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73. Ribbed (costatum), when the veins arise out of the middle, and proceed in a straight line towards the margin in considerable numbers, and close together; as in the Calophyllum inophyllum, Canna, Musa, &c.

74. Nerved (nervosum), when the vessels rising out of the petiolus run from the base to the apex.

75. Three-nerved (trinervium), when three nerves take their origin from the base. Thus we likewise say, quinquenervium, septemnervium, &c.

76. Triple-nerved (triplinervium), when out of the side of the middle rib, above the base, there arises a nerve running towards the point; as in Laurus, Cinnamomum, and Camphora.

77. Quintuple-nerved (quintuplinervium), when out of the middle rib, above the base, there arise on each side two nerves running towards the point.

78. Septuple-nerved (septuplinervium), when on each side of the middle rib, above the base, three nerves arise, and proceed to the apex.

79. Venose-nerved (venoso-nervosum), when, in a leaf having nerves, the vessels run into branches, or in a veined leaf; as in the Indian cress, Tropæolum majus.

80. Streaked (lineatum), when the whole leaf is full of smooth parallel vessels, that run from the base to the apex.

81. Nerveless (enervium), when no nerves rise from the base.

82. Veinless (avenium), where there are no veins. 83. Dotted (punctatum), when, instead of ribs and veins, there are dots or points; as in the Vaccinium vitis idaea.

84. Colored (coloratum), a leaf of some other color than green.

85. Cowled (cucullatum), when in a heartshaped leaf the lobes are bent towards each other, so as to have the appearance of a cowl.

86. Convex (convexum), when the middle of the leaf is thicker than the rim, raised on the upper surface and hollowed on the under.

87. Keel-shaped (carinatum), when on the under surface of a linear-lanceolate, or oblong leaf, the place of the middle rib is formed like the keel of a ship.

88. Quadruply-keeled (quadricarinatum), when the middle rib, by means of a thin leaf above and below, projects, and the margin is incrassated, so that a horizontal section has the appearance of a cross; as Ixia cruciata.

B. Compound Leaves.

89. Compound (compositum), when several leaves are supported by one foot-stalk To this term belong Nos. 89, 92, 95, 96, 97. But when the leaf agrees with the above definition, although it should not come under any of the following kinds, it is still to be considered a compound leaf. 90. Fingered (digitatum) when the base of several leaves rests on the point of one foot-stalk; as in the horse-chestnut, Aesculus Hippocastanum. 91. Binate (binatum), when two leaves stand by their base on the top of one foot-stalk; but if the two foliola of a binate leaf bend back in a horizontal direction, it is called a conjugate leaf, folium conjugatum.

92. Bigeminate (bigeminatum, bigeminum), when a divided leaf-stalk at each point bears two leaves; as in some species of Mimosa.

93. Trigeminate (trigeminatum or tergeminum), when a divided leaf-stalk on each point bears two leaves, and on the principal stalk, where it divides, there is a leaf at each side; as in the Mimosa tergemina.

94. Ternate (ternatum), when three leaves are supported by one foot-stalk; as in the clover, Trifolium pratense. Strawberry, fragaria vesca. 95. Biternate (biternatum, or duplicato-ternatum), when a foot-stalk, which separates into three, at each point bears three leaves.

96. Triternate (triternatum, or triplicato-ternatum), when a foot-stalk, which separates into three, is again divided at each point into three, and on each of these nine points bears three leaves.

97. Quadrinate (quadrinatum), when four leaves stand on the point of a leaf-stalk; as Hedysarum tetraphylium.

98. Quinate (quinatum), when five leaves are supported by one foot-stalk: this, it is true, has some affinity with No. 89, but varies on account of the number five, as in the other there are generally more leaves.

99. Umbellate (umbellatum), when at the point of a leaf-stalk there stand a number of leaves, closely set, and forming the figure of a parasol; as Aralia sciodaphyllum, Panax chrysophyllum.

