pt. II. From the peace of Westphalia in 1648 to the peace of Paris in 1763

1649 The populace barricade the streets, and oblige
the court to set at liberty the president, and one of
the counsellors of the parliament of Paris, that
had been taken into custody.

Distress of the royal family

The parliament declares cardinal Mazarine a dis-

turber of the public peace and an enemy to the

kingdom

139

140

The absurd levity of the French nation....... 140

1650 Cardinal Mazarine regains his authority, and

140

Condé and other princes of the blood are ar-

140

rested....

Various turns of fortune

1651 The duke of Bouillon, and his brother Tu-

141

renne, detached from the malecontents...... 140

1652 Battle of St. Antoine

....... 141

141

It is decided in favour of the malecontents, by an

exertion of female intrepidity..

1653 A popular tumult

141

1654 Lewis XIV., being of age, dismisses Mazarine,

in order to appease his subjects.

141

1655 The cardinal is recalled, and reinstated in the

administration.....

141

Progress of the Spanish arms during the civil wars

in France....

..... 142

1656 Turenne forces the Spanish lines at Ar-

The French routed before Valenciennes....... 142

Masterly retreat of Turenne....

Character of that accomplished general

1658 The Spaniards defeated by the English and

French near Dunkirk..

143

Dunkirk surrenders, and is assigned to England 142

1659 Peace of the Pyrenees

1661 Death and character of cardinal Mazarine 143

Affairs of Germany and the northern kingdoms 143

Tranquillity of the empire

Death of Ferdinand III. and accession of his son

Leopold (A. D. 1657)......

the government of Christina,

144

Sweden, under

daughter of Gustavus Adolphus..

Her passion for literature burtful to her administra-

...... 144

tion.....

143

1650 In order to avoid being forced to marry, she

prevails with the states to declare her cousin,

Charles Gustavus, her successor............ 144

........ 145

145

1654 She resigns the crown....

Accession of Charles X...

Christina embraces the Catholic religion at Brus-

sels........

145

Page

1656 After residing some time in Italy, she visits Fatigue him with listening to prayers and ser-

France....

Her masculine manner..

145 1651 He makes his escape from them, but is in-

duced to return....

1657 She orders Monaldeschi, her favourite, to be

assassinated.........

...... 154

145 Is better treated, and intrusted with more autho-

145 rity

Finds it necessary to leave France...........

Returns to Rome, and there passes the remainder

of her life

Puts himself at the head of his troops, and encamps

. 145 at Torwood........

Military exploits of Charles X............................................ 145

He conquers Poland..

... 146

1658 Enters Denmark, and lays siege to Copen-

hagen....

146

1659 His death

1660 Peace of Oliva................................................................... 146

The prince of Wales assumes the title of Charles

U....

147

The covenanters declare him king of Scotland 147

Retrospective view of the affairs of Ireland... 147

The marquis of Ormond lord-lieutenant....... 147

He concludes a treaty with the council of Kilkenny

(A. D. 1646)....

....

147

Delivers up (by order of the late_king) Dublin, and

every other fortified place in Ireland, to colonel

Jones, who takes possession of them in the name

of the English parliament (A. D. 1647)...... 148

A combination formed for the support of the royal

authority in that kingdom (A. D. 1648)...... 148

Ormond again takes possession of the government,

and recovers many places

148

Cromwell named lord-lieutenant of Ireland by the

English parliament

148

He sends over a reinforcement of four thousand

men to colonel Jones, governor of Dublin.... 148

Ormond totally routed by Jones, in attempting to
form the siege of that capital........

Cromwell lands in Ireland, takes Drogheda by storm,

and puts the garrison to the sword.

149

The whole island submits to him

Charles II. listens to the rigorous terms of the Scot-

While Cromwell is employed in cutting off his pro-

visions, the king lifts his camp, and marches into

England...

Cromwell follows him with all possible expedition,

leaving general Monk to complete the conquest of

Scotland

The battle of Worcester.................................... ....... 155

The royal army utterly broken and ruined, and the

He conceals himself for some time at Boscobel in

king obliged to attempt his escape in disguise 155

the character of a peasant....

......

155

For greater security ascends a spreading oak.. 155

Rides before the daughter of Mr. Lane, of Bentley,

on the same horse, to Bristol, in the character of

a servant

155, 156

Intrusts himself to colonel Wyndham, of Dorset-

shire..

156

Loyalty and generosity of that gentleman and his

family

The king is obliged to assume various disguises, in

order to elude the vigilance of his enemies... 156

After forty days' concealment, he embarks in a small

vessel at Shoreham in Sussex, and arrives safely

at Fieschamp, on the coast of Normandy.... 156

Every place in the dominions of Great Britain and

Ireland submits to the commonwealth of Eng-

land...

