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interpret almost all the Psalms as expressly typical or prophetical of Jesus Christ, in which last point they seem to agree with the Hutchin

sonians.

The Bereans first assembled as a separate society of Christians in the city of Edinburgh, in autumn 1773, and soon after in the parish of Fettercairn, their principal leader and founder being a Rev. Mr. Barclay, a seceder from the Scottish church. Their doctrine has found converts in various places of Scotland, England, and America.

BEREAVE, Be and reave. Ang.-Sax. BEREAVEMENT, reafian, bereafian, to strip BE'REFT. Sof; to deprive of. It has generally the particle of before the thing taken away. He nigh them drew, to stay the avenger's forse; And gan inquire how was that steed bereaved, Whather by might extort, or else by slight deceived. Spenser.

Swift running rivers still did stand,

And the wild beasts their furie did withhold,
To follow Orpheus' musick through the land;
And the oakes, deep grounded in the earthly mold,
Did move as if they could him understand;
And the shrill woods, which were of sense bereaved,
Through their hard bark his silver sound received.

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Whereon I live! thy gentle looks, thy aid, Thy counsel, in this uttermost distress. Milton. The chief of either side bereft of life, Or yielded to the foe, concludes the strife.

Dryden. BERECYNTHUS, in entomology, a species of papilio, with the wings entire, black above, with a yellow margin, and six ocellar spots under the posterior pair. This is the papilio berecynthia of Cramer, and inhabits Surinam.

BEREGH, a town and county of Hungary, on the north bank of the Theyss, containing together a population of 46,000 persons. There was formerly a castle of the same name in the neighbourhood. It is separated from Galicia by the Carpathian mountains.

BEREGONIUM, in ancient geography, a city of Caledonia, in Argyllshire, said to have been the capital of Scotland, but of which scarce a vestige now remains. It stood between two hills, in the district of Ardchattan, and the common people believe it to have been destroyed by fire from heaven.

BEREILLY. See BAREILY.

BERENGARIANISM, an appellation given, by ecclesiastical writers, to the opinion of those who deny the reality of the body and blood of Christ in the eucharist. The denomination took its rise from Berengarius, who, about A. D. 1035, maintained that the bread and wine, after consecration, do not become the true body and blood of our Lord, but only a figure and sign thereof. Berengarianism was strenuously opposed by Lanfranc, Guitmond, Adelmanus, Albericus, &c.;

and synods were held, wherein the author was condemned at Rome, Versailles, Florence, Tours, &c. He retracted, and returned again to his opinion more than once; signed three several Catholic confessions of faith; in the second, third and fourth councils of Rome: but still relapsed, to his former opinions when the storm was over; though Mabillon maintains, and seemingly on good grounds, that he died an orthodox Catholic.

BERENICE, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes king of Egypt, succeeded her father before his death. This banished prince implored the assistance of the Romans, and Pompey restored him. Berenice, to support herself on the throne, allured a prince, whose name was Seleucus, descended from the kings of Syria, and admitted him to her nuptial bed, and to her sceptre. She was soon weary of him, and put him to death. She next cast her eye on Archelaus, who married her, and put himself at the head of her troops to repulse the Romans. He was killed in battle. Ptolemy returned to Alexandria, and put his rebellious daughter Berenice to death.

BERENICE, queen of Ptolemy Euergetes, king of Egypt, cut off her hair in pursuance of a vow, and consecrated it in the temple of Venus. This being afterwards lost, Conon the mathematician, in compliment to her, declared that the queen's locks had been conveyed to heaven, and composed those seven stars near the tail of the bull, called to this day coma Berenices, or Berenice's hair.

BERENICE, the daughter of Costobarus an Salome, sister to Herod the Great, was married first to her cousin Aristobulus, son of Herod and Mariamne. He having a brother who married the daughter of Archelaus king of Cappadocia, often upbraided Berenice that he had married below himself in wedding her. Berenice related all these discourses to her mother, and exasperated her so furiously, that Salome, who had much power over Herod's mind, made him suspect Aristobulus, and was the principal cause that urged this cruel father to get rid of him. She married again; and having lost her second husband, went to Rome, and got into the favor of into the good graces of Antonia, the wife of Augustus. But, above all, she insinuated herself Drusus, which in the end proved of great service to Agrippa.