100. Pedate (pedatum, ramosum), when a leaf-stalk is divided, and in the middle, where it divides, there is a leafet, at both ends there is likewise a leafet, and on each side, between the one in the middle and that at the end, another or two, or even three leaves. Such a leaf therefore consists of five, seven, or nine leafets, that are all inserted on one side; as in the Helleborus viridis, fœtidus, and niger.

101. Pinnated (pinnatum), when on an undivided leaf-stalk there is a series of leafets on each side, and on the same plane; of this there are the following kinds: a. Abruptly-pinnated (pari pinnatum, or abrupte pinnatum), when at the apex of a pinnated leaf there is no leafet.

B. Pinnate with an odd one (impari-pinnatum, or pinnatum cum impari), when at the apex of a pinnated leaf there is a leafet.

y. Oppositely pinnate (oppositè pinnatum), when the leafets on a pinnated leaf stand opposite to one another.

d. Alternately pinnate (alternatim pinnatum), when the leafets on a pinnated leaf stand alternately.

ε. Interruptedly pinnate (interruptè pinnatum), when in a pinnated leaf each pair of alternate leafets is smaller.

. Jointedly pinnate (articulatè pinnatum), when between cach pair of opposite pinnæ, or leafets, the stem is furnished with a jointed edge.

7. Decursively pinnate (decursivè pinnatum), when from each particular pinnula a foliaceous appendage runs down to the following one.

9. Decreasingly pinnate (pinnatum foliolis decrescentibus), when the successive foliola on a pinnated leaf grow graduaily smaller to the point; as in the Vicia sepium

102. Conjugately pinnated (conjugato-pin

natum), when a leaf-stalk divides, and each part makes a pinnated leaf.

103. Ternato-pinnate (ternato-pinnatum) when at the point of a principal leaf-stalk there stand three pinnated leaves; as Hoffmanseggia.

104. Digitato-pinnate (digitato-pinnatum), when several simply pinnated leaves, from four to five, stand on the point of one stalk; as in Mimosa pudica,

105. Doubly pinnate (bipinnatum, duplicatopinnatum), when a leaf-stalk bears, on one plane on both sides, a number of leaf-stalks, of which each is a pinnated leaf.

106. Trebly pinnate (triplicato-pinnatum, or tripinnatum), when several doubly pinnated leaves are attached to the sides of a foot-stalk on one plane.

107. Doubly compound (decompositum) when a divided leaf-stalk connects several leaves; of this kind are Nos. 90, 91, 93, 98, 99, 100. But the term decompositum is only used when the division of the leaf-stalk of the pinnulæ is ir regular.

108. Super-decompound (supra-decompositum), when a leaf-stalk, which is often divided, sustains several leaves; to this belong Nos. 94, 101. But then the term is used only when the divisions of the leafets are either more numerous or not so regular.

In respect of the place.

109. Radical (radicale), when a leaf springs from the root, as in the violet, Viola odorata. Sagittaria sagittifolia.

110. Seminal (seminale), when a leaf grows out of the parts of the seed, as in the hemp; where, as soon as it springs, there appear two white bodies, which are the two halves of the seed that change into leaves.

111. Cauline (caulinum), which is attached to the principal stem. The root leaves and stem leaves of a plant are often very different

112. Raméous (rameum), when a leaf rises from the branches.

113, Axillary (axillare or subalare), which stands at the origin of the branch.

114. Floral (florale), which stands close by the flower,

In respect of substance.

115. Membranaceous (membranaceum), when both membranes of a leaf lie close upon one another, without any pulpy substance between them; as in the leaves of most trees and plants.

116. Fleshy (carnosum), when between the membranes there is much soft and pulpy substance; as in houseleek, Sempervivum tectorum.

117. Hollow (tubulosum), when a somewhat fleshy and long leaf, as in the onion, Allium Cepa.

118. Bilocular (biloculare), when in a linear leaf, internally hollow, the cavity is divided by a longitudinal partition into two. Lobelia dortmanna.

