81. Herbaceous (herbaceus), that is weak and can be easily cut.

82. Fleshy (carnosus), that is nearly as juicy and soft as the flesh of an apple.

83. Firm (solidus), internally hard.

84. Empty (inanis), filled internally with a soft pith.

85. Hollow (fistulosus), without any pith within and quite hollow.

86. With separations (septatus), where either *he pith or the hollow space is divided by thin parutions.

87. Cork-like (suberosus), when the outer rind is soft and spongy: as in the Ulmis sube

rosa.

88. Rifted (rimosus), when there are in the rind thin clefts or chinks.

89. Scarred (cicatrizatus), having scars formed by the falling off of the leaves.

192. The straw (culmus) is proper only to the grasses. The kinds of it are nearly the same with those of the stem. The following, how ever, may be distinguished in addition.

1. Knotted (nodosus), furnished with enlarged joints, as most of the grasses.

2. Knotless (enodis), without any such enlarged joints. Juncus, Carex, Scirpus.

3. Simple (simplex), having no branches. 4. Branched (ramosus), furnished

branches.

with

5. Leafy (frondosus), furnished with irregular branches, and particularly with small leaves; as Restio.

6. Sheathed (vaginatus), that is covered with a foliaceous vagina.

7. Naked (nudus), having neither a foliaceous vagina nor any leaves.

8. Erect (erectus), standing quite upright. 9. Geniculated (geniculatus or infractus), when the first and undermost joint lies prostrate, and the rest stand upright, so that by this flexure nearly a right angle is formed; as in Alopecurus geniculatus.

10. Oblique (obliquus), having such a direction as to be intermediate between perpendicular and horizontal; as Poa annua.

193. The scape (scapus) is an herbaceous stem that bears flowers, but not leaves, and proceeds from the descending, or intermediate, but never from the ascending stem.

It is proper to the lilies, and is sometimes found in other plants; but in this last case it ought to bear more than one flower, for had it but one flower it would be called pedunculus radicalis. It is only when this single flower sits on a flowerstalk proceeding immediately from the ground that it is called scape.

194. The stipe (stipes). This term is applied only to Filices, Fungi, and Palms. The following are the kinds of it:—

In Filices.

1. Chaffy (paleaceus), when it is covered with dry membranaceous scales.

2. Scaly (squamosus), when it is covered with foliaceous scales.

3. Naked (nudus), without any covering. 4. Prickly (aculeatus), having prickles. 5. Smooth (inermis), without prickles.

In Fungi.

6. Fleshy (carnosus), of a fleshy substance. 7. Leathery (coriaceus), consisting of a tough leather-like substance, as Boletus perennis.

8. Firm (solidus), consisting within of a solid

mass.

9, Hollow (fistulosus), forming throughout a hollow cylinder.

10. Pitted (lacunosus), having depressions on the outside; as Helvella sulcata.

11 Scaly (squamosus), covered with firmly attached scales.

12. Squarrose (squarrosus), covered with scale: which are turned back at the points.

13. Raised (peronatus), that from the bottom to the middle is laid thick over with a woolly substance ending in a sort of meal.

14. Bellying (ventricosus), thicker in the middle than at either end.

15. Bulb-like (bulbosus), that is thick immediately above the root.

195. The shoot (surculus), is a term applied to the stem which bears the leaves of the mosses. Of this there are the following varieties :

1. Simple (simplex), having no branches; as in the Polytrichum commune.

2. Branched (ramosus), dividing into branches; as in Mnium androgynum.

3. With hanging branches (ramis deflexis), when the stem is branched but all the branches hang down; as in Sphagnum palustre.

4. Irregular (vagus), branched, but the branches set on without order.

5. Intricate (intricatus), branched, and the numerous protuberant branches running into one another.

6. Tree-like (dendroides), standing erect, and at the point a crowd of thick branches like the top of a tree.

7. Pinnated (pinnatus) having at two opposite sides simple branches, of nearly the same length, at equal angles with the stalk.

8. Doubly pinnated (bipinnatus), having the habit of the last, only that its branches are again divided like those of the principal stem; as Hypnum parietinum.

9. Trebly-pinnated (triplicatio pinnatus), like the last, but the secondary branches are also pinnated; as Hypnum recognitum.

10. Proliferous (prolifer), when, in either of the two last kinds, there shoots forth a new stem out of the old; as in Hypnum proliferum.

11. Erect (erectus), which rises perpendicularly; as in Polytrichem commune.

12. Prostrate (procumbens), lying along. 13. Creeping (repens), the same with the last, but the branches constantly lengthening and putting forth small roots.

14. Floating (fluctuans), swimming under water in a perpendicular direction, and attached to some fixed body; as Fontinalis antipyretica.

196. The sarment or runner (sarmentum) is a filiform stem, springing from the root and shooting from the point, so sending forth roots and producing a new plant of the same kind; as Saxifraga sarmentosa, Fragaria.

197. The sucker (stolo) is a foliaceous creeping stem, springing from the root, covered on its under surface with small roots, but at the point

bearing a number of leaves from which comes a new plant; as Ajuga reptans, Hieracium pilosella.

