SCIENCE AND ART IN SCOTLAND. INSTRUCTION IN SCIENCE AND ART IN SCOTLAND is provided in numerous incorporated institutions, and classes, in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and other large towns, several of which are aided by direct Parliamentary grants, or by the Science and Art Department, such as :-Science Professorships in the great Universities (3 of mathematics, 4 of chemistry, 3 of natural and experimental philosophy, 3 of botany, 2 of natural history, and 1 of civil engineering and mechanics), aided by annual grants of 4,000l.; the Museum of Science and Art, the Royal Institution with two Schools of Art (one for males and the other for female students), and the Watt Institution at Edinburgh; the Andersonian University, and Mechanics' Institute, and School of Art in Glasgow; the Navigation Schools at Leith, &c. EDINBURGH MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART. The spacious and appropriate structure devoted to the purposes of the Museum of Science and Art, was erected in part by a Parliamentary grant, aud ranks with the South Kensington Museum in London and the Royal College of Science in Dublin, in national importance. The Museum is already large in both the departments of Industrial Art and Natural History, and both collections are made serviceable in instruction, both to visitors and students. Seven courses of lectures for artisans were delivered in 1868-69 in the lecture hall of the Museum, with a total attendance of 1,386. The Museum was visited by 131,238 persons by day, and 164,902 in the evening, and 13,138 on pay-days, making a total of 309,278 visits. Large donations continued to be received to different sections of the Museum, by natives of Scotland residing abroad, and by individuals who desire to place their collections where they will be at once safe, and in position to be consulted and used. ROYAL INSTITUTION. The Royal Institution in Prince Street, Edinburgh, for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts in Scotland, originated in 1819, and incorporated in 1823, receives 2,000 from the Board of Manufactures (established in 1727 for the encouragement of the fisheries and manufactures of Scotland, and which receives annually from government a grant of 4,500l. applicable to these purposes), for the prosecution of its object, viz., a permanent gallery, an annual exhibition of works of art, and two schools for instruction in drawing, painting, and modeling, and architectural and ornamental design. In connection with the Institution in 1869, two Schools of Art (begun by the Board of Manufactures in 1760), one for males and the other for females, were in efficient operation-which together gave instruction in drawing to 684 persons, and maintained special classes in different departments of art, for 200 pupils. These schools received from the Science and Art Department 448., including two prizes (one of 40%. and the other of 20%) paid to the teachers in the National Competition. The Royal Society of Edinburgh, instituted in 1720; the Royal Scottish Academy of Architecture, founded in 1826; the Royal Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts; the Botanic Garden, founded in 1670; the Royal Observatory -are all serviceable to Science and Art in their industrial relations. WATT INSTITUTION AND SCHOOL OF ARTS OF EDINBURGH. THE SCHOOL OF ARTS* was founded in 1821, on the suggestion of Leonard Horner, and with the coöperation of Dr. Brewster (Sir David), Prof. Pillans, and other men of science, "for the avowed purpose of enabling industrious tradesmen to become acquainted with the principles of mechanics, chemistry, and other branches of science of practical application in their several trades." The introductory lecture was given Feb. 16, 1821, to a large audience of artisans, with this distinct announcement: "You must always bear in mind, that the School of Arts has been established for the purpose of giving you real and substantial instruction, and not to amuse a vacant hour and excite your wonder by exhibiting some curious and showy experiments." The School was opened by the issue of 452 tickets, and in 1869 upward of 1,100, and since 1821, upwards of 22,000 artisan students have received instruction in this people's college. The average age of the students is from 20 to 25. The instruction is given in the evening. The Institution has been widely useful in imparting scientific instruction to the artisans of Edinburgh and the neighborhood, and many men, now eminent as foremen and proprietors of works, and as engineers, owe their promotion and success to these evening classes. The institution is maintained partly by fees from students, amounting in 1867-8 to 2077. (5s. for a single course; 7s. for two, and 10s. for all the instruction of a session of six months), and partly by subscriptions-a total annual expenditure of about 4007. The course of instruction embraces: Chemistry, which extends through three sessions (although in each session there is a preliminary course of general chemistry for the benefit of new comers), natural philosophy, mathematics, and English. Architectural, mechanical, and ornamental scroll-drawing, and ornamental modeling, as well as the French and German