,000l. has been recently raised for a general fund to provide suitable buildings and increase the facilities of scientific and literary instruction.

The attendance on the College in 1868 was about 500, distributed into day and evening classes-the former amounting to 170. These classes are arranged under the Art Course, comprising the usual secondary studies of a classical school, but including chemistry and French or German; or under the Science Course, which fits students for matriculation at the University of London at the end of the second, and for the final degree, at the end of the third year.

Although it is the aim of the Trustees to develop fully the scientific department of the College, they aim also to place the literary section on a broad and substantial basis, by having one or more professorships in each leading branch of knowledge-expecting to find among the people of Manchester the same enlightened appreciation of the value of literature and science which has prompted the people of Glasgow to raise the sum of near $2,000,000 to enlarge and improve the facilities of higher learning in their ancient University.

There are now professorships of Greek and Latin, Hebrew and Arabic, English Language and Literature, French and German, History, Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Natural History, Drawing, with the speedy prospect of a chair of applied Geology and Mining, and of Astronomy and Meteorology.