119. Articulate (articulatum, or loculosum), when a cylindrical hollow leaf has its cavities divided by horizontal partitions; as Juncus articu

latus.

120. Cylindrical (teres), when it is formed like a cylinder.

121. Compressed (compressum), when a thick leaf is flat on both sides.

122. Two-edged (anceps), when a compressed leaf is sharp on both edges.

123. Depressed (depressum), when the upper surface of a fleshy leaf is pressed down, or, as it were, hollowed out.

124 Flat (planum), when the upper surface of a thick leaf forms an even plane.

125. Gibbous (gibbosum, or gibbum), when both surfaces are convex.

126. Scimitar-shaped (acinaciforme); a twoedged thick leaf, on one side sharp and arched, on the other straight and broad.

127. Axe-shaped (dolabriforme), when a fleshy leaf is compressed, circular on the upper part, convex on the one side, sharp edged on the other, and cylindrical at the base.

128. Tongue-shaped (linguiforme), when a long compressed leaf ends in a round point.

129. Three-sided (triquetrum), when the leaf is bounded by three narrow sides, and is at the same time long.

130. Deltoid (deltoideum), when a thick leaf is bounded by three broad surfaces, and is at the same time short.

131. Four-cornered (tetragonum), when a leaf, long in proportion, is bounded by four narrow surfaces; as in the Pinus nigra.

132. Warty (verrucosum), when short fleshy leaves are truncated, and stand in thick heaps; as in some Euphorbiæ.

133. Hook-shaped (uncinatum), when a fleshy leaf is flat above, compressed at the sides, and bent back at the point.

In respect of situation and position. 134. Opposite (folia opposita), when the bases of the leaves are next each other, on opposite sides of a stem.

135. Dissimilar (disparia), when of two leaves, placed opposite, the one is quite diferently formed from the other; as some species of Melastoma.

136. Alternate (alterna), see No. 11.

137. Scattered (sparsa), when the leaves stand thick on the stem, without any order.

138. Crowded (conferta, or approximata), when the leaves stand so close together that the stem cannot be seen.

139. Remote (remota), when the leaves are separated on the stem by certain interstices.

140. Three-together (terna), when three leaves stand round the stem: there are sometimes four, five, six, seven, eight, &c., quaterna, quina, sena, septena, octona, &c.

141. Star-like (stellata, or verticillata), when several leaves stand round the stem at certain distances; as in ladies-bedstraw, Galium, &c.

142. Tufted (fasciculata), when a number of leaves stand on one point; as in the larch, Pinus larix, Celastrus buxifolius.

143. Two-rowed (disticha), when leaves are so placed on the stem that they stand on one plane; as in the pitch fir, Pinus picea, Lonicera symphoricarpus.

144. Decussated (decussata), when the stem, in its whole length, is set round with four rows of leaves at each branch, and when one looks perpendicularly down upon it, the leaves seem to form a cross; as in Veronica decussata.

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B. Trifariam imbricata, three rows.

7. Quadrifariam imbricata, &c. four rows, &c. In respect of insertion.

146. Petiolated (petiolatum), when a leaf is furnished with a foot-stalk.

147. Palaceous (palaceum), when the footstalk is attached to the margin.

148. Peltated (peltatum), when the foot-stalk

is inserted into the middle of the leaf.

149. Sessile (sessile), when the leaf is attached to the stem without any foot-stalk.

150. Loose (solutum, or basi solutum), a succulent cylindrical or subulate leaf, which seems to have no connexion with the stalk on which it rests, but seems to hang the more loosely; as Sedum album.

151. Riding (equitans), a sword-shaped or linear leaf, that forms at its base a sharp and deep furrow, whose surfaces lie on one another, and embrace the stalk; Dracaena ensifolia, Sisyrinchium striatum, &c.

152. Decurrent (decurrens), when the foliaceous substance of a sessile leaf runs down along

the stem.

