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geniuses in the learned world, and whose fame has not suffered by the wit to which it gave occasion;' and Dodwell, who resided at Oxford during the controversy, declared to the Christchurch men, that he never learned so much from any book of the size, in his life, as he had done from Dr. Bentley's Answer to Boyle. In 1696, At the public commencement, Mr. Bentley was created D. D. by the university of Cambridge; and sometime after admitted ad eundem, in the iniversity of Oxford. In 1700 he was presented the mastership of Trinity College, Cambridge, vhich is reckoned worth near £1000 per annum; nd, in 1701, was collated to the archdeaconry of Ely. Being thus placed in a state of ease and ffluence, he married, and indulged his inclinaion in critical pursuits. The fruits of his labors, which he occasionally published, displayed such erudition and sagacity, that by degrees, he obained the character of being the greatest critic of he age. In the meanwhile, however, a complaint was brought against him before the bishop of Ely, by several of the fellows of his college, who charged him with embezzling the public money, and other misdemeanors. In answer to this, he published in 1710, The present State of Trinity College, 8vo; and thus began a quarrel, which was carried on with the most virulent animosity on each side, for above twenty years. In 1716, upon the death of Dr. James, he was appointed regius professor of divinity at Cambridge; annexed to which was a good benefice in the bishopric of Ely. King George I. on a visit to the university in 1717, having, as usual nominated by mandate several persons for a doctor's degree in divinity, our professor, to whose office it belonged to perform the ceremony called creation, demanded four guineas from each person, besides a broad piece of gold, and absolutely refused to create any doctor without these fees: hence there arose a long and warm dispute, during which, the doctor was first suspended, and then degraded; but on a petition to his majesty for relief from that sentence, the affair was referred to the court of King's Bench, where the proceedings against him being reversed, a mandamus was issued, charging the university to restore him. A concise account of his controversies with his college and the university, may be seen in Mr. Gough's Anecdotes of Topography. There are likewise, in the Harleian collection of MSS. in the British Museum, No. 7523, some authentic papers relative to these proceedings. Dr. Bentley was endowed with a natural hardiness of temper, which enabled him to ride out both these storms without any extraordinary disturbance, or interruption to his literary pursuits. His principal works, besides those already mentioned, were, 1. His Animadversions and Remarks on the poet Callimachus. 2. Annotations on the first two Comedies of Aristophanes. 3. Emendations, &c. on the Fragment of Menander and Philemon. 4. Remarks upon Collin's Discourse of Free-thinking. 5. Beautiful and correct editions of Horace, Terence, Phædrus, and Milton, with notes. In 1721 he published proposals for printing a new edition of the Greek Testament, and St. Hierom's Latin version; in

which edition he intended to make no use of any MS. that was not at least 1000 years old. Upon these proposals Dr. Middleton published some remarks; and the work never made its appearance. He died at his lodge in Trinity College, July 14, 1742, aged eighty. To his latest hour, he could read the smallest Greek testament without spectacles. He died of a pleuritic fever.

BENTVOGEL SOCIETY, a celebrated society of Flemish painters, established at Rome, into which they received all of their own nation who came to reside at Rome, and desired to be admitted as members. BE'NUM, Be and num: num is BENUMM'EDNESS. the past tense and past particle of niman. Benumen, Saxon; to make torpid; to take away the sensation and use of any part by cold, or by some obstruction; to stupify.

So stings a snake that to the fire is brought, Which harmless lay, with cold benummed, before.

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Will they be the less dangerous, when warmth shall bring them to themselves, because they were once L'Estrange. frozen and benummed with cold?

These accents were her last: the creeping death Benummed her senses first, then stopped her breath. Dryden.

