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to resign his bishopric, and to obtain in lieu of it a canonry of Christ Church, Oxford. But the king declared he should die a bishop in spite of himself, giving him full liberty to reside where he pleased. His last act before he left Cloyne, was to sign a lease of the demesne lands in that neighbourhood, to be renewed yearly, at the rent of £200, which he directed to be distributed every year until his return, among poor housekeepers of Cloyne, Youghal, and Aghada. He now settled at Oxford, to superintend the education of a favorite son, and died there suddenly, on Sunday evening, Jan. 14th, 1753, as he was hearing his lady read a sermon of Dr. Sherlock's. His remains were interred at Christ Church, where there is an elegant marble monument erected to his memory. Pope sums up bishop Berkeley's character in one line. After mentioning some particular virtues that distinguished other prelates, he ascribes

To Berkeley every virtue under heaven.' His works are, 1. Arithmetica absque Algebra, aut Euclide Demonstrata, 1707. 2. Theory of Vision, 1709. 3. The Principles of Human Knowledge, 1710. 4. Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous. 5. Three Sermons in Favor of Passive Obedience and Non-resistance, 1712. 6. A Proposal for Converting the Savage Americans to Christianity, &c. 1725. 7. The Minute Philosopher, 2 volumes, 8vo. 8. The Analyst, written against the doctrine of fluxions and mathematics in general, as favorable to infidelity! A Defence of Free-thinking in Mathematics, 1735. 9. The Querist, 1735. 10. A Discourse addressed to Magistrates, 1736. 11. Siris; a Chain of Philosophical Reflections and Enquiries concerning the Virtues of Tar Water, 1744 and 1747; which was followed by Further Thoughts on Tar Water, 1752. In 1784 a new edition of the bishop's entire works was published in two volumes, 4to. Dublin and London.

BERKELEY, a small market town and beautiful vale of Gloucestershire, giving the title to an earldom; about a mile east from the Severn. A religious house existed here in Edward the Confessor's reign. In Berkeley Castle, founded by Roger de Berkeley, soon after the Conquest, Edward II. was cruelly murdered, September, 1327. The assassins were Sir John Maltravers and Sir Thomas Gourney, at the instigation of the queen and her paramour Mortimer. His crie,' says Holinshed, 'did move many within the castele and town of Bircklei to compassion, plainly hearing him utter a waileful noyse, as the tormenters were about to murder him, so that dyvers being awakened thereby (as they themselves confessed), prayed heartilie to God to receyve his soule, when they understode by his crie what the matter ment.' An apartment called the dungeon room is still shown, in which the deed is said to have been perpetrated. Berkeley is the birthplace of Dr. Jenner, the discoverer of vaccine inoculation. It carries on a good trade in timber, coals, malt, and cheese, and is distant fifteen miles S. S. W. of Gloucester, nineteen N. N. E. of Bristol, and 113 west of London.

BERKELY, a fertile and populous county of Virginia, bounded on the east and north by Potomac river which separates it from the state of

Maryland, on the south-east by London county, on the south-west and west by Hampshire, and on the south by Frederic county. It is forty miles in length, and twenty in breadth. Chief town, Martinsburg.

BERKESZ, a free market town, the capital of a circle in the county of Zolnok, Transylvania. In it are several castles, and a Calvinistic church; most of the inhabitants are potters. The environs are rich in grapes, chestnuts, and fruits.

BERKESZ, a market town of Hungary, in the district of Kowar, on the horders of Transylvania, inhabited by aboriginal Hungarians.

BERKHAMSTEAD, or BARKHAMSTEAD, GREAT, a market town of Hertfordshire; formerly of more note than at present. The Romans called it Durobrivæ. On the north side of the town are the remains of a castle, which is said to have been once the residence of the kings of Mercia. In this town a parliament was held in 697; and here William the Conqueror, having been stopped by the inhabitants cutting down the neighbouring woods, swore to maintain the laws of his predecessors. Henry II. also for a while kept his court here. The children of James I. were nursed at Berkhamstead, and that prince made it a corporate town; but its privileges were lost in the civil wars. It is situate by the side of the river Gade and the Grand Junction canal, which run together in a line with the high road from Watford, to two miles beyond Berkhamstead. The town consists of one handsome broad street. The church is a large gothic structure, the roof supported by twelve pillars, ornamented with figures of the apostles. It has the remains of several chapels or oratories. The chief trade here is in bowl-turning, shovel and spoon making, &c. It lies nine miles from St. Alban's, and twenty-six north-west of London.

