than one of mere conveniency in this, recreation is the predominant idea; in that, utility. But, even in this, the direct line may be difpenfed with. The natural roads upon heaths and open downs, and the grafly glades and green roads across forefts and extenfive waftes, are proper fubjects to be studied.

THE BRIDGE fhould never be feen where it is not wanted: a ufelefs bridge is a deception; deceptions are frauds; and fraud is always hateful; unless when practised to avert some greater evil. A bridge without water is an abfurdity; and half an one ftuck up as an eye-trap is a paltry trick, which, though it may ftrike the ftranger, cannot fail of difgufting when the fraud is found out.

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In low fituations, and wherever water abounds, bridges become useful, and are therefore pleafing objects: they are looked for, and ought to appear; not as objects of ornament only, but likewife as matters of utility.. The walk or the road, therefore, ought to be directed in fuch a manner as to crofs the water at the point in which the bridge will appear to the greatest advantage.

In the conftruction of bridges, also, regard muft be had to ornament and utility. A bridge is an arti ficial production, and as fuch it, ought to appear, It ranks among the nobleft of human inventions : the fhip and the fortrefs alone excel it. Simplicity and firmnefs are the leading principles in its conftruction. Mr. Wheatley's observation is just when he fays, "The fingle wooden arch, now much in fafhion, feems to me generally mifapplied. Elevated without

without occafion fo much above, it is totally de. tached from the river; it is often feen ftraddling in the air, without a glimpfe of water to account for it; and the oftentation of it as an ornamental object, diverts all that train of ideas, which its ufe, as a communication, might fuggeft." (Obf. on Mod. Gard. 73.) But we beg leave to differ from this ingenious Writer when he tells us, that it iş

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fpoiled, if adorned; it is disfigured, if only painted of any other than a dufky colour." In a ruftic fcene, where Nature wears her own coarse garb, the vulgar foot-bridge of planks only, guarded on one hand by a common rail, and fupported by a few ordinary piles," may be in character; but amidst a display of ornamented Nature, a contrivance of that kind would appear mean and påltry; and would be an affectation of fimplicity, rather than the lovely attribute itself. In cultivated fcenes, the bridge ought to receive the ornaments which the 1ws of architectural tafte allow.; and the more polifhed the fituation, the higher fhould be the ftyle and finifhings.

SEATS have a two-fold ufe; they are useful as places of reft and conversation, and as guides to the pints of view, in which the beauties of the furrounding fcene are difclofed. Every point of view fhould be marked with a feat, and, speaking generally, no feat ought to appear but in fome favourable point of view. This rule may not be invariable, but is pught feldom to be deviated from.

In the ruder fcenes of neglected Nature, the fimple trunk, rough from the woodman's hands, and the butts or ftools of rooted trees, without any other marks of tools upon them than thofe of the faw which fevered them from their ftems, are feats in character; and in romantic or reclufe fituations, the cave or the grotto are admiffible. But whereever human defign has been executed upon the natural objects of the place, the feat and every other artificial accompaniment ought to be in unifon; and, whether the bench or the alcove be chofen, it ought to be formed and finished in such a manner as to unite with the wood, the lawn, and the walk, which lie round it.

The colour of feats fhould likewife be fuited to fituations where uncultivated Nature prevails, the natural brown of the wood itself ought not to be altered but where the rural art prefides, white, or ftone-colour, has a much better effect.

BUILDINGS may be admitted into ornamented Nature; provided they be at once useful and ornamental. Mere ornament without ufe, and mere ufe without ornament, are equally inadmiffible. Nor should their ufes be disguised; a barn dreffed up in the habit of a country church, or a farm. house figuring away in the fierceness of a castle, are ridiculous deceptions. A landfcape daubed upon a board, and a wooden steeple stuck up in a wood, are beneath cenfure.

There is another fpecies of ufelefs ornament ftill more offenfive, because more coftly, than those com.

paratively

paratively innocent eye-traps; we mean Temples Whether they be dedicated to Bacchus, Venus, Priapus, or any other demon of debauchery, they are, in this age, enlightened with regard to theological and scientific knowledge, equally abfurd.

We are far, however, from wishing to exclude architecture from ornamented Nature. We wish to fee it exercised in all its beauty and fublimity upon a chapel†, a mausoleum, a monument |,- fcattered judiciously among the natural ornaments : not too open or conspicuous, to give them the air of principals; nor too reclufe, to lose their full effect as fubordinate parts of the one great whole.

*Notwithstanding thoufands, or tens of thoufands, have, in one instance, been facrificed to Vanity and false Wit (O! Temple! "how delightful are thy Temples !"), we flatter ourselves that as few men's names can apologize for committing fo great an act of folly, the example will not be copied.

The late Sir William Harbord, whose taste and judgement, upon every occafion, difcovered a goodness of heart and a greatnefs of character, has given us a model of this kind, at Gunton, in Norfolk. The parish-church standing in his park, and being an old unfightly building, he had it taken down, and a beautiful temple, under the direction of the Adams', erected upon its fite.

The mausoleum at Caftle-Howard, in Yorkshire, the feat of the Earl of Carlifle, is a noble building.

The temple of Concord and Victory at Stowe, erected to the memory of the great Lord Chatham and his glorious war, is a beautiful monumental building, fuited to the greatness of the occafion.

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In fcenes lefs ornamented, buildings of an oeconomical nature may appear with good effect. Sir George Warren, at his feat near Fetcham in Surrey, has turned a temple into a wind-mill with great fuccefs. What was before a ufelefs, lifeless fabrick, now ftands an emblem of activity and induftry. Under the heads of large artificial lakes, water-mills may generally be erected, and with good effect. A mill is not only a striking inftance of the power of the human invention, but is frequently a great relief to the poor in its neighbourhood. Subftantial farm-houses, and neat comfortable cottages, scattered at a proper distance, are always pleasing objects. The banquetting-house and the porter's lodge, being more fufceptible of ornament, may be permitted nearer the

eye.

GENERAL APPLICATION.

HAVING thus enumerated the elements, and fet forth the leading principles, we now proceed to the execution.

We beg leave to preface this part of our performance with apprizing our Readers, that all that can be written upon this delightful art muft be more or lefs general. All that fcience can do is to give a comprehenfive view of the subject; and all

that