have deservedly risen to fame. When that good time comes, true-hearted citizens will decorate their streets and squares with statues and memorials of the wise and worthy men and women who have adorned their province, not merely of kings, statesmen, or warriors, but of philosophers, poets, men of science, physicians, philanthropists, and great workmen. How often in traveling through our beautiful country do we not feel ashamed of its towns and cities, when we seek for their ornaments and the records of their true glories and find none? How ugly is the comparison that forces itself upon our minds between the conduct of our countrymen in this respect and that of the citizens of continental towns? A traveler need not go far through the streets of most foreign cities without seeing statues or trophies of honor, serving at once as decorations and as grateful records of the illustrious men they have produced,-reminding the old of a glorious past, and inciting by example the young to add to the same of their native soil.

Since the delivery of the Lecture from which the foregoing extracts are taken, the English Government have enlarged and systemised its appropriations in behalf of Museums of Natural History, and Industrial Exhibitions and Instruction. In 1855-56, the expenditures by the "Department of Science and Art," under the Committee of Privy Council for Trade, amounted to £81,384, or about $450,000. The Third Report of this Department, a volume of over 300 pages, made to and published by Parliament, in 1856, gives in detail the operations for the year 1855. The following summary gives, in a condensed form, the results:

The Museums and Libraries of the Department continue to be in an effective state, and have been visited by above 331,000 persons, being an increase of fiftysix per cent. above the numbers of the previous year. This increase is chiefly due to the new Circulating Museum of Ornamental Art, which has been visited by 55,701 persons in the provinces, and to the success which has attended the new arrangements made by the Department in regard to the Museum of Natural History in Edinburg, resulting in an increase of the visitors from the old average of 800 to above 100,000.

The Botanical Gardens in Dublin have been visited by above 30,000 persons, and the Zoological Gardens by 138,000.

The Exhibitions of the Department have been attended by 72,000 persons. The Geological Surveys in Great Britain and Ireland, and Mining Record Office, continue to be carried on with increased activity.

The Schools of Art, including the Training School in London, have been attended by nearly 12,000 pupils.

The number of children taught drawing in public schools, through the agency of the masters of Art Schools, amounts to 18,988; but although this is an increase of eighty per cent. above the return for last year, it is not sufficient to meet the public wants, and new measures are being devised to give increased development to elementary art instruction.

Instruction in art has been given to 2,181 teachers of public schools, and the results of their examinations have been more satisfactory than in preceding years. The Schools of Science, which have this year increased considerably in number, the Working Men's Lectures in London, and provincial lectures in Ireland, have been attended by 10,000 persons.

Means of illustrating the courses of instruction by the diffusion of examples have been taken advantage of by 192 schools, at a cost to the schools of £1,510.

Expenditures and Operations in 1869.

In 1869, the sum of 10,6921. was expended on the Geological Museum, and School of Mines, besides a much larger sum on the Geological Survey, under the direction of Sir Robert I. Murchison. The maps and sections are published as rapidly as they can be completed. The Natural History branch is conducted by Prof. Huxley, and that of Palæontology by Mr. Etheridge. Mr. Hunt, the keeper of the Mining Record Office, has added 310 plans of new surveys of the coal fields and mineral districts, and sections of mines, and placed the mineral statistics in the most reliable condition.

ROYAL SCHOOL OF MINES.

Although under the nominal supervision of the Science and Art Department, this School is still administered by the Director-General of the Geological Survey. In 1868-69, there were 17 students (including 12 royal exhibitioners), and 93 different students in attendance on the special courses, viz.: 30 in chemistry; 11 in natural history; 14 in physics; 17 in geology; 5 in mining; 4 in mineralogy; 4 in metallurgy; 7 in applied mechanics; 1 in mechanical drawing. Besides the regular lectures, four special courses were delivered to working men, in the afternoon, with an average attendance of 600 artisans; and two evening courses, one in chemistry and a second in physics, were delivered to school teachers, with an attendance of 237 on the former, and of 180 on the latter. This Central School should have feeders in the various mining districts, where some familiarity with mining operations can be had, and the want of higher scientific instruction be brought home to the future engineers and fore

men.

METALLURGICAL LABORATORY.

In 1868-9, thirty-five students in all, 14 in the spring term, 9 in the summer, and 12 in the winter, attended the laboratory practice in metallurgy, under Dr. Percy.

MUSEUM OF PRACTICAL GEOLOGY

The Museum was visited in 1869 by 47,506 persons, of which number, 26,871 were by day and 20,635 in the evening.

