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Endurance; Domestic Health; Domestic Economy; Domestic Comfort; Laws of Sound and Hearing in Building; Laws of Ingress, Egress, and Seeing; Laws of Climate and Weather; On Use, Purpose, and Fitness; Principles of Design; Laws of Property and Buildings; Landscape Design.

Work.-In the Drawing Office; In School of Design; In Modeling School; In Mechanical Experiment; In the Museum of Ancient Models; In the Museum of Modern Architecture; In the Collection of Building Materials; In the Collection of Decorations and Art Workmanship; In an Office of Works; On the Works; On Travel at Home; On Foreign Travel.

ENGINEERING.

Pure Science.-Higher Geometry; Higher Algebra; Higher Arithmetic; Higher Statics; Higher Dynamics; Higher Energetics; Higher Hydrology; Higher Chemistry; Higher Geology; Higher Crystallogy.

Practical Applications.-Engines and Prime Movers; Theory of Vehicles and Locomotive Machines; Theory of Ships and Steamboats; Chemistry of Building Materials; Geology of Stones and Cements; Mineralogy and Metallurgy; Stability of Foundations; Building Combinations of Materials; Sources of Materials of Construction; Theory of Bridges, Roofs, and Tunnels; Constructive Geometry; Graphic Geometry and Surveying; Descriptive Geometry; Perspective Geometry; Geometric Movements; Strengths of Materials; Elements of Mechanics; Machines and Tools; Theory of Rivers; Theory of Tides and Waves; Theory of Roads, Railroads, and Canals; Principles of Architectural Design; Principles of Metallurgy; Economics of Construction; Endurance of Structures, Engines, Machines, and Implements.

Work-In the Drawing Office; In the Collection of Engineering Models; In the Collection of Building Materials; In the Collection of Machines; In the Laboratory of Strength of Materials; In the Chemical Laboratory; In Engineering Experiment; In the Factory; On the Works; In Foreign Travel.

THE SCHOOL OF MINES.

Pure Science.-Mathematics; Physics; Chemistry; Geology; Political Economy.

Practical Applications.—Descriptive Geometry; Trigonometrical Surveying; Mineralogical Drawing; Distribution of Minerals; Practical Mechanics; Elements of Machinery; Steam Engines and Boilers; Ventilation; Drawing; Physiology and Chemistry of Life.

Work-In the Chemical Laboratory; In the Physical Laboratory; In the Drawing Office; In the Museum of Geology; In the Mine; In Foreign Mines.

THE METALLURGIST.

Pure Science.-Mathematics; Physics; Chemistry; Geology.

Practical Applications.-Smelting and Refining; Practical Mechanics; Strength of Materials; Descriptive Geometry; Mineralogical Drawing; Combustion and Ventilation; Elements of Machinery; Steam Engines and Boilers; Statics of Buildings; Nature of Machine Tools; Hydraulic Machinery; Electro-Magnetic Metallurgy.

Work-In the Chemical Laboratory; In the Physical Laboratory; In the Drawing Office; In the Museum of Geology; In the Metal Manufactory; In Foreign Travel,

THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE.

Pure Science-Mathematics; Physics; Chemistry; Natural History; Geology. Applications of Science.-Anatomy of Plants; Physiology of Plants; Anatomy of Animals; Physiology of Animals; Geology of Soils; Chemistry of Soils; Chemistry of Manures; Chemistry of Food; Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; Surveying, Leveling, Plan-drawing, and Draining; Practical Mechanics; Principles of Steam Engines; Agricultural Machinery and Implements; Nature and Influence of Climates; Buildings, Roads, Gates, and Fences; Training Fruit Trees, and Timber.

Practical Work-In the Mechanical Workshop; In the Hospital for Ani

mals; In the Farm; In Foreign Travel; In the Chemical Laboratory; In the Physical Laboratory; In the Drawing Office; In the Museum of Natural History; In the Museum of Geology.

THE GARDENER AND FORESTER.