BERENICE, the grand-daughter of the preceding, and daughter of Agrippa I. king of Judea, was betrothed to one Marcus, but he died before the marriage. Soon after, she married her uncle Herod, who, at the desire of Agrippa, both his brother and father-in-law, was created king of Chalcis by the emperor Claudius. She lost her husband in the eighth year of the emperor Claudius; and, in her widowhood, it was rumored she committed incest with her brother

Agrippa. To put a stop to this report, she offered herself in marriage to Polemon king of Cilicia, provided he would change his religion. He accepted her offers, was circumcised, and married her. Berenice soon left him, and he abandoned Judaism to return to his former religion. She was always on good terms with her brother Agrippa, an seconded him in his attempt

to prevent the desolation of the Jews. She brought Titus into her snares; but the murmurs of the Roman people hindering her from becoming his wife, she was contented with the title of mistress to the emperor. The French stage, in the seventeenth century, resounded with the amours of Titus and Berenice.

BERENICE, in ancient geography, the name of several cities, particularly of a celebrated port town on the Sinus Arabicus; now called SUEZ, which see.

BERENICE'S HAIR, or COMA BERENICES, a constellation of the northern hemisphere, containing, according to the ancients, but seven stars; but, in the Berlin catalogue, forty-eight. It is in a triangular form, near the tail of Leo.

BERESFORD'S ISLANDS, supposed to be the same which Perouse calls the Sartine Islands, a group of islands in the North Pacific Ocean, and so called by captain Dixon. Long. 129° 57′ W., lat. 50° 52′ N.

BERESINA, or BEREZINA, a river of WhiteRussia, rising near Polozk, and traversing the government of Minsk, in which it gives its name to a small town, forty-four miles north-east from Minsk. It finally falls into the Dnieper, near the town of Strzesno; and will be ever memorable for the total defeat of the French on its banks, during their retreat from Moscow in 1812.

BEREZOV, a large town of Siberia, on the Soswa, a few miles above its confluence with the Ob. It is the most northern station in Siberia in which the horse can live in health; and has three stone churches and a chapel. It supplies Tobolsk with dried fish in summer, and frozen fish in winter. The inhabitants, who are chiefly Cossacks, subsist by hunting, fishing, and a small commerce in furs.

BER-FISCH, in icthyology, a name given by the Germans to the common perch.

BERG, a duchy of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, belonging to Prussia. It is bounded on the north by the duchy of Cleves, on the east by the county of Mark and the duchy of Westphalia, on the south by Wetteravia, and on the west by the diocese of Cologne, from which it is separated by the Rhine. It is about 150 miles in length, and twenty-four in breadth. It is very fruitful along the Rhine, but mountainous and woody towards the county of Mark. Among the various territorial exchanges to which Prussia was forced to accede, in the disastrous war of the French revolution, the duchies of Berg and Cleves were transferred to France. This valuable acquisition Buonaparte then conferred on general Murat, with the title of Duke of Cleves and Berg: but it was re-assigned to Prussia, by the congress, in 1815; and now contains an area of nearly 1200 square miles, with a population of 295,000 individuals. Iron, copper, lead, and quicksilver, are found here, and give employment to a great number of the inhabitants: the manufactures include iron, steel, linen, woollen, cotton, and silk; and are said to be very flourishing. BERG, a county of the Netherlands, in Guelderland, district of Zutphen. The chief town, a small place, is likewise called Berg.

BERGAMASCO, a province of Italy, late in the territory of Venice, but now belonging to

Austria. It is bounded on the east by the Brescian, on the north by the Valteline, on the west and south by the Milanese. It extends about thirty-six leagues from north to south, and thirty from east to west. It is watered by several rivers, which render it very fertile, and produces great quantities of chestnuts. The northern part, which is mountainous and barren, has mines of iron, and quarries of marble, and other stones. There are a great number of villages, but Bergamo the capital is the only city. Around it is a fertile country in wine. The people are said to be very industrious. They are well stocked with cattle, and make fine tapestry. This province was included in the Italian republic, and divided into two departments, viz. that of Serio, and that of the Adda and Oglio. Its population is about 360,000.

