III. SUPERIOR AND PROFESSIONAL INSTRUCTION.

Superior instruction is given either in the Universities, or in Polytechnic schools of the highest grade. The latter are usually classed and will be described with Special Schools.

The high standard of University instruction is maintained (1) by the Certificate of Maturity—the evidence of having completed in a satisfactory manner the eight years' course of a Gymnasium; and (2) by the government examination of all candidates for employment in any department of the public service, or who aspire to practice as a lawyer or physician, pastor, or teacher-to be admitted to which, the candidate must produce certificates of having attended a University for at least three years. The examinations are conducted by government commissions, composed of scientific and practical men. The following summary is specially applicable to Prussia, but generally, to all the German States.

(1.) Jurisprudence.—To obtain a license to practice as a solicitor or barrister, or to fill a State appointment in the Civil Service, the candidate must have attended at a University, for the space of three and a half years, the lectures on the following subjects:-Roman Law, German and French Civil Law; Statute Law and Common Law of Prussia; Civil and Criminal Law and Procedure; International Law; German State History and History of German Law; Canon Law; Philosophy of Law; Feudal Law; Civil Bar-practice, and the Art of Reporting; Forensic Medicine; and National Economy. Besides the above, he must attend three courses, at his choice, in the faculty of Arts and Sciences.

The State examination is both written and oral. The former comprehends all the above-named branches; and the Corpus juris civilis Romani is the only book allowed him for reference. The oral examination is on Roman Law, the Common Law of Baden, Criminal Law and Civil Pleadings, and National Economy. The examination commission is appointed jointly by the Ministries of Justice, and Home Affairs, and consists usually of "Ministerial Councilors." This is the first stage. The candidate, who has passed this examination, is called Rechtspraktikant; has now to serve for two years in district courts, in courts of justice of different grades, and in government offices; and after having thus gained the necessary practice in these departments, he is admitted to the second practical examination, before another commission of lawyers. This second examination embraces-Constitutional Law of the State, Common Law, Criminal Law and Procedure, the Rules observed in Civil Pleadings. This is a written examination, followed by an oral exposition of some subject relating to judicial administration, the conduct of a prosecution or defense. The candidate has placed in his hands, a week previous to his discourse, the documents with which the latter is to deal. An oral examination on the above subjects accompanies the practical test. The candidate is now called Referendarius, and can accept a public appointment, or practice as a solicitor or barrister.

(2.) Finance. The students in this department are called Cameralisten, and are all destined for the public service. It comprehends public debt, taxes, administration of public property, mines, &c. They are obliged to attend, during three years and a half, lectures at a University on the following subjects:Mathematics (arithmetic, algebra, geometry, plane trigonometry, elements of applied geometry, and mechanics, actuarial and other calculations); Zoology; Botany; Geognosy; Physics; Chemistry; Agriculture; Care of Forests; Mining; Technology; Commercial Science; National Economy; Finance (theoreti cal and practical); Police Regulations; Public Right. Besides the above course, the student must attend, during the first two years, one philological, philosophical, or historical course of lectures, and is expected to continue the study of modern languages.

The State examination takes place under the direction of the Ministry of Finance: it is conducted by councilors of this department, and by specially appointed examiners, and is both written and oral. The written examination

embraces all the branches just enumerated; the oral examination, only such as are deemed appropriate for the special appointment aimed at by the candidate.

(3.) Protestant Theology.-The students of Protestant Theology must reside at the University for about two and a half years, and attend the following course: -Introduction to the Old and New Testament; Exegesis of the same; History of the Church and Dogmas; Dogmatics and Morals; Homiletics and Catechetics. The student must then pass examination before the director of the theological seminary connected with the University and special commissioners. The successful candidates are admitted into the theological seminary in Wittenberg, and attend in the latter, as in the University, the following gratuitous lectures, and receive, besides, a bursary (i. e., free board and lodging). The course of lectures extends over twelve months, and comprises:-Instruction in preaching and catechising; Liturgics; Pastoral Doctrine (comprising primary education ›; Church Law; Practical Exposition of the Old and New Testaments; Practice in discussion and argument.

The student now presents himself for the State examination, the first test being the delivery of a sermon. This examination consists of two parts, a preliminary and a principal one. The preliminary examination includes the following subjects:-Oral translation and explanation of Roman and Greek authors; Latin composition; Translation from Hebrew and exposition; General History; Mathematics and Physics. The principal examination includes:---Church History; Hermeneutics, criticism and exegesis; Dogmatics; Morals; Homiletics; Catechetics; Philosophy (logic, psychology, anthropology, philosophy of religion, practical philosophy). Having passed this examination, the candidate must first serve two years as a curate, before he can be appointed a pastor.