Have an education of similar nature to the Agriculturist, with a specialty in each case. Both have, in addition, to study the principles of beauty in their applications to Landscape Decoration, and in their combinations with Architecture; both require a large course of instruction in the Theory of Climate, and in Physical Geography and Botanical Geography-both, therefore, must study Decorative Architecture. For the rest, the study of the same courses as the Agriculturist is necessary.

THE SCHOOL OF COMMERCE.

THE MERCHANT.

Pure Science.-Geograghy; Natural History; Ethnology; Political Economy; Doctrine of Probabilities; History; Languages; Ethics; Law.

Practical Applications.-Construction and Outfit of Ships; Docks and Warehouses; Physical Geography; Political Geography; Geography of Plants; Geography of Animals; Geography of Minerals; Weights and Measures of Nations; Moneys of Nations; Statistics and Wealth of Nations; Laws of Value; Laws of Insurance; Laws of Navigation; Principles of Exchange; Theories of Price; Interest and Banking; Laws of Commerce and Shipping. Work.-In Natural History Collections; In Collection of Raw Materials; In Counting-house and Warehouse; In Foreign Travel.

THE MANUFACTURER.

Pure Science.-Mathematics; Physics; Chemistry; Natural History; Political Economy.

Practical Applications.-Geometrical Drawing; Decorative Drawing; Light and Shade; Light and Color; Principles of Beauty; Principles of Design; Chemistry of Color; Animal Substances; Vegetable Substances; Mineral Substances; Geography of Raw Materials; Mechanics of Raw Materials; Architecture of Manufactories; Architecture of Warehouses; Manufacturing Machinery Commerce and Banking.

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Work.-In Natural History Collections; In Collection of Raw Materials; In Collection of Machine Models; In Collection of Patterns of Manufactured Goods; In the Laboratory; In the Factory; In Foreign Travel.

THE SHIP OWNER.

Pure Science.-Elementary Geometry; Elementary Arithmetic; Elementary Hydrostatics; Elementary Hydrodynamics; Elementary Pneumatics; Elementary Chemistry; Elementary Geography; Elementary Natural History; Elementary Ethnology; Elementary Political Economy; Elementary Languages; Elementary Ethics; Elementary Law.

Practical Applications.-Descriptive Geometry; Strength and Values of Materials; Sources of Materials; Physical Geography; Weights and Measures of Nations; Laws of Nations (and Customs); Moneys of Nations; Laws of Commerce; Insurance (Principles of); Principles of Exchange; Docks, and Harbors, and Warehouses; Navigation; Seamanship; Ship Building; Marine Engine Building; Sail Making; Masting and Rigging; Equipment and Outfit; Lading and Storing; Manning and Clearing Out; Laws of Commerce and Shipping; Laws of Freight and Insurance; Laws of Measurement and Tonnage; Ship's Husbandry; Health, Food, and Safety; Wages and Disbursements; Merchandise and Exchange; Banking and Interest; Navigation Laws; Bookkeeping; Stowage.

Work-In the Drawing Office; In the Ship Model Room; In the Engine Model Room; In the Building Yard; In the Engine Factory; In the Harbor; In the Ship's Store Rooms; In the Warehouses; In the Docks; In the Repairing Yard; In Sail-maker's, Mast-maker's, Rigger's Yard.

THE SCHOOL OF ASTRONOMY, NAVIGATION, AND SURVEYING.

THE SAILOR.

Pure Science.-Elementary Geometry; Elementary Algebra; Elementary Arithmetic; Elementary Geography; Elementary Astronomy; Elementary Mechanics; Elementary Languages; Elementary Pneumatics; Elementary Hy

draulics.

Practical Applications.-Drawing; Strength of Materials; Physical Geography; Commercial Geography; Nautical Astronomy; Chart-making; Marine Surveying; Submarine Surveying; Ship Building; Equipment of Ships and Outfit; Stowage and Tonnage; Masting and Rigging; Laws of Tonnage; Customs and Clearance; Laws of Nations; Navigation Laws; Laws of Storms; Laws of Commerce; Laws of Freight and Insurance; Ship's Husbandry; Health, Food, and Safety; Book-keeping; Navigation; Seamanship; Harbors, Docks, and Slips; Weights, Measures, and Moneys; Steam-engines and Boilers; Artillery; Naval Tactics.