BERGAMO, anciently Bergomum, a considerable town of Northern Italy, the capital of the preceding province. It was built by the Gauls, and stands on ten small hills, in the form of an amphitheatre. It is fortified with walls, bastions, and ditches, besides two castles. To one there is a covered passage from the city. It is said to be seven Italian miles in circumference, and has thirteen parish churches, besides convents, seven hospitals, and 25,000 inhabitants. Before the revolution it was the see of a bishop: the cathedral is a noble structure. Here is also a fine palace, called the Fiera, built in the form of a quadrangle, and containing 500 apartments. In the square within it a great fair is annually held, and it has a marble fountain in the centre. The chief trade is in silk, fine and coarse cloths, camlets, spices, and drugs. It is chiefly supplied with its grain from the Milanese and other parts of Lombardy. After suffering greatly in the wars of the Guelphs and Gibellines, this city was in the twelfth century governed by its own princes. In 1509 Louis XII. seized upon it, but it was soon restored to the Venetians. After Buonaparte had taken it, in 1796, it became the capital of the department of Serio, in the Cisalpine Republic. It lies twenty miles north-west of Brescia, and thirty north-east of Milan. Long. 9° 47' E., lat. 45° 46′ N.

BERGAMO (James Philip de), an Augustin monk, born at Bergamo in 1434, wrote in Latin a Chronicle from the creation of the world to the year 1503, and a treatise of Illustrious Women. He died in 1518.

BERGAMOT, in commerce, a coarse tapestry, manufactured with flocks of silk, wool, cotton, hemp, ox, cow, or goat's hair, and supposed to be invented by the people of Bergamo in Italy.

BERGAMOTS are a species of citron (citrus medica), produced at first casually by an Italian grafting a citron on the stock of a bergamot pear tree, whence the fruit produced by this union participated both of the citron and the pear. The fruit has a fine taste and smell, and its essential oil is in high esteem as a perfume.

BERGANDER, in ornithology, a name by which some have called the anas tadorna, shieldrake, or burrough duck; a beautiful species of duck, common on the coasts of Lancashire.

BERGAS, or BERGASE, a town of Romania

in European Turkey, the see of a Greek arch bishop, seated on the Larissa.

BERGEL, or MARKTBERCEL, a large market town in the kingdom of Bavaria, circle of the Rezat, belonging formerly to the principality of Bayreuth, in Franconia.

BERGEN, anciently Bergi, a city of Norway, the capital of Bergenhuus. It is the see of a bishop, and has a strong castle and a good port. It is a large place; but is subject to fires, being all built of wood. It stands in a deep bay, surrounded with mountains almost inaccessible; the corn consumed is almost all imported; a miscellaneous commerce, and the fisheries, occupying the chief attention of the inhabitants: 12,000 barrels of herrings have of late been exported annually. Other exports are copper, iron, pitch, tar, and hides. The imports, besides grain, are wine, salt, sugar, coffee, tea, and hardware. Population about 15,000. It is 200 miles northwest of Gottenburg, and 350 north by west of Copenhagen.

BERGEN, a town and island of the Baltic, now subject to Prussia. It is the residence of a governor, and is protected by a castle. Here is also a convent of noble nuns, and a population of about 1600 persons. Thirteen miles north-east of Stralsund.

BERGEN, a town of Holland, noted for two bloody battles, on the 19th of September and 2d of October, 1799, between the English and Russian forces, and the Dutch and French, which terminated in favor of the former. It is situated among woods, four miles north-east of Alkmaer. BERGEN, a mountainous and rough county of New Jersey, bounded on the east by Hudson River, which separates it from the state of New York, north-west by Sussex, south-west by Pegunnock river, which divides it from Morris county, and Pasaick river, which separates it from Essex, north-east by the state of New York, and south by Arthur Kull, or Newark Bay, which divides it from Staten Island. It is thirty miles in length and twenty-five in breadth, divided into six townships. In this county is a mine of copper ore, which has of late been wholly neglected. The chief town is Hakensack.

BERGEN, a town of New Jersey, situated in the preceding county, about three miles west by north of New York city. It is regularly laid out, and contains a reformed Dutch church. It is ninetytwo miles north-east of Philadelphia.

BERGENHUUS, the most western province of Norway, very mountainous and barren, sometimes called the bishopric of Bergen. It is divided into fifty-four parishes, but contains few towns beside the capital.

BERGEN-OP-ZOOM, a territory and cidevant marquisate of Dutch Brabant, consisting of a considerable tract of land, containing several villages, besides the town, and some islands in the Scheldt.

