lowish oily substance, intermixed with marl, gravel, and other impurities. 3. Borax, Dutch, ́or purified borax, is in the form of portions of transparent crystals of considerable purity. Pyramids with several facets may be observed among them, the crystallisation appearing to have been interrupted. Its taste is styptic; it converts syrup of violets to a green; and when exposed to heat, it swells up, boils, loses its water of crystallisation, and becomes converted into a porous, white, opaque mass, commonly called calcined borax. A stronger heat brings it into a state of quiet fusion; but the glassy substance thus afforded, which is transparent, and of a greenish-yellow color, is soluble in water, and effloresces in the air. It requires about eighteen times its weight of water to dissolve it at the temperature of sixty degrees of Fahrenheit; but water at the boiling heat dissolves three times this quantity. Its component parts, according to Kirwan, are, boracic acid thirty-four, soda seventeen, water forty-seven. Borax serves as a flux to vitrifiable earths, with which it forms a good glass, and is employed in making artificial gems. It vitrifies clay, but much less completely than siliceous earths; and from this property it adheres to the inside of crucibles, and glazes them. The acid of borax, as well as the borax in substance, is made use of to fuse vitrifiable earths, with which it forms clear and nearly colorless glasses: by the assistance of heat it dissolves the earth precipitated from the liquor of flints. It unites with ponderous earth, magnesia, lime and alkalies, and forms, with different substances, salts distinguished by one general name of borax, though only that formed by the combination of sedative salt and mineral alkali is used in the arts. It is used in many other chemical operations as a flux, besides that of glass making; and the dyers also use it for giving a gloss to silks. In medicine it is occasionally given in cardialgia as an antacid. Its solution is in common use as a cooling gargle, and to detach mucus, &c. from the mouth in putrid fever; and mixed with an equal quantity of sugar, it is used in the form of powder to remove the aphthous crust from the tongue in children. BORBETOMAGUS, in ancient geography, a city of the Vangiones on the Rhine; now called Worms. BORBONIA, in botany, a genus of the decandria order, and diadelphia class of plants; natural order, thirty-second, caryophylleæ: STIG. emarginated: CAL. spines pointed; the legumen is pointed. There are eight species, all natives of warm countries. They are a kind of broom; and rise to the height of ten or twelve feet, but in Europe seldom above four or five. They must be kept constantly in the stove, and may be propagated by shoots; but as these are generally two years before they put forth roots, the best method is by seeds, which must be procured from their native places. BORBONICA, in ornithology, a species of motacilla; color grayish; a yellowish gray be neath; quill and tail-feathers brown, edged with gray. This is the ficedula borbonica of Brisson; and the Bourbon warbler of Latham. Inhabiting the islands of Bourbon and Madagascar. BORBONICUS, a species of turdus, of a cinereous olive color; crown black; abdomen and vent yellow; tail fuscous, with two obsolete bands near the tip. Inhabits the isle of Bourbon. This is the Bourbon thrush of Latham. BORBONIUS (Nicholas), a French Latin poet of the sixteenth century. He was highly esteemed by the most learned men of his time. His poems were printed in 1540. BORBORIANI, BORBORITES, in church history, a sect of gnostics, in the second century, who, besides embracing the errors of these heretics, denied the last judgment. Their name comes from Bopßopos, filth; on account of a custom they had of daubing their faces and bodies with dirt. BORBORYGMUS, Booẞoovyμos; Greek, a rumbling of the intestines. BORD HALFPENNY, a small toll by custom paid to the lord of the town for setting up boards, tables, booths, &c. in fairs or markets. BORD LANDS, the demesnes which lords anciently kept in their hands, for the maintenance of their board or table. BORD LODE, 1. a service required of tenants, to carry timber out of the woods of the lord to his house: 2. the quantity of provision which the Bordarii, or bordmen, paid for their bord lands. BORD SERVICE, the tenure of bord lands, by which some lands in certain places are held of the bishop of London, and the tenants now pay sixpence per acre, in lieu of sending provision as formerly for their lords' table. BORDA (John Charles), a French mathematician and natural philosopher; was born at Dax, in the department of the Landes, 1733. lie studied under the Jesuits, who endeavoured to induce him to enter into their order, and was afterwards intended for a civil employment; but, in consequence of his passion for geometry, he was suffered to devote himself to the sciences. In 1756 he laid before the Academy a Memoir on the motion of Projectiles, which procured him admission into that body. The year following he was aide-de-camp to M. de Maillebois at the battle of Hastembeck, and on his return to Paris was employed as inspector of the dock-yards. In this situation he made numerous experiments on the resistance of fluids and the velocity of motion. In 1767 he published a valuable Dissertation on Hydraulic Wheels; and, in 1768, another on the Construction of Water-pumps. He was appointed sub-lieutenant in the marine, and sent with Pingrè on a voyage of discovery to the South Seas, of which an account was published in 2 vols, 4to. 1778. He afterwards served under count d'Estaing in America, when he discovered many defects in the construction of vessels, which led to some important improvements in naval architecture. He also produced an invention