...... 156

Retrospective view of the affairs of Holland.. 156

The Dutch abolish the dignity of stadtholder.. 156

St. John, the English envoy, fails in an attempt to

form a coalition between the two commonwealths,

and returns in disgust..

The ACT OF NAVIGATION .....

Its purport and political operation.

Naval war between England and Holland.....

Blake, the English admiral, defeated by the Dutch

fleet, under Van Tromp and De Ruyter 157

Insolence of the Dutch after their victory..... 157

Blake totally defeats their fleet off Portland, and in

a manner annihilates their naval power..... 158

1653 The English commonwealth parliament dis-
solved by Cromwell..

His behaviour on that occasion

He remains possessed of the whole civil and military

power of England, Scotland, and Ireland.... 159

Account of the early part of Cromwell's life... 159

The steps by which he first rose in the army... 159

State of sects and parties in England when he as-

He is condemned to be hanged at the cross of Edin- sumed the reins of government......................... 159

burgh

151 His attention to the millenarians...

His dignified behaviour when led forth to execu- He summons a parliament of enthusiasts...... 160

tion.....

151 Dissolves it......

......... 151 Instrument of government

152 Oliver Cromwell protector....

Dutch fleet defeated by Monk and Dean.... 162

Dutch fleet defeated by Monk, with the loss of

thirty ships.

Death of Van Tromp.

150

New enterprise of the marquis of Montrose...

He is defeated and made prisoner....

Ignominiously treated by the covenanters...... 151

His magnanimous speech to the Scottish parlia-

ment.......

151

His death and character..

Arrival of Charles II. in Scotland..

In order to please the covenanters, he submits to

many humiliations, and publishes a declaration

injurious to the honour of his family........ 152

He is not able, after all, to acquire the confidence

of the covenanters.....

152

The. English parliament makes vigorous prepara-

tions for the invasion of Scotland..

152

Fairfax resigns his commission, and Cromwell is

appointed commander-in-chief of their forces 153

He enters Scotland with a veteran army of sixteen

thousand men

Page

1658 Cromwell attempts to constitute a house of The Spanish merchants eagerly engage in a trade

peers.....

165 with the Moluccas....

Jealousy of the Portuguese.

The commons refuse to acknowledge the authority

of that house.....

... 165

The protector dissolves the parliament........ 165

Several conspiracies formed against him...... 165

His dread of assassination...

166

They revive the rump, or remnant of the long par-
liament

169

tower........

Monk arrives at London, and declares

parliament .......

Secluded members restored..

Parliament dissolved....

Secrecy of Monk

172

He reveals his intentions, in favour of the king, to

sir John Granville, who had a commission from

Charles..

172

New parliament attached to the royal cause... 172

Escape of general Lambert from the tower.... 172

He is taken before he becomes formidable..... 172

Sir John Granville, introduced by Monk, presents

to the parliament the king's declaration from

Breda....

173

Restoration of Charles II.....

....... 173

General joy of the nation at that event........ 173

LETTER XI.

Progress of Navigation, Commerce, and Coloniza-

tion, from the Beginning of the Sixteenth to the

Middle of the Seventeenth Century.

Introductory reflections

.....

175

1529 Charles V. makes over to the crown of Por-

tugal his claim to those islands ...

175

1555 Philip II. of Spain plants a colony in the

Manillas, to which he gives the name of the Phi-

lippines.

175

Trade between those islands and the Spanish set-

tlements in South America..

How conducted...

175

176

Extent of the Portuguese dominions in the East

Indies....

........... 176

.... 176

In Africa and America...

Corruption of their oriental government...... 176

1572 The Indian princes confederate against

them.......

176

1580 Portugal falls under the dominion of Spain 176

Fatal effects of that revolution

176

1594 Philip II. prohibits all intercourse between

Portugal and the United Provinces..

Consequences of that prohibition ....

The Dutch, being shut out from the markets of Por-

tugal, turn their eyes towards the East In-

dies..

177

1595 Voyage of Cornelius Houtman thither... 177

1597 Of Van Neck, who trades with the inhabit-

ants of the Moluccas, and establishes factories in

several of the islands

177

1602 Incorporation of the Dutch East India Com-

pany.

177

Admiral Warwick sails to the East with fourteen

ships belonging to that company, and founds the

city of Batavia in the island of Java....... 177

War between the Portuguese and Dutch in the

East Indies....

..... 177

The Dutch gradually strip the Portuguese of al:

their settlements in the East, except Goa 177, 178

They also make themselves masters of the Portu-

guese settlements in Brazil, which they hold till

the year 1654

178

Rise of the English East India Company (A. D.