(4.) Roman Catholic Theology.-Students of the Roman Catholic faculty in Germany must have already passed their examination of "maturity" before State commissioners. The law prescribes a residence of three years at the University. The number and kind of theological lectures to be attended by the student is appointed by the bishop; the Roman Catholic clergy and the government being at all times engaged in a vigorous contest for supremacy. But the State requires that a student of Roman Catholic theology shall have received a general literary education before he is admitted to any office in his church; all church appointments in Germany being subject to the approval of the secular government. Besides the theoretical lectures, attendance on the courses of Latin, Greek, philosophy and history is enjoined; and the State prescribes also a general literary examination, common both for Protestant and Roman Catholic candidates of theology, in the following subjects:-Latin Composition; Explanation of easier Greek authors; History of Philosophy: General History and German History; History of German Literature; Constitution and Administrative Law.

(5.) Instructors in Secondary Schools.-Teachers in a gymnasium or Höhere Bürgerschule, must, in addition to a theoretical examination, after two years' practice, also pass a practical one. There are two classes of teachers—viz., (1) philological, and (2) mathematical and scientific. Both classes must spend three years at a university. The mathematical and scientific teacher may also, after two years' university study, attend in the third year a Polytechnic school. The Philological Students have to attend the following lectures:-Archæology; Grammar and Prosody; Roman and Greek authors, six at least; Roman and Greek antiquities, history and literature; Arithmetic; Physics; Pædagogy. Besides these lectures, the students are to read accurately the following authors:Homer, Herodotus, Sophocles, Horace, Cæsar, Xenophon, Virgil, Livy, Cicero, Tacitus, and others.

At Berlin, Breslau, Stettin, Halle, and Magdeburg, there is a pedagogical seminary, in which candidates can attend exercises during two years. There is also a historical seminary for special students and teachers of history at Berlin, Bonn and Königsberg.

The Mathematical and Scientific Students and Teachers attend the following lectures:-Arithmetic, Algebra, Plane and Solid Geometry, Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, Analytical Geometry and Mechanics, Differential and Integral Calculus, Surveying, &c., Physics, Chemistry, Zoology, Botany. Besides these professional lectures, they are obliged to attend, at their option, three philological and historical courses. Both the philological and the mathematical and

scientific candidates have first to pass a common examination; subsequently each of the two classes has special examinations.

The special examination for, philologists consists again of three grades:(1) Formalexamen, (2) Realexamen, and (3) Fachexamen, in History, German, French, and English or Philosophy, according to choice. Optional subjects: Mathematics, Natural History, French, English, Hebrew. All is accurately prescribed in detail.

The special examination for mathematical and scientific candidates is of three grades: (1) Mathematics, (2) Natural Sciences, (3) Optional examination in certain branches. All details minutely prescribed. The Commission of Examiners is appointed by the minister in coöperation with the Supreme Council of Education.

To the universities of Berlin, Bonn, Breslau, Griefswald, Königsberg and Munster, a philological seminary is attached, consisting of two sections, a lower and an upper. The lower is devoted to exercises in writing and speaking Latin, to Greek composition and current reading of authors. The upper seminary is devoted to practice in the interpretation of Latin authors, in methodical and pædagogical exposition, philological and critical exercises.

(6.) Medicine. The medical student must attend the university for four years. His course of studies is divided into two parts, the preliminary and the purely medical. At the end of two years, he is admitted to his preliminary examination (fee 40 florins.) The preliminary course includes the following obligatory lectures:-Botany, Zoology, Mineralogy, Geognosy, Physics, Chemistry (theoretical and practical,) Anatomy with dissections, Physiology, and three subjects, at his option, in the faculty of Philosophy and Art.

Having passed the preliminary examination, the medical student has to attend, during the remaining two years of his university course, the following lectures: - General and special Pathology and Therapeutics, Comparative, Pathological; and Chirurgical Anatomy; Opthalmics; Chirurgy, with exercises in operations, application of machines, and dressing; Obstetrics, Pharmacy, Materia Medica, Public Hygiene, Diseases of domestic animals, History of Medicine.

Besides these lectures, the student must attend a clinical course in Medicine, Chirurgery and Obstetrics, and obstetrical clinics, and practice under the direction of the professor. Having thus gone through the prescribed course, he is admitted to the chief examination (fee, sixty florins.) The examination is both oral and written in the examination hall, in the dissecting-room, and at the sick bed. The license to practice is not granted until the candidate has passed his examination in medicine, in surgery, and in midwifery; and not for one of these branches only.

TABLE IV.-Special and Professional Schools in Germany as constituted in 1866.

12. Lippe-Detmold

13. Lippe-Schaumburg

14. Luxemburg.

15. Mecklenburg-Schwerin

16. Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

17. Nassau

18. Oldenburg

19. Prussia

20. Reuss-Greitz

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