198. The FOLIAGE consists of the leaves, and their several parts, with the tendrils or other appendages connected therewith. The leaves are the organs in which the juices of the plant are elaborated, and rendered fit for being returned into the system, through the descending vessels of the bark, and the radiating vessels of the wood. They begin where the primordial scales at the base of the plant, if any, terminate; and they cease to be considered leaves as soon as the inflorescence (inflorescentia) commences; if situated among the inflorescence they are denominated bracteæ.

199. The leaf is divided into three distinct parts: the stipula, the petiole, the lamina.

200. The stipule are minute scale-like appendages, seated at the base of the common or partial petiole; occasionally they are foliaceous; their position is liable to slight variation, being sometimes at the base of the petiole, sometimes adnate with its margin, and occasionally placed on the side of the stem opposite to the petiole. The stipule are to the leaf what the bractea are to the flowers.

201. The petiole is the foot-stalk of the leaf, and is subject to nearly the same variations in form as the stem; the terms applied to which are equally applicable to the petiole.

202. The lamina is a term used to express the leaf itself, considered without reference to the petiole or stipulæ.

Leaves are said to be simple when they consist of one lamina only; and to be compound, when they are formed by the union of more lamina than one. The following are the terms employed in speaking of leaves:

A. SIMPLE LEAVES.

In respect of the apex.

A leaf is said to be:

1. Acute (acutum), when the leaf ends in a point.

2. Acuminated (acuminatum), when the point is lengthened out.

3. Pointed (cuspidatum), when the lengthenedout point ends in a small bristle.

4. Obtuse (obtusum), when the end of the leaf is blunt or round.

5. Mucronate (mucronatum), when there is a bristle-shaped aculeus, situated on the round end of a leaf; as in the Amaranthus blitum.

6. Bitten (præmorsum), when the leaf is as it were bitten off at the point, forming a curved line; as in the Pavonia præmorsa.

7. Truncated (truncatum), when the point of the leaf is cut across by a straight line; as in the Liriodendron tulipifera.

8. Wedge-shaped (cuneiforme), when a truncated leaf is pointed on both sides at the

base.

9. Dedaleous (dædaleum), when the point has a large circuit, but is truncated and ragged. 10. Emarginated (emarginatum), when an obtuse pointed leaf has a part as it were taken out of the apex.

11. Retuse (retusum), when an obtuse leaf is somewhat emarginated, but in a small degree.

12, Cleft (fissum), when there is a cleft at the point, extending half way down the leaf. When there is but one cleft at the point, the leaf is called bifid (folium bifidum); if there are two clefts, it is called trifid (trifidum); if there are more clefts, the leaf is called quadrifidum, quinquefidum, &c. multifidum, with many clefts.

13. Fan-shaped (flabelliforme), when a truncated cuneiform leaf is at the point once or oftener cleft.

14. Tridentated (tridentatum), when the point is truncated, and has three indentations.

In respect of the base.

15. Heart-shaped (cordatum), when the base is divided into two round lobes, the anterior part of the leaf being ovate.

16. Kidney-shaped (reniforme), when the base is divided into two round separate lobes, and the anterior part of the leaf is round.

17. Moon-shaped (lunatum), when both lobes at the base have either a straight or somewhat arched line, and the anterior part of the leaf is round.

18. Unequal (inæquale), when one side of the leaf is more produced than the other.

19. Arrow-shaped (sagittatum), when the base is divided into two projected pointed lobes, and the anterior part of the leaf is likewise pointed.

20. Spear-shaped (hastatum), when the two pointed lobes of the base are bent outwards.

21. Ear-shaped (auriculatum), when there are at the base two small round lobes bent outwards. It is nearly the hastate leaf, only the lobes are smaller and round.

In respect of circumference.

22. Orbicular (orbiculatum), when the diameter of the leaf on all sides is equal.

23. Roundish (subrotundum), differs little from the foregoing, only that the diameter is longer, either from the base to the apex, or from side to side.

24. Ovate (ovatum), a leaf which is longer than it is broad; the base is round and broadest, the apex narrowest.

25. Oval or elliptical (ovale or ellipticum) a leaf whose length is greater than its breadth, but round both at base and apex.

26. Oblong (oblongum), when the breadth to the length is as one to three, or the breadth always least; but the apex and base vary, that is, they are sometimes obtuse, sometimes pointed.

27. Parabolic (parabolicum), a leaf is so called which is round at the base, then forms a small bend, and grows less towards the point.

28. Spatulate (spatulatum), when the fore part of a leaf is circular, growing smaller toward the base, as in the Cucubalus otites.

29. Rhombic (rhombeum), when the sides of the leaf run out into an angle, so that the leaf represents a square.

30. Oblique (subdimidiatum) is that leaf which has one side broader than the other.

Of this leaf there are several varieties: as u. Heart-shaped oblique (sub-dimidiatio-cor

datum) a heart-shaped leaf, which is at the same time oblique, as in the Begonia nitida.

b. Trapeziform (trapeziforme), a rhombic leaf,

with one side smaller than the other, &c.