Mr. Scott Russell, while acknowledging the great value of its collections, and the reputation of its professors, complains that "its sphere of usefulness is sadly narrowed by the facts that it has neither the advantage of provincial technic schools, which lead to it; of coördinate institutions that educate analogous professions alongside of it; nor any thing above to which it leads up. It is a "lone school, of the advantages of which our millions of technical folks can not possibly avail themselves, save by a passing visit, or a rare holiday, or a rarer attendance on a lecture. With its valuable collections, it may become the nucleus of a larger and better-endowed organization—the favorite resort of working men, filled day and night with enthusiastic students, zealous, industrious, and ambitious."

The laboratories, collections, and teaching staff of the School of Mines, College of Chemistry, and Geological Survey, properly supplemented, would make a Central School of Science, with applications to construction, engineering, and manufactures of all kinds, worthy of the nation.

ROYAL COLLEGE OF CHEMISTRY.

The Royal College of Chemistry was established by a Stock Company in 1845 to provide facility for systematic laboratory practice in chemistry, in reference to the demands of agriculture and manufactures. The funds to provide a building and equipment were raised by subscription to memberships, which conferred some privileges assignable in the lectures, and manipulations of the laboratory. The institution was managed by a Council, and an Executive Com. mittee.

The first Professor was Dr. Michael Hofmann, an eminent pupil of Baron Liebig, at Giessen, whose experience and reputation has led to his being recalled to Prussia, to superintend the construction of the two great Laboratories built by the government for the Universities of Bonn, and Berlin, for original research, and the highest practical teaching, at an expense for the two of near one million of dollars.

The first temporary laboratories were erected in George Street, Hanover Square, where the Practical School of Chemistry was opened in October, 1845. Permanent quarters were provided in a new structure erected on Hanover Square, the first stone for which was laid by Prince Albert, June 16, 1846, and better facilities for laboratory practice were provided than at that time existed in Great Britain. With the aid of the Royal Society, in 1850 and 1851, Dr. Hofmann undertook a series of experiments on vegetable alkaloids, and with Prof. Graham, of University College, and of Prof. Thompson, of Glasgow, and Professors Millar and Redwood, he carried on investigations of various kinds at the request of the Government, besides lecturing from 1847 to 1853, three times a week.

In 1853, the building, furnaces, and other fixtures, were transferred to the Department of Science and Art, and incorporated into its scheme of operations; but it seems practically to have been administered as an integral portion of the School of Mines, and the annual notice of its work for 1869 is included in the report of the Director-General of the Geological Survey, to which both institutions belong.

In 1869, there were 136 students in attendance on the regular courses of lectures, enjoying opportunities of manipulations and analysis in the Students' Laboratory, and the Laboratory of Research; in which together there is accommodation for only 48 pupils at the same time.

The chief professor, Dr. Frankland, who succeeded Dr. Hofmann, is allowed two assistants in the laboratory work, and is much employed in making investigations and analyses for different departments of the government. He delivered in 1869 a course of lectures, with illustrations in the laboratory, on teaching chemistry to a class of 26 science teachers.

All students but the Royal Exhibitioners pay an annual fee of 36. The entire cost for one year of laboratory practice and the lectures is 421.

Many improvements in manufacturing processes, in which chemistry is involved, have already been made by men trained as students in this College; and any student holding its first class certificate of proficiency commands ready employment in certain establishments.

The Director (Dr. Frankland) asks for larger and better accommodations to meet the increasing demand and put the laboratories on a footing with those of Carlsruhe, Zurich, and Berlin.

OWENS COLLEGE, MANCHESTER.

OWENS COLLEGE, in Manchester, was founded by the bequest of Mr. John Owens, a merchant of Manchester, who, dying in 1846, bequeathed the larger part of his property, amounting to nearly 100,000%, to "trustees, to found an institution for providing or aiding the means of instructing or improving young persons of the male sex (and being of an age of not less than 14 years) in such branches of learning and science as were then, and might be thereafter usually taught in the English Universities." In addition to this bequest, which yields an income of 3,000l. a year, the trustees have received in benefactions of various kinds the sum of 20,000l., which has been applied to scholarships, and to a chemical laboratory. The fees received from students amount to about 2,000l. a year, making a total income of 6,000 in 1867.