BENYOWSKY (Maurice Augustus, count de), a singular adventurer of the last century, a magnate of the kingdoms of Hungary and Poland, and one of the chiefs of the Polish confederacy in 1767. He was taken prisoner by the Russians, and sent in exile to Kamtschatka, where the governor entrusted to his care the education of his son and three daughters: the youngest of these fell in love with him, and her parents consented to the match. But the chief object of Benyowsky being the deliverance of himself and his fellow exiles, he scrupled not in effecting it to kill the governor, and was enabled to seize a vessel and sail from Kamtschatka, accompanied by ninety-six persons. Nothing more is heard of his wife except that she died the following September at Macao. There our adventurer entered into an engagement with the French East India Company, and proceeded with his companions to the Isle of France, whence he sailed for Europe in 1772, and, touching at Madagascar, arrived in France in the July of that year. The French ministry, approving his plan for a settlement, he embarked once more for the Isle of France and Madagascar, but the settlement at the latter place being inadequately supported, fell into great confusion, and Benyowsky abandoned it. Quitting the French service, he induced the natives to believe that he was a descendant of one of their kings formerly carried away to Europe, and was actually elected their chief. On this he sailed to Europe in a brig, which he had freighted for the Cape of Good Hope, to submit proposals for acquiring the aid and protection of Great Britain. He, however, failed in these endeavours, but induced several private

merchants to supply him with a vessel and merchandise to the value of £4000. Touching at the cape, and at Sofala on his return, he anchored at the bay of Atanagara in Madagascar, in July 1785, where he unloaded his cargo, on which those on board sailed away with the vessel and deserted him. Unintimidated by this disaster. he departed for his settlement of Angoneti, and soon had a body of natives under his command, with whom he attacked the French factory. His proceedings now induced the government of the Isle of France to send a ship with sixty regulars to Foulpoint. The count had constructed a redoubt, which he attempted to defend with two cannon, two Europeans, and thirty natives. The latter fled on the first fire, and Benyowsky, receiving a ball in the breast, fell behind the parapet, and in a few minutes afterwards expired. This bold and eccentric adventurer it is evident only wanted a wider theatre to make him a conspicuous subject of history. He met his death in May or June 1786.

BENZOATS, neutral salts composed of earths, alkalies, or metallic oxides, and benzoic acid; the principal are the following:-Benzoat of alumine has a sharp bitter taste, is soluble, deliquesces in the air, and forms dendritical crystals. Benzoat of ammonia is very soluble in water, deliquesces in the air, and forms, with difficulty, feather-shaped crystals. Benzoat of barytes is Lot alterable by exposure to the air. Benzoat of lime is, perhaps, the only one of these salts found native; it exists abundantly in the urine of cows, and has been discovered in that of some other animals among the herbivorous quadrupeds; it forms sweet tasted, white, shining, pointed crystals, soluble in cold, but more so in hot water. Benzoat of magnesia has a sharp bitter taste, and forms feather-shaped crystals. Benzoat of potash has a sharp saline taste, very soluble in water, deliquesces in the air, and is easily crystallisable in the form of pointed feathers. Benzoat of soda resembles the preceding, except that it effloresces in the air, and its crystals are larger. On account of the weakness of the affinity that benzoic acid has for the different substances with which it unites, benzoats may be decomposed by any of the strong acids.

BENZOIC ACID. This acid was first obtained from the resin which goes under the name of Benzoin, and was therefore called flowers of Benzoin, or Benjamin (see BENZOIN). It is now, however, known as a peculiar acid, not exclusively obtainable from the benzoin, but also to be procured from other vegetable balsams. It is found in Storax, in the Tolu and the Peruvian balsams, in cinnamon, in ambergris, in the urine of children, and, according to some chemists, in the urine of many graminivorous animals. Berzelius has shown it to be the main ingredient of that acid which is procured by the destructive distillation of tallow. It is supposed that very many vegetable substances contain this acid, and especially some of the grasses. Hence it is conjectured the source of its presence in the urine of the graminivora.

Ure, in the Philosophical Transactions of 1822, has stated the following as the composition of benzoic acid:

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The results of Berzelius's investigation on the same substance do not materially differ.

This acid was first, we are told, desribed in 1608 by Blaise de Vigenere in his treatise on fire and salt. The usual method of obtaining it,' says Dr. Ure, affords a very elegant and pleasing example of the chemical process of sublimation. For this purpose a thin stratum of powdered benzoin is spread over the bottom of a glazed earthen pot, to which a conical tall paper covering is fitted; gentle heat is then to be applied to the bottom of the pot, which fuses the benzoin and fills the apartment with a fragrant smell, arising from a portion of essential oil and acid of benzoin, which are dissipated into the air; at the same time the acid itself rises very suddenly in the paper head, which may be occasionally inspected at the top, though with some little care, because the fumes will excite coughing. This saline sublimate is condensed in the form of long needles, or straight filaments of a white color, crossing each other in all directions. When the acid ceases to rise, the cover may be changed, a new one applied, and the heat raised; more flowers of a yellowish color will then rise, which require a second sublimation to deprive them of the empyreumatic oil they contain."