BERKHEYA, in botany, a genus of compound flowers, dedicated to the honor of Dr. John le Francq van Berkhey. Class and order, syngenesia polygamia-frustranea. Natural order compositæ. Ess. ch. receptaculum cellular. Seeds hairy. Crown chaffy, serrated or fringed. CAL. of one leaf, clothed with imbricated leafy scales. The species of this genus are confined to the Cape of Good Hope and its neighbourhood. They are generally perennial, often shrubby. They embrace Thunberg's whole genus of rohria, and several of them have been referred by Linnæus to gorteria, atractylis, or even xeranthemum.

BERKHEYDEN, or BRECKBERG (Job), was born at Haerlem in 1637. He studied landscape painting on the borders of the Rhine, and after he had made himself master of that style, practised the painting of figures, taking his models from husbandmen, shepherds, and innkeepers, whom he represented at their feasts, dances, conversations, &c. His pictures were well handled, and agreeably colored, and some of them are very highly esteemed. Having heard much of the munificence of the elector palatine, and finding it difficult to procure an introduction, he fixed upon a scheme, which fortunately answered his purpose. Having often observed the elector going out to the chase, he took particular notice of all the nobility in his train;

and then, in conjunction with his brother, finished two pictures, containing the portraits of the prince, and his principal attendants. When the pictures were finished, Berkheyden prevailed upon an officer of the household to place them in a gallery, through which his highness passed at his return. The prince no sooner observed them, than he expressed the greatest surprise and satisfaction at the performance; enquired after the artist, and ordering them to be brought into his presence, rewarded them nobly for their work. Job Berkheyden died in 1693. BERKLEY, a township of Massachusetts, Bristol county, and fifty miles south of Boston. BERKLEY, a town of South Carolina, the chief town of the county of the same name. BERKLEY, a county of Virginia, which lies west of the Blue Ridge, north of Frederic county, and is separated from the state of Maryland on the north and east by Potomac river. about forty miles long, and twenty broad.

It is

BERKLEY'S SOUND, a bay on the north-west coast of North America, on the east side of Quadra's Isles, seventy miles south-east of Nootka Sound. BERKS, or BERKSHIRE, an inland county of England, which contains the whole of the ancient British principality inhabited by the Atribatii, who are supposed to have come originally from Gaul. When Constantine divided the island into Roman provinces, in 310, this principality was included in Britannia Prima, the first division, whose boundaries were the English channel on the south, and the Thames, and Severn on the north. On the establishment of the Heptarchy, this part of the country was included in the kingdom of the West Saxons. When Alfred, a native of Wantage in this county, divided England into counties, hundreds, and parishes, in 889; this division first received its appellation of Berocshire, or Berkshire. At the period of the conquest, Berkshire had a population of between 40,000 and 50,000. At present it is in the Oxford circuit, the province of Canterbury, and diocese of Salisbury. It is subject to an archdeacon, whose jurisdiction extends no further than the limits of the county, and divided into four deaneries, Abingdon, Newbury, Wallingford, and Reading. The general shape of it somewhat resembles the form of a slipper or sandal. Its boundaries are chiefly natural, and highly picturesque; the Thames meandering in a varied line along its northern and eastern sides, throws it into such an irregular form, that, while in some places it is nearly thirty miles in breadth, in others it is less than four. On the south, the hills of Surrey and Hampshire afford a charming variety of landscape; and from the eminences in its western extremity, the eye is gratified with many enchanting scenes in the adjoining counties of Gloucester, Oxford, and Wiltshire. It extends from 51° 19′ to 51° 48′ north latitude, and from 34 to 1° 43′ west longitude. Its extreme length from Old Windsor to Buscot is about forty-eight miles; and its extreme breadth from Witham to Sandhurst (which, by the way, is taking rather an oblique line,) about twentynine miles. Its circumference is nearly 208 miles.