languages, are also taught. According to the Syllabus for 1866-67, the Class in mathematics was divided into two sections. To the Junior Section was assigned arithmetic, including square and cube roots; algebra, including quadratic equations; geometry and mensuration of surfaces. To the Senior Section or Class was assigned a revision of the higher parts of the Junior Course-Algebra, higher equations; geometry and trigonometry, and its applications to surveying, mensuration of heights and distances, and navigation; mensuration of surfaces and solids; construction and use of logarithms. Diplomas issued on the attestation of at least three lecturers in their several departments, and after special examination by the instructors and committees of the school, are acknowledged as of considerable value among artisans, in seeking for situations of trust and responsibility in public works and large private establishments. The Institution is now in affiliation with the Science and Art Department. * The name of Watt was associated with the School of Arts in 1850, in consequence of the payment to the Directors of the School by gentlemen of a sum of money subscribed by them for the purpose of founding a Memorial to James Watt, who considered that the best way of realizing the object of the subscription was to associate his name with this Artisan's College. This sum was expended on a building now worth $20,000. The subscribers erected a statue in stone to Watt in front of the School. SCIENCE AND ART INSTRUCTION IN IRELAND. INSTRUCTION IN SCIENCE AND ART in Ireland is provided in numerous central and provincial institutions, aided by charges on the Consolidated Fund, by direct Parliamentary grants, or out of appropriations made to the Science and Art Department, viz. :-Professorships of natural philosophy, chemistry, botany, geology, and mineralogy, in the Royal Dublin Society, since 1854 transferred to other institutions; School of engineering in Trinity College, instituted in 1840; Chairs of mathematics, phyics, chemistry, and natural sciences, and Departments of engineering and practical science in the Queen's Colleges in Belfast, Cork, and Galway, established in 1849; Model agricultural schools, and the Albert Agricultural Institute at Glasnevin, under the Commissioners of National Education; the Schools of Art, and Schools of Navigation, and Classes of Science, under the Government Science and Art Department; the Royal College of Science for Ireland, the Royal Dublin Society, and other central and provincial schools. The College possesses a valuable Museum. ROYAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE FOR IRELAND. THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, in Dublin, instituted or rather reorganized in 1867, is now in successful operation, with not a large number of students (32 in 1869) in the regular course, and 5,773 in its special and miscellaneous courses delivered in connection, but with an adequate teaching force and a well-defined plan of instruction, as will be seen from the following PROGRAMME FOR THE SESSION 1869-70. The Royal College of Science supplies, as far as practicable, a complete course of instruction in science applicable to the industrial arts, especially those which may be classed broadly under the heads of mining, agriculture, engineering, and manufactures, and is intended to aid in the instruction of teachers for the local schools of science. Under Applied Mathematics is taken the application of Mathematics to those sciences generally included under the head of Mechanics, viz., Statics, Dynamics, Hydrostatics, and Hydrodynamics, as well as to some other branches of Physics. Under Mechanism is treated only the relations of motion, or the study of machines merely as contrivances for changing one kind of motion into another, apart from any considerations of force. Under Machinery is treated the application of Mechanics and Mechanism to machines used in the industrial arts. Chemistry includes both lectures and laboratory practice. The course of instruction extends over three years, each year being divided into two terms. In the first two years the instruction is general. In the last year it is specialized under the heads of Mining, Agriculture, Engineering, and Manufactures. The scheme of instruction is the following: Students entering for the associateship are expected to be acquainted with the first two books of Euclid and the elementary rules of Algebra. Some familiarity with the use of the ordinary drawing instruments is very desirable. In their first and second years they are required to attend all the courses in the subjects appointed for these years. In their third year they are required to attend all those belonging to any one division, as follows: Third Year. Geology, with demonstrations in Palæontology. Mechanism and Machinery. Students in this Division are required to attend the lectures of the Professor of Geology, with demonstrations in Paleontology; also those of the Professors of Mining and Mineralogy, of Mechanism, and of Land Surveying. The laboratory instruction will comprise a course of Assaying and Metallurgy. Geology. Division B.