Scheele's method of procuring the benzoic acid consists in powdering a pound and a half of gum benzoin with four ounces of quicklime, and then boiling them for half an hour in a gallon of water, constantly stirring. When cold, the clear liquor is poured off, and what remains is boiled a second time in four pints of water, the liquor being poured off as before. The mixed liquids are to be boiled to one-half and filtered through paper: muriatic acid is now gradually to be added, until it ceases to produce a precipitate. The liquid is to be decanted off from this precipitate, the powder dried in a gentle heat, and sublimed into cones of white paper, from a proper vessel, placed in a sand bath.

The digestion of the benzoin in hot sulphuric acid has been recommended as the best method of procuring the benzoic acid crystals. If,' says Ure, we concentrate the urine of horses or cows, and pour muriatic acid into it, a copious precipitate of benzoic acid takes place; and this is the cheapest source of it. Fourcroy recommends employing the muriatic acid, to extract it from the water that drains out of dunghills, cowhouses, and stables.

Benzoic acid has a very peculiar odor, which is not disagreeable: it is sweetish and hot to the taste; it reddens the color of litmus. It exists in the form of a light powder, crystallised in fine needles. Its specific gravity is 0.667. It is said to be so little alterable by the air as to have been kept in an open vessel twenty years without losing any of its weight. It is occasionally, but not very frequently, employed in medicine: it, however, enters into the composition of the compound tincture of camphor of the London Pharmacopoeia.

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For its combination with earths, alkalies, &c. see CHEMISTRY. BENZO'IN, n. s. A medicinal kind of resin imported from the East Indies, and vulgarly called Benjamin. It is procured by making an incision in a tree, whose leaves resemble those of the lemon-tree. The best comes from Siam, and is called amygdaloides, being interspersed with white spots, resembling broken almonds. Trevoux. Chambers.

The liquor we have distilled from benzoin, is subject to frequent vicissitudes of fluidity and firmness.

Boyle. BENZOIN, or BENJAMIN. The tree which produces this substance is principally found in the island of Sumatra. Incisions are made into it in order that the juice may exude, which comes from the tree in the form of a thick balsam. It eventually changes to a reddish brown color. It is soluble in alcohol, but is precipitated from it by water. The specific gravity of this resin is 1-092. The opaque fluid formed by the admixture of water with the alcoholic solution of Benzoin is used by perfumers as a cosmetic under the name of lac virginale. Brande's products, as obtained by distillation from 100 grains of the resin, were benzoic acid nine grains, acidulated water 5.5, butyraceous and empyreumatic oil 60, brittle coal 22, and a mixture of carbonated hydrogen and carbonic acid gas, computed at 3.5. The oil afterwards was found to yield five grains more of the acid, making the proportion 14 to

100.

Benzoin is soluble also in ether, and in sulphuric and acetic acids. Solutions, likewise, of potash and soda dissolve it. Nitric acids act on it with violence, and a portion of artificial tannin is thereby formed. It is dissolved sparingly by ammonia.

BE PAINT, v. a., from paint; to cover with paint.

Thou knowest the mask of night is on my face, Else would a maiden blush bepaint my chcek.

Shakspeare.

BE PALE. Be and pale. See PALE.
BE'PEARL. Be and pearl. See PEARL.
BE'PEPPER. Be and pepper. See PEPPER.
BE'PLASTER. Be and plaster. See PLASTER.
BE'PLUME. Be and plume. See PLUME.
BE'POWDER. Be and powder. See PowDER.
BE'PRAISE. Be and praise. See PRAISE.
BE PROSE. Be and prose. See PROSE.
BE PURPLE. Be and purple. See PURPLE.
BE'QUALIFY. Be and qualify. See QUALIFY.
BEQUEATH, Ang.-Sax. becwathan.
BEQUEST, v. & n. To announce; to declare
BEQUEATHER, the will or determination;
BEQUEATHMENT.
a legacy by will.
She had never been disinherited of that goodly
portion, which nature had so liberally bequeathed to
her.
Sidney.

Then weete ye, sir! that we two brethren be,
To whom our sire, Milesio by name,

Did equally bequeath his lands in fee,
Two islands, which ye there before you see.