Work. In the Drawing Office; In the Chart Room; In the Calculating Room; In the Ship Model Room; In the Engine Model Room; In the Building Yard; In the Engine Factory; In the Repairing Yard; In the Training Ship; In Ships at Sea; In Harbors; In Surveying Ships; In Ships of War.

THE SCHOOL OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE.

THE NAVAL ARCHITECT.

Pure Science.-Higher Geometry; Higher Algebra; Higher Arithmetic; Higher Statics; Higher Hydrostatics; Higher Dynamics; Higher Hydrodynamics; Higher Chemistry; Higher Metallurgy; Higher Pneumatics.

Practical Applications.-Descriptive Geometry; Constructive Geometry; Sources of Materials; Properties of Materials; Strength of Materials; Elements of Mechanics; Structural Mechanics; Engines and Boilers; Propellers and Mechanism; Artillery and Protection; Metallurgy; Economics of Work; Laws of Commerce and Shipping; Freight and Insurance; Navigation; Seamanship; Lading and Ship's Husbandry; Naval Tactics and War; Health, Food, and Climate; Ship's Wages and Economics; Harbors and Docks; Equipment, Rigging, and Outfit; Storing and Lading; Measurement and Tonnage.

Work. In the Drawing Office; In the Model Loft; On the Moulding Floor; In the Collection of Marine Engines; In the Collection of Materials; In the Collection of Ship Models; In the Experiments of Materials; In the Building Yard; At Sea; In the Engine Factory.

THE MARINE ENGINEER.

This is a mixture of the Ship-builder and the Mechanical Engineer's courses of education, with experience superadded of building Marine Engines, erecting them on board ship, and managing them at sea.

We have now to consider how we shall group the students of these schools, that they may avail themselves simultaneously of such courses of education as are common to each group.

It is plain at first sight, that the civil engineer and the architect are allied professions; that the mechanical engineer and the machinist belong in one group; that the merchant and the ship-owner go together; that the manufacturer and the practical chemist have need of the same knowledge; that the miner and the metallurgist may be grouped together, as also the astronomer, the surveyor, and sailor; that the statesman, the political economist, and the man of literature, have many studies in common: and we shall thus be able to simplify much the courses of study each pupil may have to seek out and appropriate to himself.

I-The School of Mechanics.-1. The Mechanical Engineer. 2. The Machinist. 3. The Marine Engineer.

II.-The School of Civil Construction.-1. The Civil Engineer. 2. The Architect. 3. The Naval Architect.

III. The School of Naval Architecture.-1. The Naval Architect. 2. The Ship-owner. 3. The Marine Engineer. 4. The Sailor.

IV. The School of Chemistry.-1. The Professor.

2. The Practical Chem

ist. 3. The Dyer. 4. The Mineralogist. 5. The Analyst. 6. The Chemical Manufacturer.

V.-The School of Mines.-1. The Miner. 2. The Metallurgist. 3. The Practical Chemist.

VI.-The School of Commerce.-1. The Merchant. 2. The Manufacturer. 3. The Political Economist. 4. The Ship-owner.

VII.-The School of Agriculture.-1. The Agriculturist. 2. The Gardener. 3. The Forester.

VIII.-The School of Astronomy, Navigation, and Surveying.-1. The Astronomer. 2. The Surveyor. 3. The Sailor.

IX.-The School of Literature and Language.-1. The Statesman. 2. The Political Economist. 3. The Teacher. 4. The Professor.

X.-The School of Fine Arts.-1. The Architect. 2. The Sculptor. 3. The Painter. 4. The Decorator. 5. The Designer.

XI.-The School of Political Economy.-1. The Statesman. 2. The Economist. 3. The Merchant. 4. The Manufacturer. 5. The Professor.

XII.-The School of Metaphysics and Ethics.-1. The Statesman. 2. The Professor. 3. The Moral Philosopher.