BERGEN-OP-ZOOм, a town and fortress of Dutch Brabant, in the above territory; seated on an eminence, in the middle of a morass, about a mile and a half from the eastern branch of the Scheldt, with which it has a communication by a navigable canal. The houses are well built, and the marketplaces and squares handsome and spacious. The

church, before the last siege, was reckoned a fine edifice. It is very advantageously situated on the confines of Brabant, Holland, Zealand, and Flanders; and is so strong by nature, as well as by art, as to have been reckoned impregnable. The fortifications were the master-piece of that great engineer Cohorn. This place has been the scene of various military operations. In 1588 it was gallantly defended by lord Willoughby against the duke of Parma; and again in 1605. In 1622 it was defended by the Dutch and French against the Spaniards, under Spinola, who lost 10,000 men before it. In 1638 it was again defended by the Dutch against the Spaniards; but in 1747, the French, under count Lowendahl, obtained possession of it from the Dutch, with the loss of 20,000 men. This town was among the conquests of the French republic in 1795; and garrisoned by France during the war. In 1814 Sir Thomas Graham made an unsuccessful attack upon it with a division of the British army. It is eighteen miles north of Antwerp, and contains about 8000 inhabitants.

BERGERA, in botany, a genus of plants, class decandria, order monogynia. CAL. fiveparted: COR. five-petalled: STIG. turbinate; berry two-seeded; species one: a tree with a shady head; leaves ovate, lanceolate, unequal, slightly serrate; corymbs terminal and compound. A native of the East Indies.

BERGERAC, a town of France, in the department of the Dordogne, forty-eight miles east of Bourdeaux, on the great road from Auvergne to Bourdeaux. It stands on the east side of the Dordogne, in a beautiful and fertile valley. Before the reign of Louis XIII. it was a much more considerable place than it is at present: when the edict of Nantes was revoked it contained not less than 40,000 Calvinists. This measure was the destruction of its prosperity: the inhabitants, at a late enumeration, were only 8665; but it is still defended by a castle, and has a confined trade in brandy, wine, corn, and chestnuts. It has also manufactures of paper, earthenware, and woollen stuffs.

BERG-GRUIN, in natural history, the name of an earth used in painting, and properly called green ochre, though not known among the colormen under that name. It is found in many parts of Germany, Italy, and England, commonly ir the neigbourhood of copper mines, from particles of which metal it receives its color.

BERGHAUSEN, a town of Germany, in the late province of Wetteravia, and circle of the Upper Rhine.

BERGHMOT, BERGHMOTE, Or Bergamoth, vulgarly Barmote; from beng, Sax. a hill, and mode, a meeting; a court held on a hill for deciding pleas and controversies among the miners of England in Saxon times.

BERGIA, in botany, a genus of plants, class decandria, order pentagynia. CAL. quinque-partite: PET. five: CAPS. globular, with five protuberances, five-celled, and five-valved: SEEDS numerous : species two. 1. B. aquatica, native of India. 2. B. glomerata, native of the Cape.

BERGMAN (Sir Torbern), a celebrated chemist and natural philosopher, was born in 1735 at Catherineberg in West Gothland. His

father was receiver-general of the finances, and had destined him to the same employment; but nature had designed him for the sciences. To them he discovered an irresistible inclination from his earliest years. His first studies were confined to mathematics and physics: and the efforts that were made to divert him from science having proved ineffectual, he was sent to Upsal with permission to follow the bent of his inclination. Linnæus at that time filled the whole kingdom with his fame. Instigated by his example, the Swedish youth flocked around him; and accomplished disciples leaving his school, carried the name and the system of their master to the most distant parts of the globe. Bergman was struck with the splendor of this renown; he attached himself to the man whose merit had procured it, and by whom he was very soon distinguished. Applying himself first to the study of insects, he made several ingenious researches into their history; and, among others, into that of the genus tenthredo, so often and so cruelly preyed upon by the larvae of the ichneumons, that nestle in their bowels and devour them. He discovered that the leech is oviparous; and that the coccus aquaticus is the egg of this animal, from whence issue ten or twelve young. Linnæus, who had at first denied this fact, was struck with astonishment when he saw it proved. Vidi et obstupui! he exclaimed, and wrote it in the memoir when he gave it his sanction. Mr. Bergman soon distinguished himself as an astronomer, naturalist, and geometrician; but these are not the titles by which he acquired his fame. The chair of chemistry and mineralogy, which had been filled by the celebrated Wallerius, becoming vacant by his resignation, Mr. Bergman was among the number of the competitors: and without having before this period paid any particular attention to chemistry, he published a memoir on the preparation of alum that astonished his friends as well as his adversaries. Being elected, after considerable opposition, he had now the hard task of satisfying the hopes conceived of him. He did not follow the common track in the study of chemistry. As he had received the lessons of no master, he was tainted with the prejudices of no school. He applied himself to experiments without paying any attention to theories; repeating those often which he considered as the most important and instructive. He first introduced into chemistry the process by analysis; and his views in this respect have been adopted by most modern chemists of eminence. The productions of volcanoes had never been analysed, when Messrs Ferber and Troil brought a rich collection of these into Sweden. At the sight of them Mr. Bergman conceived the design of investigating their nature. He examined first the matters least altered by the fire: he followed them in their changes progressively, imitating their more complicated appearances. In his laboratory, he observed the process of nature; the combat of flames and explosions; the chaos in which the elements seem to clash with, and to confound, one another. The continual application of Mr. Bergman to these studies having affected his health, he was advised to interrupt them if he wished to prolong his life: but he