Them therefore as bequeathing to the winde,

Spenser.

I now depart, returning to thee never,
And leave this lamentable plaint behinde.
But doo thou haunt the soft downe-rolling river,

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Methinks this age seems resolved to bequeath pos terity somewhat to remember it. Glanville.

For whom best I love and value most,
you
But to your service I bequeath my ghost.

Dryden's Fables. He claimed the crown to himself; pretending an adoption, or bequest, of the kingdom unto him by the Confessor. Hale.

BEQUIERES, BEQUIRES, or ABOUKIR, an island and bay on the coast of Egypt, at the mouth of the Nile, near which admiral Nelson gained, over the French fleet, one of the most complete victories which adorn the annals of Britain.

BER, in botany, a name used by some authors for the Indian jujube; that species of the jujube tree, on which the gum lacca of the shops is usually found.

BERA, king of Sodom, contemporary with Abraham, who had his country terribly ravaged by Chedorlaomer and his allies.

BERA, a district in the island of Celebes, on the east coast, extending from the river Bampang to the point of Lassoa. It was ceded to the Dutch by the rájàh of Bony. Much of it is unproductive, but it affords pretty good small ship timber. The most wealthy inhabitants are merchants, and ship builders. There is also a species of cloth manufactured here from the cotton of the district.

BERABZAN, a long lake in New North Wales, lying north and south, and narrowing gradually to the south till its waters join those of Lake Shechary, and form Seal River, which falls into Hudson's Bay, at Churchill Fort.

BE'RAIN. Be and rain. See RAIN. BERAMS, a coarse cloth, made with cotton thread, which comes from the East Indies, and particularly from Surat.

BERAR, a soubah of the deccau of Hindoshabad, east by Gundwana, south by Aurungabad tan, bounded on the north by Malwa and Allaand the Godavery, and east by Khandish and Allahabad. Its limits are inaccurately defined; but, including the small modern province of Nandere, which properly belongs to it, the length may be estimated at 230 miles, by 120 the average breadth. Less is known of the interior parts of Berar than of most of the other countries of Hindostan. Nagpoor has been generally called the capital; but that town is in fact in the neighbouring province of Gundwana. The capital of Berar is Ellichpoor. The country in gene ral is elevated and hilly, abounding in strong holds; some of which, as Gawelghur, were thought impregnable, until taken by our army under the intrepid Wellesley. The principal rivers are the Godavery, Tuptee, Poornah, Wurda, and Kaitna. Yet, though well supplied with water, Berar as a whole is but little cultivated, and thinly inhabited. The cultivated parts produce rice, barley, wheat, cotton, opium, sugar, and a little inferior silk. The Berar bullocks are reckoned the best in the Deccan.

The

principal towns are Ellichpoor, Gawelghur, Narnallah, Poonar, Nandere, and Patery. Threefourths of the province are included within the territories of the Nizam, and the remainder is either occupied by, or tributary to, the Nagpoor and Malwah Mahrattas

mitted to grow in corn lands; for the ears of wheat that grow near it never fill, and its influence in this respect has been known to extend across a field of 300 or 400 yards. Cows, sheep, and goats eat it; horses and swine refuse it.

BERBICE, a river of South America, in the colony of that name, which rises about 100 miles from the coast, and, after a circuitous course, flows into the Atlantic, in the seventeenth degree of

BERAT, or ARnauth Belgrade, a town of Albania, in European Turkey, with 12,000 inhabitants, the capital of a pachalic. It is on the site of the ancient Eordea, on the river Kevroni, (the Apsus of the ancients), forty miles north-north latitude, and fifty-eighth of west longitude. east of Aulona.

BE'RATE. Be and rate. See RATE. BERATTLE. Be and rattle. See RATTLE. BERBER, in the plural Beráber, pronounced Bréber, in Africa, a people spread over nearly the whole of Northern Africa. The appellation of Barbary is said to be derived from them (see BARBARY), and they are perhaps the descendants of the ancient Numidians, whose country they occupy. Mount Atlas is their principal abode; to the south they are bounded by the Negro states and the edge of the great Sahra. BERBERII, in medicine, a name given by some to the palsy.

BERBERINĂ, in entomology, a species of tipula; wings, sooty, incumbent; the base and marginal spot white; the thorax and abdomen red: it feeds on the barberry, and forms small strumous excrescences on the branches.