From the report published by order of the

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The great natural divisions of Berkshire are four. 1. The Vale, generally called the White Horse Vale, extending from Buscot to Streatley, and bounded on one side by the Thames, and on the other by the White Horse Hills, a continuation of the Chiltern range. 2. The Chalky Hills, which run nearly through the centre of the lower part of the county. 3. The Vale of Kennet. 4. The Forest division, commencing on the east of the Loddon, and extending the breadth of the county to Old Windsor. The principal rivers and streams are the Thames, the Kennet, the Loddon, the Lambourn, the Ock, the Aubourn, the Emme, and the Broadwater. Most topographical writers take notice of a peculiarity in the Lambourn, that its stream is always full in summer, and almost lost in winter; but Mr. Lysons denies this, and contends that it has throughout the whole year an equal fulness.

The substratum of this soil consists generally of chalk and calcareous matter, or of gravel, with clay at greater or less depths. The vale is remarkably fertile, and its prevailing soil, is a strong, gray, calcareous loam, in which vegetable mould is intimately mixed with cretaceous earth. Among the chalky hills, there are intermediate tracts of considerable fertility, where the superficial stratum is composed of vegetable mould, mixed with chalk, flint, and gravel. In general the hills form excellent sheepwalks, being covered with a fine turf. In the vale of Kennet gravel soils predominate, varying, however, considerably in their qualities, admixtures, and depths from the surface. In this district there is a peculiar kind of peat, which is equally valuable as fuel or manure. This has been defined by Kirwan as a stratification of fossil trees in all directions, mixed with a reddish or brownishred slimy moss, formed of the carbonic particles of vegetables, and united with their astringent juices and calorific oleaginous fæculæ.' Sir Humphrey Davy found it to consist of Oxide of iron Gypsum Muriate of sulphur and potash

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The northern parts of the forest district have a gravelly soil, diversified by strong loam and clay; the central parts a tenacious clay; and the southern parts sand and gravel. At Catsgrove, near Reading, there is a stratum of chalk, thirty feet in thickness, lying upon a bed of flint. Above the chalk is a stratum of sandy clay, about a foot thick, covered by a layer of oystershells, two feet in depth. Similar strata of sand, with oyster-shells, are found for two miles round Reading, at various depths, from fifteen to twenty-five feet. Here likewise have been discovered an inferior kind of ochre, and different species of echini. Fossil-shells, sharks' teeth, parts of fishes, and other marine productions, are also found in various parts. Pipeclay and potters-clay are in considerable quantites; and shell-marl was discovered in the vale of Kennet in 1794. There is a mineral spring at Cumnor which possesses a mild cathartic quality; another a mild chalybeate at Sunninghill, near Windsor; and Gorrick-well, in the parish of Oakingham, is strongly impregnated with steel.

The greatest portion of the land in Berkshire is freehold, though there are copyholds in different parts; and leases on lives, and leases renewable every seven years, under deans and chapters, and other corporate bodies, are pretty frequent. The farms are of all sizes, which induces men of various amounts of capital to enter into agricultural pursuits; and while rank and fortune are nowhere more respected or more beneficial in their influence, there is no part of England where a virtuous independence is more general. The late Mr. Pitt is stated to have said on one occasion, that no minister of this country could command ten votes in Berkshire.' The total amount of real property, assessed under schedule A, for the property-tax in Berkshire, in 1815, was £652,082; and the amount of the poor rates the same year was £122,352, at the rate of 3s. 9d. in the pound.

The soil is well adapted to wheat and barley, great quantities of which are grown, the latter being chiefly sent to London after being made into malt. There are many large dairy farms, particularly in the White Horse Vale: the cattle and sheep are large and valuable, and of the latter there is a peculiar breed; the distinguishing qualities of which are their great size, their height on the legs, and weight when fatted: they have black faces, Roman noses, black or mottled legs and long tails. The Berkshire swine have also been long famous.

No inland county possesses more advantages in point of navigation than Berkshire. In its western division, no part of the triangle formed by the Thames on the north-east, the Kennet on the south, and the Wilts and Berks' canal on the west, is distant more than twelve miles from water-carriage; and in the east and south-eastern parts, the distance is nowhere greater from the Basingstoke canal. The Kennet and Avon canal, not long since completed, begins a little above Newbury, and runs nearly parallel to the Kennet, till it enters Wiltshire in the neighbourhood of Hungerford.