found happiness only in study, and wished not to forfeit his reputation by a few years more of inactivity and languor. He exhausted his strength, and died in June 1784. The university of Upsal paid the most distinguished honors to his memory; and the academy of Stockholm voted a medal. Dr. Cullen says, ' No name is more illustrious in the annals of chemistry than Bergman's :-no one has contributed more than he to the rapid advancement which this science has made in the present century. Nor has any other philosopher applied the principles of Lord Bacon with greater skill or attention in the investigation of nature. Ardent enthusiasm, and patient assiduity in the pursuits of science; candour, modesty, clearness of judgment, and comprehension of mind; qualities, the union of which constitutes the true philosopher, appear to have been happily conjoined in this great man. The number and the accuracy of his experiments, the simplicity and ingenuity of his processes, the beauty and plausibility of his theories, command the admiration and respect of every intelligent reader of his works.' These are, 1. A Physical Description of the Earth, two vols. 8vo. 17701774; translated into the Danish, German, and Italian languages. 2. Various Eloges of the Members of the Academies of Stockholm. 3. An edition of Scheffer's Physic. 4. Opuscula Physica et Chemica, 1779-1790; part of which was translated by Dr. Cullen, under the title of Physical and Chemical Essays, 2 vols. London, 1786.

BERGMANNIA, in entomology, a species of phalena tortrix: wings pale yellow; fascia of whitish tint, the third bifid. This insect is found in Germany and the northern parts of Europe.

BERGMANNITE. A massive mineral of a greenish, grayish-white, or reddish color. Lustre pearly. Fracture fibrous, uneven, and slightly translucent on the edges. Scratches felspar. Fuses into a semitransparent enamel. It is found at Frederickswarn in Norway, in quartz and felspar.

BERGOO, or BERGU, a considerable Negro state, called Mobba by the natives, Dar Seleïh by the eastern, and Wádái by the western Arabs. It lies north-west of Dár Fúr, and it is dependent on Bornú; its sultan, about twenty years ago, effected the conquest of Bagirmah, by order of the sovereign of that state. The natives are chiefly Mahommedans, and live in circular reed huts, with conical roofs. But the king and some of the merchants have mud houses. The country is watered by the Misselád, a river which falls into the lake Fitri; but has few other permanent streams. Natron is the principal export; but chalk, rock-salt, and iron-ore, are found here. The capital is Warah, a walled town, sixteen days distant from Birni, the capital of Bairnù.

BERG-REICHENSTEIN-KASCHPERSCHBE-HORY, a royal mining town of Bohemia, in the circle of Prachin, having 3000 inhabitants. It is seated on a mountain, which formerly contained gold and silver mines. the town are several glass-houses. Twenty miles west of Prachatitz, and thirty-six W.S.W. of Bechin. Long. 13° 26' E., lat. 49° 6' N.

In

BERGSTADT, a market town of Moravia, in the circle of Olmutz. It had formerly considerable mines in the neighbourhood. Eighteen miles north of Olmutz.

BERG ST. VINOX, BERG ST. WINOX, or BERGUES ST. VINOX, a town of France, in the department of the North, the ci-devant Flanders. It is seated on the Colme, at the foot of a mountain, five miles from Dunkirk, and twenty-one from Ypres. The air is often very unwholesome, especially to strangers. The Colme serves instead of a canal to Hondschotte, St. Omer's, and Gravelines. There is likewise a canal to Dunkirk. The villages in its territory are famous for butter and cheese, of which they export great quantities. The population is about 5000.