XIII.-The School of Pedagogy.-1. The Professor. 2. The Teacher. 3. The Schoolmaster.

XIV.-The Preparatory and Supplementary School.—A provisional arrangement for bringing up students who are insufficiently prepared for the University. XV.-The School of Mathematics.-1. The Calculator. 2. The Actuary. 3. The Statistician. 4. The Surveyor. 5. The Astronomer. 6. The Professor.

XVI.-The School of Science and Philosophy.-This is a school for the training of philosophers, men of science, and men of leisure, who may not propose to become members of professions, but who desire to cultivate the sciences and the philosophies for purposes of personal improvement, and hope to apply their knowledge to the advancement of human society.

Each School must have its Museum of material, apparatus, and practical machinery, and each Science its technical books, and means of special illustra tion or experiment.

Local Technical Colleges.

Subordinate to this metropolitan university, local technical colleges should be placed in every great centre of local industry. The subjects taught would be nearly the same as in the university, only the theoretical part would not be carried to the same heights of science, and the technical part would be more fully carried out into the technical details of the industries of the neighborhood. Specially attached also to each of them would be an extensive collection of models, examples, materials belonging to the local industries, and a free technical library, with a comfortable reading room.

Country Trade Schools.

The lower class of institutions would be those which either form preparatory schools for the technical colleges, or finishing technical schools for those who can go no further; and these should pervade not only the whole country, but the large towns and the metropolis, there being one such institution for every 20,000 inhabitants in town districts, and for every 10,000 in country districts; and either in the same building or in a different one there should be technical schools in the evening, as complete in their course of instruction for the working men, as in the morning for the youth of the district; and to these schools should be attached a library, museum, and reading-room, similar to that of the colleges, only more elementary, and on a smaller scale. It is these local night schools and libraries for the working men that ought to fulfill the duties in which our mechanics' institutions have so wofully failed, and it may in some cases be convenient that the government should make use of the building and organization of these mechanics' institutes for these technical evening schools.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION.

HISTORICAL.

THE most important event in the history of governmental interposition in scientific and technical instruction in Great Britain was the Universal Exposition of the Industries of Nations held in London in 1851-the first of that series of sublime lessons, read of all men, of the dignity and value of human labor and artistic skill, when directed by science to a knowledge and to the observance of the laws of nature, which has already modified, not only in Great Britain, but in all civilized nations, systems and institutions of industrial training. The approach to this first great demonstration of the existing condition of the industry and products of the world-to this series of competitive trials of intelligence and skill between workmen of the same and different nations, trained in different ways in the use of the same material, for the same purposes of utility and ornamentation—was gradual. In all civilized countries, exhibitions of a local or provincial character, and in some cases of national scope, had been held within the last half century. In England, the Society of Arts, as early as 1756, had offered prizes for specimens of tapestry, carpets and porcelain, and in 1761, of pictures and engravings, displayed in rooms of the Society at London; but it was not till 1828 that a national exhibition of the products of the workshops, factories and studios of England, of a varied and general character, took place in London, under the name of the Royal Repository. This was followed, in 1837, 1839, and 1849, at Manchester, Leeds, and Birmingham.

In France the first systematic and successful Industrial Exhibition of national importance was held in 1798, on the suggestion, and under the management of the Marquis d'Aveze, commissioner of the national manufactories of Sèvres and the Gobelins. The second took place in 1801, and the third in 1802, under the active lead of the First Consul (Napoleon), assisted by a commission of the most scientific men of France, who visited the most important factories, workshops, and ateliers of France, to explain the individual and national advantages of such an exhibition of the products of every department of labor and skill. That of 1801 was held in the quadrangle of the Louvre, and one of the bronze medals was awarded to Jacquard for his loom. To give stability and provide the agency of similar exhibitions, a Society for the Encouragement of the Industrial Arts and Manufactures of France was instituted in 1802, and under its auspices, aided by the government, numerous National Fairs have been held each with a larger number of exhibitors, and with more varied specimens of scientific invention and artistic skill-especially in the direction of common wants. The Exhibition of 1849 is remarkable for the proposition

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