31. Panduræform (panduræforme), when an oblong leaf has a deep curve on both sides. 32. Sword-shaped (ensiforme), an oblong leaf, growing gradually narrower towards the apex, which is pointed, the sides are flat, and have more or less of an arch-like form; as in the sword flag, Iris.

33. Lanceolate (lanceolatum), an oblong leaf which grows gradually narrower from the base to the point.

34. Linear (lineare), when both sides of a leaf run parallel to each other, so that it is equally broad at the base and the apex.

35. Capillary (capillare), when a leaf has scarcely any breadth, and is as fine as a thread or hair.

36. Awl-shaped (subulatum), a linear leaf, which is sharply pointed.

37. Needle-shaped (acerosum), a linear leaf that is rigid, and generally endures through the winter; as in the pine tribe, Pinus.

38. Triangular (triangulare), when the circumference represents a triangle, the apex of which makes the point of the leaf; as in the birch, Betula alba.

39. Quadrangular, quinquangular (quadrangulare, quinquangulare), when the circumference of the leaf has four or five angles; as in the Menispermum Canadense.

40. Entire (integrum, indivisum), which is not

at all cleft or divided.

Ac

41. Lobed (lobatum), when a leaf is deeply divided, nearly half its length, into lobes. cording to the number of lobes it is denominated bi-lobed (bi-lobum), as in Bauhinia; tri-lobed (tri-lobum), quinquelobed (quinquelobum), as in the hop, Humulus lupulus, &c.

42. Palmated (palmatum), when there are five or seven very long lobes, that is, when the segments are more than half way divided.

43. Divided (partitum), when in a roundish leaf the division extends to the base; Ranunculus aquatilis.

44. Two-ranked (dichotomum), the last leaf, whose linear sections are divided or subdivided

into twos.

45. Torn (laciniatum), when an oblong leaf has several irregular clefts.

46. Sinuated (sinuatum), when on the sides of an oblong leaf there are round incisures, as in the oak, Quercus robur.

47. Pinnatifid (pinnatifidum), when there are regular incisures, to go almost to the middle rib. 48. Lyre-shaped (lyratum), nearly the foregoing leaf, whose outer segment is very large and round.

49. Runcinate (runcinatum), when the incisures of a pinnatifid leaf are pointed, and form a curve behind, as in the dandelion, Leontodon

taraxacum.

50. Squarroso-laciniate (squarroso-laciniatum), when the leaf is cut almost into the middle rib, and the incisures run in every direction; as in the thistle, Carduus lanceolatus. N. B. the contour of the leaves from No. 41 to 43 is round. From 44 to 49 it is oblong.

In respect of the margin.

margin is without either notch or indentation 51. Quite entire (integerrimum), when the

N. B. this No. 50 and No. 40, are often confounded. An entire leaf is merely the opposite of the be either dentated or serrated. A quite entire numbers from 40 and 41 to 49. It may often leaf may, indeed, be formed like numbers from 41 to 47, but it can have no indentations or serratures, as in the following leaves :

52. Cartilagineous (cartilagineum), when the margin consists of a border of a harder substance

than the disk.

53. Undulated (undulatum), when the margin is alternately bent in and out.

54. Crenated (crenatum), when the margin is set with small and round notches, having at the same time a perpendicular position.

55. Repand (repandum), when there are on ments of a smal: circle. the margin small sinuses, and between them seg

56. Toothed (dentatum), when the margin is set round with small pointed and distinctly sepa

rated teeth.

when each small tooth of the margin is again 57. Duplicato-dentate (duplicato-dentatum), dentated; as in the elm, Ulmus campestris.

58. Dentato-crenate (dentato-crenatum), when each tooth is set with small and round denticuli. 59. Serrated (serratum), when the teeth on the margin are very sharp pointed, and stand so close that one seems to lie on the back of another. unequally sinuated, as if it had been gnawed; as 60. Gnawed (erosum), when the margin is in some species of sage, Salvia.

61. Spiny (spinosum), when the margin is set with spines; as in the thistle, Carduus.

62. Fringed (ciliatum), when the margin is set round with strong hairs, of equal length, and at

a considerable distance from one another.

In respect of the surface.

63. Aculeated (aculeatum), when the surface is covered with spines.

64. Hollow (concavum), when there is a hollow in the middle of the leaf.

65. Channelled (canaliculatum), when the middle rib of a long and narrow leaf is furrowed.

66. Wrinkled (rugosum), when the surface is raised between the veins of the leaf, and thus forms wrinkles; as in sage, Salvia.

67. Bullate (bullatum), when the parts raised between the veins on the surface appear like blisters.

68. Pitted (lacunosum), when the raised places between the veins are on the under surface, so that the upper surface appears pitted.

69. Curled (crispum), when the leaf is fuller on the margin than in the middle, so that it must lie in regular folds.

70. Folded (plicatum), when the leaf lies in regular straight folds from the base.

71. Veined (venosum), when the vessels of a leaf rise out of the middle rib. This is the case in most plants.

72. Netwise-veined (reticulato-venosum), when the veins which rise from the middle rib again subdivide into hranches, that form a sort of net-work.