Berkshire is divided into twenty hundreds,

containing twelve market towns and four royal boroughs. It sends nine members to parliament; the county two; Reading, Windsor, and Wallingford two each, and Abingdon_one. The twelve market towns are Abingdon, Farringdon, Hungerford, East Ilsley, Lambourn, Maidenhead, Newbury, Oakingham, Reading, Wallingford, Wantage, and Windsor; Ilsley is a noted sheep market, held on every alternate Wednesday from Easter to Midsummer; 20,000 sheep are sometimes sold in a day, and the annual average exceeds 250,000; Oakingham has a large supply of poultry, chiefly bought for the London market; and Farringdon is famous for its bacon and hams. This county is esteemed healthy, even in the valleys; it produces abundance of timber, principally oak and beech, and has reputable manufactures of woollen, sailcloth, and paper. At Bisham there are copperworks, rather at present in a declining state, but the mills have been thought the most powerful and complete in the kingdom for rolling sheet copper, making bolts for ship-building,_and hammering copper pans and bottoms. 600 to 1000 tons of copper have been used here annually.

From

This county has long been distinguished as containing a favorite royal residence-the only one, indeed, that our kings possess worthy the name at Windsor. The castle was founded by William the Conqueror. Edward III. was born here, where he afterwards instituted the illustrious order of the garter; and its forest has long afforded the pleasure of the chace to our monarchs. The park is stocked with numerous herds of deer, and a part of it has been much improved by the establishment of experimental farms, managed under the immediate direction of his late majesty. In this county are also Frogmore, Cumberland-Lodge, Cranbourn-Lodge, and other residences belonging to the royal family, besides above 150 noblemen and gentlemen's seats.

The Roman Watling-street, from Dunstable, enters Berkshire at the village of Streatley, between Wallingford and Reading, and crossing this county proceeds to Marlborough. Another Roman road from Hampshire, the Spine of Camden, enters this county, leading to Reading and Newbury, where it divides: one branch extends to Marlborough in Wiltshire, and the other to Cirencester in Gloucestershire. A branch from the Icknield-street proceeds from Wallingford to Wantage. There is a Roman camp near Wantage on the brow of a hill, of a quadrangular form; there are other remains of encampments at East Hampstead, near Oakingham, White Horse Hill, and Pusey; and upon Sinodunhill, near Wallingford. At Lawrence Waltham is a Roman fort, and near Drenchworth is Cherbury castle, a fortress of Canute. Uffington castle, near White Horse Hill, is supposed to be Danish; and near it is Dragon Hill, supposed to be the burying-place of Uther Pendragon, the British monarch. Near White Horse Hill are the remains of a funeral monument of a Danish chief, slain at Ashdown by Alfred. On White Horse Hill, near Uffington, is the outline of what is called a horse, although it bears quite as great a resemblance to a greyhound. It is

formed by cutting away the turf from the face of the chalk. Its origin is uncertain, but Mr. Lysons observes, that a singular figure appears frequently on the British coins, resembling this animal, and he, in consequence, ascribes this piece of antiquity to the ingenuity of the Britons. Specimens of Saxon architecture are found in Avington church, and the nave of the church at Windsor. The churches of Uffington, Englefield, and Farringdon, and the chapel of Little Farringdon, are superior specimens of the early Gothic: and of the later Gothic, there is no existing exhibition more complete or beautiful than St. George's chapel, Windsor.

Berkshire has occasionally been the scene of military operations, from the time of Offa until the Revolution. During the civil wars was fought the first battle of Newbury, in which lord Falkland lost his life, in September, 1643, and on the 10th of October of the following year, a second battle of that name, in which both parties claimed the victory; the royal party was expelled from the whole county, excepting Wallingford, in 1646. In 1688 there was a skirmish at Reading, on the eve of the revolution.

The population of Berkshire, in the census of 1821, was as below:

Males
Females

Total

65,546
66,431

131,977

Families chiefly employed in agri- 14,769

culture

Families chiefly employed in trade, Į

8,773

&c.

All other families

4,158

Average number of persons in each

family.