The College was organized for the reception of students in 1851, the chemical department being the most important, in reference to Manchester being the center of the largest manufactures in which chemistry plays an important part, in the kingdom. To encourage the study of chemistry in its highest branches and applications, several scholarships, (named after the eminent chemist, Dr. Dalton,) to the value of 50% a year, have been instituted. These scholarships are tenable two years, and the main condition upon which success in the examination rests, is the evidence of successful practical work in the laboratory. This scholarship was instituted in 1851, and since then (to 1869) it has been taken 9 times. The successful students at once find employment in the large works, or as teachers of science in other institutions. There is another scholarship, founded by Mrs. E. Shuttleworth, with the sum of 1,250l., to promote the study of political economy. Mr. Whitworth has given to the college seven exhibitions of 251. each for the purpose of encouraging candidates for the examination for his scholarships in mechanical engineering of the value of 100%. each. A fund of 10,000l. has been raised among the engineers of Manchester, to found the department of civil and mechanical engineering. The sum of 100,000l. has been recently raised for a general fund to provide suitable buildings and increase the facilities of scientific and literary instruction.

The attendance on the College in 1868 was about 500, distributed into day and evening classes-the former amounting to 170. These classes are arranged under the Art Course, comprising the usual secondary studies of a classical school, but including chemistry and French or German; or under the Science Course, which fits students for matriculation at the University of London at the end of the second, and for the final degree, at the end of the third year.

Although it is the aim of the Trustees to develop fully the scientific department of the College, they aim also to place the literary section on a broad and substantial basis, by having one or more professorships in each leading branch of knowledge-expecting to find among the people of Manchester the same enlightened appreciation of the value of literature and science which has prompted the people of Glasgow to raise the sum of near $2,000,000 to enlarge and improve the facilities of higher learning in their ancient University.

There are now professorships of Greek and Latin, Hebrew and Arabic, English Language and Literature, French and German, History, Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Natural History, Drawing, with the speedy prospect of a chair of applied Geology and Mining, and of Astronomy and Meteorology.

MIDLAND INSTITUTE AT BIRMINGHAM.

The Midland Institute at Birmingham was established in 1853, and its formal opening was inaugurated under the auspices of the attendance, and an address of Prince Albert, and of Lord Calthorpe, the President of the Institute, in which the great principles of industrial instruction were admirably set forth.

Lord Calthorpe, the President of the Institute, in his address in behalf of the Council, to Prince Albert, remarked that the enterprise was one of the results of the Great Industrial Exhibition of 1851, which had shown that to meet the sharp competition of French and other continental workshops in the markets of the world, the English manufacturer and workman must have a higher scientific and artistic training than was provided in existing institutions of education.

"In the design of the Birmingham and Midland Institute, the general features of a Literary and Scientific Institution are combined with those of a school of industrial science.

In the former department provision will be made for libraries, readingrooms, museums of geology, mineralogy, and natural history, for collections of fine art manufactures, machinery, and mining records, and for lectures and discussions on literary and scientific subjects.

The industrial department, which has received the approval and assistance of the Board of Trade department of science and art, has been already opened with considerable success; it provides systematic lectures and class instruction in mathematics, mechanics, chemistry, and other branches of science which are specially applicable to the manufacturing and mining operations of the district.

It is also intended to provide in the same building improved accommodation for the Government School of Ornamental Art, which has long been established in Birmingham with the happiest success.

Such are the general features of an institution destined, as we hope, to advance not only the material, but also the moral welfare of this great community, by uniting men of all ranks and of divers opinions in the promotion of studies which add dignity to daily labor, enlarge the faculties, refine the tastes, and fill the heart with nobler conceptions of man's destiny, and of God's all-wise, all-bounteous love.

On this commanding site, liberally given for the purpose by the municipal corporation of the borough, a building is to be erected in which literature, science and art, may be worthily enshrined under one roof."

In a speech after the corner-stone was "well and truly fixed," Prince Albert uttered some truths which American manufacturers and workingmen will do well to heed.

"Without a knowledge of the laws of nature which are set in operation in every workshop, we are condemned to one of three states: Either we merely go on to do things just as our fathers did, and for no better reason than because they did them so; or, trusting to some personal authority, we adopt at random the recommendation of some specific, in a speculative hope that it may answer; or, lastly-and this is the most favorable casewe ourselves improve upon certain processes; but this can only be the result of an experience hardly earned and dearly bought, and which, after all, can only embrace a comparatively short space of time, and a small number of experiments. From none of these causes can we hope for much progress; for the mind, however ingenious, has no materials to work with, and remains in presence of phenomena, the causes of which are hidden from it. But these laws of nature-these Divine laws-are capable of being discovered and understood, and of being taught, and made our own. This is the task of science; and, while science discovers and teaches these laws, art teaches their application.