continuance, with no other trouble than what was directed for the layers; namely, keeping them clear of weeds, digging between the rows in the winter; at the fame time taking off all very large fide-branches; and in the fummer pinching off fuch young fhoots, in the head, as may have a tendency to make the tree become forked. This practice of grafting will be found a valuable improvement of the English Elm, if we confider the nature of the Wych Elm, on which it is grafted. First, the Wych Elm will not only grow to the largest size of all the forts, but will grow the fafteft. However, this is not to be wondered at, if we examine the root, which we fhall find more fibrous, and the pores larger and in greater numbers than in any of the other Elms. Now, as all roots are of a spongy nature, to receive the juices of the earth for the nourishment and growth of the tree, that tree must neceffarily grow the fastest whose root is most spongy and porous; and therefore the true English Elm, being fet upon the root of the Wych, a greater quantity of nutriment is received from the earth for its encrease, in proportion as the root of the Wych Elm is more fpongy and porous than that of its own fort. Thus the English Elm, on this basis, will arrive at timber many years sooner than those raised by layers, and be alfo forced to a greater fize. If we confider too that the roots of the Wych Elm will imbibe fuch juices as are proper for the growth of its own forts, timber thus raised must be better, as the wood of the Wych Elm is fo excellent in its kind as to answer the purposes of all the other kinds.” L See more of the ELM under WOODLAND. ZANTHOXYLUM. LINNEAN Clafs and ORDER, Diacia Pentandria: Male flowers containing five parts, and female flowers containing There are two SPECIES: one one part; upon diftin&t plants. of which, with due care, may be enured to this climate. ZAN ZANTHOXYLUM Clava Herculis: The TOOTHACHE-TREE; a deciduous fhrub; native of Jamaica, Carolina, and Pennsylvania. The TOOTHACHE-TREE (fo called from its bark being faid to be efficacious in that complaint) will grow to the height of about twelve feet. The bark is rough, and armed with fhort thick fpines. The leaves are its greatest ornament; for they are pinnated, are of a fine dark-green on their upper furface, and yellowish underneath, and grow without order on the branches. The folioles are fpear-shaped, long; four or five pair are terminated by an odd one, and the whole leaf has much the refemblance of thofe of the Maftich tree. The flowers come out in loose panicles, from the ends of the branches; they are fmall, and of little figure, having no petals, though the coloured fegments of the calyx have been taken for petals. They are fucceeded by roundish capfules, containing the feeds, which hardly ever ripen in England. There is a variety of this genus, with leaves composed of oval, oblong folioles, which have prickly mid-ribs. This difference is permanent from feeds. They are numbered in the nurferies as two diftinct forts; the first is called the Lentifcus-leaved Toothache-tree; the other the Afh-leaved Tooth*ache-tree. Thefe trees are PROPAGATED from the feeds, which we receive from abroad; and these are feldom lefs than two, and often three or four, years before they come up. They must be Town deep, in largish pots, filled with a good, light, fandy compoft; and after that, the pots may be plunged into fome natural foil, in a fhady place, and there left undisturbed, except having conftant weeding, during the next fummer and winter. The fpring following they may be taken up and plunged into an hotbed; and this will bring up many of the feeds. They must be next hardened by degrees; and afterwards plunged into their former station, to remain there until autumn. In the enfuing winter they must be preserved in the greenhouse, or under a hotbed-frame; and in the spring they should have a hotbed as before; and then you may expect to fee the remainder of the whole crop. The fame management must be repeated until the fpring following, when they they must be all fhaken out of the pots, and each be planted in a feparate pot. Watering fhould be given them, to fettle the mould to the roots; and they fhould be plunged into a hotbed as before. After this they must be hardened to the air, and fet abroad in a fhady place. The plants are now raifed; but they should be treated as greenhouse-plants for two or three years after; when, in fome fpring, they may be turned out of their pots, with their mould, into the places where they are defigned to remain. The places allotted them fhould be naturally warm and well-fheltered; for although they are tolerably hardy when old, they require protection at first; and with this, nothing but the fevereft winters can deftroy them. TIMBER. TIMBER. TIM IMBER is the great and primary object of planting. Ornament, abftracted from utility, ought to be confined within narrow limits. Indeed, in matters of planting, especially in the taller plantations, it were difficult to feparate entirely the idea of ornament from that of ufe. Trees in general are capable of producing an ornamental effect; and there is no tree which may not be faid to be more or less useful. But their difference in point of value when arrived at maturity is incomparable; and it would be the height of folly to plant a tree whofe characteristic is principally ornamental, when another which is more ufeful and equally ornamental may be planted in its ftead. Therefore, previous to our entering at large upon the bufinefs of planting, it will be proper to en. deavour to specify the trees moft ufeful to be planted. In attempting this we must look forward, and endeavour to afcertain the fpecies and proportional quantities of TIMBER which will hereafter be wanted, when the trees now to be planted fhall have reached maturity. To do this with a degree of certainty is impoffible: Cuftoms and fashions alter as caprice and neceffity dictate. All that appears capable of being done in a matter of this nature is, to trace the great outlines, and, by obferv |