43

the largest and best built cities in Europe. The streets are broad, strait, clean, and well paved; and some of them very long and elegant. There are also several large and beautiful squares, with pleasant walks. It is surrounded with handsome gardens, which produce excellent fruit. The Sprec, that crosses the city, has communications by canals with the Havel, Oder, and Elbe, as well as with the Baltic Sea and German Ocean, which greatly facilitate commerce. Berlin is divided into five parts, once distinct towns, without reckoning the suburbs, which are extensive. They were first united under one magistrate in 1714. In all, the city contains thirty-three churches, principally Lutheran and Calvinistic, with a few for the Roman Catholics. Contrasting Berlin with Hamburgh, Dr. Neale says, 'None of the offensive peculiarities in the appearance of the latter city, are here visible; the traveller, in the course of sixty miles, seems to have borrowed the wings of time, and outstripping the slow,and gradual progression of the arts for four centuries, finds himself, on a sudden, placed as it were in the midst of an Italian city, surrounded with wide and dry streets, spacious squares, avenues, bridges, porticoes, palaces, triumphal arches, statues, and cupolas; and, instead of the jutting abutments of mean brick buildings, beholds on all sides the ample proportions of stately edifices-the triumph of human industry over the sterility of nature, a modern Palmyra raised by the wand of an enchanter amidst the hyperborean deserts of Brandenburg.' Frederic II. is supposed to have expended yearly in the improvement of this city 400,000 dollars, about £65,000 sterling, and in that of Potsdamn 200,000 dollars, £32,500; the police is well regulated, and the produce of the excise is above £20,000 sterling. In the

The increase of population at several follow- suburb called Spandau is a royal palace furing periods has been thus stated :

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1750 .

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92,700 24 per cent. in 50 years. 112,800 213 per cent. in 51 years. 122,300 8 per cent. in 10 years. 1821* 134,700 10 per cent. in 10 years. * Inciuding a proportional part of the army, &c. See Lyson's Magna Britannia; Mavor's Agricultural Report of Berkshire; Beauties of England and Wales; Smith's Map of the Strata of England, and Memoir.

BERKSHIRE, the most westerly county of Massachusetts. It is bounded on the north by the State of Vermont, on the east by Hampshire county, on the west by the State of New York, and on the south by the State of Connecticut. It is fifty-one miles from north to south, and eighteen from east to west, and is divided into twentyfive townships. This county is considerably mountainous and hilly; in some of the hills are found quarries of marble. The chief town is Stockbridge.

BERKSHIRE, a township of Vermont, in Franklin county.

BERLIN, a city of Germany, formerly the capital of the electorate of Brandenburgh, and now of the whole Prussian dominions; one of

nished in exquisite taste. Adjoining to Stralau
is a house and garden belonging to the king.
The royal gate of the city is defended by a half
moon, and two bastions, covered with brick; it
and most frequented in the city, and it contains
fronts the royal street, which is one of the longest
several handsome houses, particularly those be-
longing to the ministers of state. The royal
street is crossed by five others. On the new
bridge, which is of stone, over the Spree, is an
equestrian statue of William the Great, which is
esteemed an exquisite piece of workmanship.
After passing this bridge, the king's palace ap-
pears, which is a superb edifice, four stories
high. No palace in Europe is more magnifi-
cently furnished. Its fine gardens, however,
are now converted into a place of arms.
king's stables near the palace, are large, and
front the great street. The mangers are of stone,
and the pillars, that divide the stalls, of iron,
adorned with the king's cypher. Over the riding-
house is a theatre, where plays have been acted
and balls given for the entertainment of the
court. The arsenal consists of four rectangular
buildings, forming a court in the middle; each
front has three large porticoes. On the principal
gate is a medallion of Frederic II. in bronze.
We follow, in the rest of our description, the
main divisions of this noble city.

The

I. Berlin Proper, founded by the margrave Albert, surnamed the Bear, in the year 1163, contains thirty-nine streets. The best buildings in this part of the city are the post-office, the governor's house, and the council-chamber; the Calvinist parish church, and the Joachimsthal academy; the garrison church, built in 1722, and adorned with the portraits of generals Schwerin, Keith, Winterfield, Zeithen, and Von Kleist, the poet. Here also are deposited a number of colors and other trophies taken in the field. The other buildings are the Lutheran parish churches of St. Nicholas and St. Mary, the Brandenburg county meeting-house, the Jewish synagogue, the new guard-house, the French church, the united Berlin and Coln Lutheran academy (the funds for which were left by a Venetian merchant), the royal arsenal, from which the whole Prussian army is supplied with clothing; Frederic's hospital, in which above 800 children are educated gratis; the porcelain manufactory, the seminary for cadets, in which 224 young noblemen are instructed in language, sciences, and the exercises of the field; the new theatre, &c. The suburbs of Berlin Proper are the King's quarter, the Spandau quarter, Sophienstadt, and the Stralau quarter. In these are to be seen the large workhouse, the new mint, the public storehouse, the summer palace of Mon Bijou, with its pleasure gardens, the extensive hospital of La Charité, the sugar refineries, and the hospital of invalids, built in 1748, and fitted to contain above a thousand inmates. About two miles from the town is the mineral spring called Frederic's Well, with a bath, and other conveniences; it was first opened in 1761. Across the main branch of the Spree, between Berlin Proper and Coln, there is a fine free-stone bridge, of five arches, and 160 feet in length, ornamented with the statue of the elector Frederic William.