BERBERINA, in natural history, a species of vorticella, of a simple oval form, with a branched rigid stem and white granulations. This is vorticella composita, floribus ovalibus muticis, stirpe ramosa of Linn. Brachionus berberiformis of Pallas; and Pseudopolypus beriformis of Rosel. Found in fresh water in Europe; usually in clusters.

BERBERIS, in botany, the barberry, or pipperidge bush. A genus of the monogynia order and hexandria class of plants; the characters of which are: CAL. consisting of six leaves; the petals six, with two glands at the ungues; no stylus; the berry two-seeded. The species are three, viz. 1. B. Canadensis, is a native of that country from whence it takes its name, and formerly common in British gardens. 2. B. cretica, with a single flower in each footstalk, at present very rare in Britain; the plants being tender whilst young, and most of them killed by severe frost. It rises three or four feet high, but sends out many stalks from the root, which are strongly armed with spines at every joint: 3. B. vulgaris, the common barberry, grows naturally in hedges in many parts of England and some parts of Scotland; but is also cultivated in gardens on account of its fruit, which is pickled and used for garnishing dishes. The berries, which are so acid that birds will not feed upon them, are moderately astringent; and have been given with success in bilious fluxes, and diseases proceeding from heat, acrimony, and thinness of the juices. Among the Egyptians barberries are used in fluxes and in malignant fevers. The roots boiled in ley, dye wool yellow. In Poland they dye leather of a most beautiful yellow with the park of the root. The inner bark of the stems dyes linen of a fine yellow with the assistance of alum. This shrub should never be per

It is a broad stream, generally shallow, with a bar in the sea five miles from its mouth. It is, however, capable of admitting vessels which draw fifteen or sixteen feet of water to Fort Nassau, about fifty miles above its mouth: about a mile from the sea it receives the Canje. The country along its banks is low and flat, but has numerous sugar plantations.

BERBICE, a district and colony of Guiana, named after the preceding river, extends nearly 300 miles from the sea. When the colony in 1796 came into possession of the English, the coast was regularly surveyed, and laid out into two parallel lines of estates, with a navigable canal between them. The river Canje flows behind the second both banks of which are cultivated to a considerable height up the country. The line of estates facing the sea are called the coast estates, the second line consists of the canal estates, and those behind are called the Canje estates. The capital is NEW AMSTERDAM, which

see.

The chief product of the coast estates is cotton, but the most valuable are those which are adapted to the growth of sugar. The agricultural laborers are chiefly slaves: about 200 are generally employed on an estate which produces an annual average of 140,000 cwt. of coffee, and 10,000 cwt. of cocoa. Besides sugar, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, cotton, and arnotta, are cultivated here. This last was managed exclusively for a long time by the native Indians, who macerated the seed in the juice of lemons, mixed with the dissolved gum of the manna tree, and thus produced a celebrated crimson paint, with which the Indians adorn themselves. The arnotta is now cultivated by the European settlers as a dye-stuff. The population of this colony, according to Mr. Bolingbroke, was, in 1805, 2500 whites, 1000 free people of color, and 40,000 slaves; making a total of 43,500 individuals.

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In 1815 a paper returned to the House of Commons, gives the following population :Whites Colored people Black

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550 240 25,169

25,959, making, as compared with Mr. B.'s account, a vast decrease. The climate is certainly very unhealthy, from excess of moisture; but the heat is not usually so great as the latitude alone would lead us to expect. Fahrenheit's thermometer seldom rises above 90°, and in general during May, June, and July, it is a little above 80°. The lowest point to which it descends at any season is 75°: but changes of weather take place very suddenly

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In

1810. 1811. 1812. 1813. Gallons, 20,355 6193 1866 23,139 And, in the year ending 5th of January 1813, there was imported of sugar 9084 cwts. 1819 the exportation of cocoa from the colony amounted to 17,665 cwts. and in 1810, to 22,582 cwts. In the former year the exportation of cotton was 1,874,195 lbs.; and, in the latter year, 1,656,057 lbs. By 56 Geo. III. (1816), c. 91, Berbice is placed on the same footing in relation to the regulations of trade, as the British West India islands. The subjects of the king of the Netherlands, who are proprietors in Berbice, may import into it from the Netherlands the usual articles of supply for their estates, but not for trade; wine imported for the use of their estates, to pay a duty of 10s. per ton. The Dutch proprietors may export their produce, but not to Britain; both exports and imports to be in ships belonging to the Netherlands, the duties to be the same as those payable by British proprietors. The principal commerce of the colony being with the Netherlands, no official returns of the exports and imports have been lately published in this country. See AMERICA, SOUTH, for a general account and history of the British possessions here.