153. Embracing (amplexicaule), when a sessile leaf is heart-shaped at the base, and with

both lobes embraces the stem.

154. Connate (connatum), when opposite and sessile leaves are joined at their base. N. B. A perfoliated leaf (folium perfoliatum), is already described in No. 59.

In respect of direction.

155. Appressed (adpressum), when the leaf turns up, and lays its upper surface to the stem. 156. Erect (erectum, or semiverticale), when the leaf is directed upwards, and makes with the stem a very acute angle.

157. Vertical (verticale), which stands quite upright, and thus makes with the horizon a right angle.

158. Bent sideways (adversum), when the margin of a vertical leaf is turned towards the stem. 159. Spreading (patens), which goes off from the stem in an acute angle.

160. Bent in (inflexum, or incurvum), when an upright leaf is bent in at its point towards the

stem.

161. Oblique (obliquum), when the base of the leaf stands upwards, and the point is turned towards the ground.

162. Horizontal (horizontale), when the upper surface of the leaf makes with the stem a right angle.

163. Bent down (reclinatum, or reflexum), when the leaf stands with its point bent towards the earth

164. Bent back (revolutum), when the leaf is bent outwards, and its point from the stem.

165. Hanging down (dependens), when the base is turned to the zenith, and the point towards the ground.

VOL. IV.

166. Rooting (radicans), when the leaf strikes root.

167. Swimming (natans), when the leaf swims on the surface of water; as in Nymphæa alba. 168. Immersed (demersum), when the leaves are found under water.

169. Emerging (emersum), when the leaf of an aquatic plant raises itself out of the water.

203. Besides the petiole, the stipula, and the lamina, which have now been described, there are two appendages which properly belong to the foliage, and still remain to be noticed; these are the ramentum, and the cirrhus or tendril.

204. The rament (ramentum) is a small, and more or less of a brown color; sometimes often bristle-shaped, leafet, that is oblong, thin, placed, like the stipula, in the angles of the petiole; but sometimes, likewise, without any order on the stem. their buds open, and falls soon after. On the It appears on all trees when oak it stands like the stipula, on the Scotch fir, Pinus sylvestris, it is soon dispersed.

When the stem of a plant is covered with fine dry scales, that have the appearance of the Ramentum, it is properly called a ramentaceous

stem, caulis ramentaceus.

which serves for attaching plants to some support. 205. The tendril (cirrhus), is a filiform body, the plant; for instance, in the vine, of a leaf, It is always an alteration of some other part of and in the Artabotrys of a part of the infloresClimbing plants are furnished with tendrils. They are in general spiral. The species

cence.

are as follows:

1. Axillary (axillaris), when rising from the axillæ of the leaves.

2. Foliar (foliaris), when springing from the points of the leaves."

3. Petiolar (petiolaris), when standing on the point of the common foot-stalk of a compound leaf.

4. Peduncular (peduncularis), when rising from the foot-stalk of a flower.

5. Simple (simplex), when not divided. 6. Convolute (convolutus), when winding regularly round a prop.

7. Revolute (revolutus), when winding irregularly, sometimes to this side, sometimes to that.

206. To the INFLORESCENCE are to be referred all those parts which are placed above the articulation which unites the flower with the plant; strictly speaking, the term denotes the mode in which the flowers are arranged upon

their stalk or rachis. We will first describe the different manners in which this is effected, and then explain the nature and modifications of the accessory leaves.

207. The inflorescence in many plants is an important character, and the following kinds have been described, viz.: The whirl (verticillus), the head (capitulum), the ear (spicula), the spike (spica), the raceme (racemus), the fascicle (fasciculus), the umbel (umbella), the cyme (cyma), the corymb (corymbus), the panicle (panicula), the thyrse (thyrsus), the spadix (spadix), and, finally, the catkin (amentum).

208. A whirl (verticillus), consists of several flowers that encircle the stem, and stand un2 D

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