-Agriculture. Land Surveying. Mechanism and Machinery. Students in this Division are required to attend the courses in Geology and Palæontology; also the course of the Professor of Agriculture. They likewise receive instruction in Mechanism and Machinery and in Land Surveying, and also laboratory instruction in the Analysis of Soils and Manures. Mechanism and Machinery. Division C.-Engineering. Mechanical Drawing, Engineering, and Surveying. In this Division the students are required to attend the courses of the Professor of Applied Mathematics, and those of the Professor of Descriptive Geometry in Mechanical Drawing, Engineering, and Land Surveying, also that of the Professor of Geology, with demonstrations in Palæontology. Division D.-Manufactures. Applied Mechanics, and Physics. Applied Chemistry, and Technical Analysis. Students in this Division are required to attend the lectures of the Professor of Applied Mathematics and of the Professor of Applied Chemistry, and to go through a further course of Practical Chemistry. The Demonstrator in Palæontology gives instruction, during the second term of the session, to students of the third year. These demonstrations are also open to any student who attends, or has during the preceding session attended, the lectures either of the Professor of Geology, Zoology, or Botany. A diploma of associateship of the College will be given to students who pass in all the subjects of the first two years, and of any one division of the third year. Students may also enter for the separate courses, and receive certificates after examination. A certificate of attendance in the chemical laboratory is not given for any course less than three months. The course of instruction in this College is recognized by the Secretary of State for India as qualifying for appointments in the Engineering Department. There are four Royal Scholarships of 501. yearly each, with free education, tenable for two years; two will become vacant each year. They will be given to students who shall have been a year in the College. There are also nine Royal Exhibitions attached to the College of 50%. each, tenable for three years. These Scholarships and Exhibitions are tenable only on the condition that the holders shall attend all the lectures of their respective years. This condition is strictly enforced by the Department. They must also pass the examinations at the end of the session. Students at the conclusion of their first academic year are examined in the subjects of that year. Prizes are awarded for superior answering in each branch. The award of the Royal Scholarships is made on the result of this examination, to those students, not Royal Exhibitioners, who on the whole have answered best, if sufficiently deserving to be recommended for them. At the conclusion of the second and third year, similar examinations are held and prizes awarded. A medal is awarded at the conclusion of the second year to that student who, on the total results of both years, shall have most distinguished himself, if sufficient merit be shown. To candidates for the associateship whose knowledge of pure mathematics is not sufficiently advanced, the Professor of Applied Mathematics gives such instruction as is necessary. These lectures may be attended by other students. Prizes will be awarded for proficiency at the end of the first and second years. During the session, short courses of evening lectures of a more popular character will be delivered, the particulars respecting which will be duly announced. The Chemical and Metallurgical Laboratories, under the direction of Professor Galloway, are open every week day during the session (except Saturday, and the usual holidays) from 10 A. M. to 4 P. M. The library contains carefully-selected works, and is open to the students, and also to the public under certain restrictions. The Museum is open to the public on week days from 11 A. M. to 4 P. M. The session commences on the first Monday in October in each year, and lasts until the 21st June following, with a vacation of ten days at Christmas, and of a week at Easter. The first term commences on the first Monday in October, and the second term on the first Monday in February. The examinations are held at the close of the session. The fees, in all cases payable in advance, are,— 21. for each separate course of lectures; And for laboratory practice, 21. per month, 57. for three months, or 121. for the entire session. Students entering for the purpose of obtaining the diploma of associate, or intending to compete for the scholarships, pay 101. each year, which will admit them to all the courses of that year, exclusive of laboratory-or 251. for the whole studentship of three years. The holders of Royal Scholarships or Royal Exhibitions pay no fees. STAFF OF INSTRUCTION, 1869-70. . Dean of Faculty-SIR ROBERT KANE, LL.D., F.R.S., M.R.I.A. Geology-EDWARD HULL, F.R.S. Applied Mathematics-ROBERT BALL, M.A. Botany-WYVILLE THOMSON, LL.D. Zoology-RAMSAY H. TRAQUAIR, M.D. Agriculture-EDMUND W. DAVY, M.B., M.R.I.A. Descriptive Geometry-THOMAS F. PIGOT. Mining and Mineralogy-J. P. O'REILLY. Librarian and Curator of Museum-ALPHONSE GAGES, M.R.I.A. Assistant Chemist-WILLIAM PLUNKETT, F.C.S. Clerk-GEORGE C. PENNY. Secretary-FREDERICK J. SIDNEY, LL.D., M.R.I.A. |