BERCARIA, BERQUERIA, Or BERKERIA, in writers of the middle age, denotes a sheep-fold, or sheep-cote, for the safe keeping a flock of sheep. The word is abbreviated from berbicaria; of berbex, detorted from vervex. Hence also a shepherd was denominated berbicarius and berquarius.

BERCHEM, or BERGHEM (Nicholas), a painter, born at Haerlem in 1624. He was instructed by several eminent masters; and added to their fame. His cattle and figures are justly held in high estimation; and many of them have been finely engraved by Visscher.

BERCHEROIT, or BERKOITS, a weight used at Archangel, and in all the Russian dominions, to weigh such merchandises as are heavy and bulky. It is about 364lbs. English avoirdupois weight.

BERCHET (Peter), an eminent historical painter, was born in France in 1659, and at the age of eighteen was employed in the royal palaces. He came to England in 1681, to work under Rambour, a French painter of architecture; but, after staying a year, returned to Marli. He came again, and was sent by King William to the palace he was building at Loo, where he was employed fifteen months; and then came a third time to England, where he had considerable business. Mr. Walpole says, that he then painted the ceiling of the chapel of Trinity College, Oxford, the staircase at the duke of Schomberg's in Pall-mall, and the summer-house at Ranelagh. His drawings in the academy were much approved.

Towards the close of his life he retired to
Mary-le-bonne, and died in 1720.

BERCHTOLSGADEN, a town and principality of Germany, thirteen miles south-west of Saltzburg. The district is mountainous, containing six towns and twenty villages. Fossil salt, of which 87,000 quintals are produced annually, is the chief article of trade. The town of Berchtolsgaden contains about 3000 inhabitants. There is a small manufacture of bone and wooden toys here.

BERCIUS, an ancient Briton, unworthy of the name, who urged the emperor Claudius to invade his native country.

BERDA, in ichthyology, a species of sparus, inhabiting the Red Sea. It is of a whitish gray; lateral scales, marked in the middle with a single transverse brown band; dorsal spines recumbent. The body of this fish is oval; back gibbous, with pale bands; white beneath, scales broad, entire. The crown is naked, sloping; iris, white; nostrils, large; four long, conic, sublate, teeth; grinders, numerous, hemispherical, those behind largest; upper lip, long; gill-covers, entire; lateral line, nearest the back; fins, brown; pectoral ones transparent and lanceolate; tail, two-lobed.

BERDASH, in antiquity, was a name formerly used in England for a certain kind of neck-dress; and hence a person who made or sold such neck-cloths was called a berdasher, from which is derived the word haberdasher.

BERDOA, a town of Persia, in Erivan, seated in a fertile plain, ten miles west of the river Kur, and sixty-two south by east of Gangea.

BEREA, BERCA, or BERRHOEA, in ancient geography, a noble city of Macedonia, situated near Pella, the birth-place of Alexander the Great. In this town St. Paul preached with great success.

BEREANS, in ancient church history, the inhabitants of Berea. They are highly commended in scripture for their ready reception of the gospel, upon a fair and impartial examination of its agreement with the Old Testament prophecies.

BEREANS, in modern church history, a sect of Protestant dissenters from the church of Scotland, who take their title from, and profess to follow the example of the ancient Bereans, in building their system of faith and practice upon the scriptures alone, without any regard to human authority.

The Bereans agree with the great majority of Christians, both Protestants and Catholics, respecting the doctrine of the Trinity; which they hold as a fundamental article of the Christian faith; and they also agree in a great measure with the professed principles of both our established churches, respecting predestination and election, though they allege, that these doctrines are not consistently taught in either church. But they differ from other sects, 1, In rejecting all natural religion; 2, in their opinion of faith, holding it to be a simple credence of God's word, but always accompanied with the personal as surance of salvation; 3, they consider unbelief the sin against the Holy Ghost; and 4, they

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