II. Coln, or Cologne on the Spree, also founded by the margrave Albert, and at one time surrounded with walls and ditches. The Spree here divides itself into two branches, forming a sort of island on which the town is built. The streets are twenty-five in number, regular, and well built. The most remarkable edifice here is the royal castle, 430 feet in length, and 276 in breadth. In it is the king's library, which contains upwards of 200,000 volumes, and receives a frequent increase, as two copies of every new book must be deposited in it by the publishers. In this castle are also to be seen the cabinet of antiquities, minerals, and medals, with the museum of natural and artificial curiosities. In this quarter of the town are the principal government offices, such as the council of state, the general directory of war, finance, and royal domains, the war treasury, &c. Near the castle stands the magnificent cathedral belonging to the Calvinists, first opened for public worship in 1750. The other objects worthy of notice, are the new custom-house, the royal mews, the gallery of paintings, the military school, in which fifteen young noblemen are educated for a military life at the expense of the state, the market-place, the new tilt-yard, &c. New Coln, which once formed a part of the old

town, consists of four streets, running parallel to the bank of the Spree. Here are large storehouses of salt and iron, with sugar refineries, and the observatory of Krosigke. The suburb of Coln, or, as it is sometimes called, of Copenick, is finely situated, and was first included within the outer walls in 1736.

III. Fredericswerder, or Frederic's Island, was founded by the elector Frederic William I. and is composed of nineteen streets. The principal church is divided between the German and French Protestants, and at some distance from it is the French academy, as also the Fredicswerder academy, which was rebuilt in 1794. Other excellent establishments in this part of the town are the medical college, the old custom-house, the old mint, the royal hunting lodge, in which is at present the royal bank, the palaces of the margrave Von Schwedt and the prince of Prussia, the royal arsenal and foundry, the stamp-office, &c. In this quarter of the city, likewise, is the principal Lombard, where money is lent on goods.

IV. Dorotheenstadt, or New Town, founded by the same elector, and named after his wife. It lies between Fredericswerder, Fredericstadt, and the Spree, and is not of great size, having only six regular streets, but in these are some splendid buildings. We notice the Lutheran, German, and French reformed church, so called from its being used in common by all three communions, the palace of prince Henry, now the university, the king's mews, the building formerly occupied by the academy of painting, sculpture, and architecture; the royal academy of sciences, with its elegant hall, library, and cabinet of medals, the observatory, the anatomical theatre, the handsome opera-house, the principal Catholic church, built in 1773. Here also is a fine alley of linden trees, above half a mile in length, and 160 feet wide, with various other promenades and labyrinths. The university was instituted so lately as 1810, and is rather the union of several former seminaries than a new establishment; the number of students in the first session was 232.

V. Fredericstadt, founded by the elector Frederic III. in 1688, is the largest of the five towns of which the city of Berlin is composed, and contains twenty-three broad and well-built streets, of which Leipziger-strasse is the most remarkable for beauty, and Friedrick-strasse for length. Here are situated the principal courts of law, the gold and silver fabrics, connected with the orphan-house at Potsdam, the porcelain manufactory, the magnificent palace of the grand master of the order of Malta, the palace of count Reuss, the Jerusalem, Trinity, and French churches, and the Bethlem church, belonging to the Lutherans of Bohemia. Here also are the statues of general Schwerin and Winterfeld, and the excellent seminaries called Realschule, in which are taught the languages, and all the arts and sciences of civil life.

Berlin contains a population of about 180,000 individuals, besides the military, who are seldom less than 30,000. Nearly one-fourth of the people are employed in various manufactures, the principal of which are silk, porcelain, cotton,

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