1600)....

178

Successful voyage of captain James Lancaster 178

Disadvantages under which the English lay in the

East Indies....

... 178

1616 They send thither ships of force........ 178

Erect forts, and establish factories, in the islands of

Java, Poleron, Amboyna, and Banda........ 178

The Dutch endeavour to dispossess them...... 178

Bloody engagements in the Indian Ocean between
the ships of the two nations...
178, 179

1619 Peace between the two companies.

....... 179

1623 Cruelties of the Dutch to the English settlers at

Lantore, Poleron, and Amboyna............ 179

English East India Company obliged to abandon the

trade of the Spice islands to their perfidious and

inhuman rivals

173

180

1519 Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan...

1520 He enters the South Sea by the straits that

bear his name.....

175

1521 Discovers the Manillas

Is slain by the natives in the island of Zebu... 175

The ships of his squadron touch at the Moluccas

or Spice islands.......... ............................................ 175

1522 Juan Sebastian del Cano, one of his captains,

returns to Europe by the cape of Good Hope 175

183

........ 184

The general View of the Affairs of Europe con-

tinued, from the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in

1668, to the Peace of Nimeguen, in 1678.

General act of indemnity....

Trial and execution of the regicides.. ... 184 Preamble....

State of the church .....

198

184 Retrospective view of the affairs of Hungary.. 198

Dissolution of the convention parliament...... 184 The Hungarian nobles revolt, and crave the assist-

1661 New parliament favourable to episcopacy and ance of the Turks ........

monarchical power.....

Act of uniformity.......

184

185

........ 198

1669 The Turks make themselves masters of the

island of Candia.......

..... 198

185

Repeal of the act for triennial parliaments .... 185

Rigour of the high-church party....... 185

1662 Presbyterian clergy ejected...

This impolitic measure unites the Protestant dis-

senters in a common hatred of the church.. 185

The king and his brother the duke of York, being

secretly Catholics, form the plan of a general to-

leration

185

186

Lewis XIV. meditates the conquest of the United

Provinces..

....... 199

Charles II. of England give up his mind to arbi-

trary counsels

199

Concludes a secret treaty with France

1670 Mock treaty intended to conceal the real

one......

......... 199

Death of the dutchess of Orleans............. 200

Rise of the dutchess of Portsmouth........... 200

The French monarch makes himself master of

Lorraine......

Declaration to that purpose...

The plan of toleration opposed by the parliament,

and laid aside........

186

200

Presbyterians persecuted in Scotland. ....... 186 The king of England obtains a large supply from

King's marriage

................................... 186 his parliament..

201

Sale of Dunkirk.

.......... 186 The duke of York declares himself a Catholic 201

1664 War with the United Provinces.......... 186 1671 Charles II., still necessitous, shuts the ex-
State of the affairs of that republic........... 187 chequer....
201
Character of the pensionary De Wit..
187 Exercises several acts of arbitrary power...... 201

Great naval preparations of England and Hol- 1672 Attempt upon the Dutch Smyrna fleet.... 201

land

187 France and England declare war against Hol-

land

1665 Dutch defeated by the English fleet under the

duke of York...

lague rages in London..

201

188 Great preparations both by sea and land ................ 202

188 Defenceless state of the United Provinces..... 202

France and Denmark league with the United Pro-Account of William III. prince of Orange..... 202

vinces against England

He is appointed commander-in-chief of the forces of

the republic.......

188

1666 Memorable sea-fight of four days........ 189

After various turns of fortune, the Dutch fleet,

under De Ruyter and young Tromp, forced to

retreat by the English, commanded by prince

Rupert and the duke of Albemarle ......... 189

The Hollanders insulted in their harbours..... 190

Fire of London.......

State of religion in Scotland..

Insurrection of the presbyterians

Battle of Pentland Hills..

190

191

203

De Wit and De Ruyter with ninety-one Dutch ships

of war, give battle to the combined fleets of

France and England, commanded by D'Estrees

and the duke of York (May 29) ............ 203

Desperate valour of the earl of Sandwich..... 203

Furious combat between De Ruyter and the duke

193

water..

Famous passage of that river (June 12)
Rapid progress of the French arms
Distracted state of the United Provinces ...... 205
The sluices opened, and the country laid under
205

204

....

204

193

1667 Act of the English parliament prohibiting the

importation of Irish cattle..

....192

That law ultimately beneficial to Ireland...... 192

Negotiations at Breda.....

193

The Dutch fleet under De Ruyter, takes possession

of the mouth of the Thames