BÈ'RHYME. Be and rhyme. See RHYME. BERIA, BERIE, or BERRY, in old writings, seems to signify a large open field; and those cities and towns in England which end with that word, are built on plain and open places, as is roved by the learned Du Fresne, who observes that beria Sancti Edmundi, mentioned by Mat. Paris. sub ann. 1174, is not to be taken for the town, but for the adjoining plain. To this may be added, that many flat and wide meads, and other open grounds, are called by the name of berries and berry fields; thus the spacious meadow between Oxford and Ifley was, in the reign of king Athelstan, called bery; and though these meads have been interpreted demesne or manor meadows, yet they were truly any flat or open meadows that lay adjoining to any villa or farm.

BERIBERI, the name of a disease among the Indians: a species of palsy.

BERITH, a Hebrew word, which, in our version of the Scriptures, is translated covenant. The learned Catcott says the root of berith is bar or barr, to cleanse or purify; and in this sense it is used in Jer. ii. 22, and Mal. iii. 2, where it is translated soap. Some will have the substance designed in these two texts to be the kali, or salt wort, from the ashes of which soap is made; and others, after Rudbeck, make it to be the dye of the purple fish.

BERING'S STRAITS. See BEERING'S STRAITS. BERKELEY (Dr. George), the celebrated bishop of Cloyne, was the son of a clergyman in Ireland, distinguished by his piety and learning. He was born at Kilcrin in 1684, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he attained a fellowship. His first essays as a writer were published in the Spectator and Guardian, which he adorned with many pieces in favor of virtue and religion. His learning and virtues early in troduced him to the acquaintance of many great and learned men; among others to that of the earl of Peterborough, Dr. Swift, and Mr. Pope. The earl made him his chaplain, and took him as his companion on a tour through Europe in 1714-15. During his absence he was elected a senior fellow of his college, and created D. D. per saltum. Upon his return, lord Burlington conceived a high esteem for him on account of his great taste and skill in architecture, an art which Mr. Berkeley had made his particular study while in Italy. He was recommended by this nobleman to the duke of Grafton, who took VOL. IV.

him over to Ireland in 1721. In 1722 his fortune received a considerable increase from a very unexpected event. On his first going to London, in the year 1713, Dean Swift introduced him to the family of Mrs. Esther Vanhomrigh (the celebrated Vanessa), and took him often to dine at her house. Some years before her death, this lady removed to Ireland, and fixed her residence at Celbridge, a pleasant village in the neighbourhood of Dublin, most probably with a view of often enjoying the company of Swift. But finding herself totally disappointed, upon discovering the dean's connexion with Stella, she was so enraged at his infidelity, that she altered her intention of making him her heir, and left her whole fortune (near £8000) to be divided equally between Mr. Marshall, afterwards one of the judges of the court of common pleas in Ireland, and Dr. Berkeley, whom she had not seen for some years. In 1724 the doctor resigned his fellowship, being promoted by the duke of Grafton to the deanery of Derry. Some time before this, he had been projecting a benevolent plan for the better supplying the churches in our foreign plantations, and converting the natives of America to Christianity, by erecting a college in the BERMUDAS, or Summer Islands, which see. He was warmly engaged about the same time, in concert with Swift, Bolingbroke, and others, in a scheme for establishing a society for the improvement of the English language, in imitation of the academy of France. But Harley, the great patron of it, falling from power, this design proved abortive. In 1728 Dr. Berkeley married Anne, the eldest daughter of R. H. John Forster, Esq. speaker of the Irish house of commons; and almost immediately after passed over to America to found his college. On his arrival at Newport, in Rhode Island, he contracted for the purchase of lands for the purposed establishment, fully expecting that the money would, according to the charter he had obtained, be immediately paid. His expectations, however, were disappointed; and after various delays and excuses, he was at length informed by hishop Gibson, in whose diocese, as bishop of London, the whole of the West Indies was included, that upon application to Sir Robert Walpole, he received the following remarkable answer: If you put this question to me as a minister,' said Sir Robert, 'I must and can assure you, that the money shall most undoubtedly be paid as soon as suits with public convenience; but if you ask me as a friend, whether dean Berkeley should continue in America expecting the payment of £10,000, I advise him by all means to return home to Europe, and give up his present expectation.' Accordingly the dean, after having expended a great part of his private fortune, and more than seven years of his life, in the prosecution of so laudable a scheme, found himself compelled to return to England. In 1734 he was advanced to the bishopric of Cloyne. When the earl of Chesterfield was lordlieutenant of Ireland, he made him an offer of the richer see of Clogher, but he declined it, saying, his neighbours and he loved one another, and he could not think of forming new connexions in his old days. In 1752, finding the infirmities of age come upon him, he asked leave

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