called the Circle of Borda, the first idea of which was given by Meyer. Besides this he was the contriver of the mensuration-rod, for ascertaining new station-lines. He also projected a reform in weights and measures; for whica purpose he published Tables of Lines, at his own expense. One of his last labors was the determination of the length of the pendulum now vibrating seconds at Paris; where he died, greatly lamented, in 1799. BORDARII, often mentioned in the Domesday inquisition, were distinct from the servi and villani, and seem to be those of a less servile condition, who had a bord or cottage, with a small parcel of land allowed to them, on condition they should supply the lord with poultry and eggs, and other small provisions for his board and entertainment. Though, according to Spelman, the bordarii were inferior to the villani, as being limited to a small number of acres. BORDAT, in commerce, a small narrow stuff, manufactured in some parts of Egypt, particularly in Cairo, Alexandria, and Damietta. BORDE (Andrew), M. D. was born at Pevensey in Sussex, early in the sixteenth century. In his Introduction to Knowledge, he says, that he was a student of Oxford. He entered a brother of a Carthusian convent in or near London; but, not liking their discipline, he returned to Oxford, and applied to physic. Some time after, he embarked for the continent; and, as he expresses it, travelled through and round about Christendom, and out of Christendom into some parts of Africa.' In 1541, and 1542, he resided at Montpelier, where he was made M. D. and after his return to England received the same degree at Oxford. From his preface it appears that he had also been in Scotland. Having satisfied his inclination for travelling, he settled first at Pevensey, afterwards at Winchester, and finally in London, where he became first physician to Henry VIII; notwithstanding which, he had the misfortune to end his life in the Fleet prison, in 1549. Wood says, he was esteemed a noted poet, a witty and ingenious person, and an excellent physician.' Pitts calls him a man of sufficient learning, but too volatile. His writings are, 1. A Book of the Introduction of Knowledge, the whych doth teach a Man to speak part of all manner of Languages, &c. Lond. 1542, 4to; dedicated, from Montpelier, to the lady Mary, daughter of Henry VIII. It is written partly in verse, and partly in prose. 2. The Breviary of Health, Lond. 1547, 4to. 3. Dietary of Health, Lond. 1576, 8vo. 4. The Merry Tales of the Madmen of Gotham: printed, says Wood, in the time of Henry VIII., in whose reign, and after, it was accounted a book full of wit and mirth, by scholars and gentlemen. It is now sold only on the stalls of ballad-sellers. 5. A Right Pleasant and Merry History of the Mylner of Abingdon, with his Wife and his Fair Daughter, and of Two Poor Scholars of Cambridge; Lond. 4to. 6. A Book of every Region, Country, and Province, &c. published by Hearne at end of Benedictus abbas Peterb. de vita Henrici II., Oxf. 1735; 8vo. 7. The Principles of Astronomy, Lond. 12mo. The author says, that he wrote this little book in four days, with one old pen, without mending. BORDELL', A brothel. Menage thinks BORDEL'LO, the old French bordeau is BOR'DELLER. compounded of board and eau, because such places were heretofore by the water side. Wachter contends that bordell is the diminutive of the Ang.-Sax. bord, a house; and properly signifies domuncula, a small house. BORDENTOWN, a thriving town of the United States in Burlington County, New Jersey; seated on the east side of the Delaware, twentysix miles above Philadelphia, and four southeast by south of Trenton. As it stands on a rising ground, about seventy feet perpendicular above the Delaware, between two creeks which run into that river, it is extremely healthy. BOR'DER, v. & n. BOR'DERER. Fr. border; Dut. S boorden, from board; and also aboard, in its consequential usage. To approach; to accost, or accoast; to be, or come near upon; close to the edge or confines; close to also to surround with an edge or border. Border is the outer part or edge of any thing; the confines of a country; the outer part of a garment; a bank raised round a garden and set with flowers. If a prince keep his residence on the border of his dominions, the remote parts will rebel; but if he make the centre his seat, he shall easily keep them in obedience. Spenser. All over her a cloth of state was spred, Not of rich tissew, nor of cloth of gold, Nor of ought else that may be richest red But like a cloud, as likest may be told, That her brode-spreading wings did wyde unfold; Whose skirts were bordered with bright sunny beames. I saw a thousand huntsmen, which descended Downe from the mountaines bordering Lombardie, Id. That with an hundred speares her flanks wide rended. Id. They of those marches, gracious sovereign! Shall be a wall sufficient to defend Our island from the pilfering borderers. Shakspeare. The king of Scots in person, with Perkin in his company, entered with a great army, though it chiefly consisted of borderers, being raised somewhat suddenly. Bacon. which border the sea, called the Persian gulf. Sheba and Raamah are those parts of Arabia, Raleigh. BORDERS, among florists, the leaves which stand round the middle thrum of a flower. BORDERS, in gardening, are made to enclose parterres, that they may not be injured by walking in them. Borders are made either circular, straight, or in cants; and are turned into knots, scrolls, volutes, and other compartments. They are rendered very ornamental by the flowers, shrubs, yews, &c. that are raised in them. They are always laid with a sharp rising in the middle; to render them more agreeable to the eye: the largest are allowed five or six feet, and the smallest commonly four. BORDERS, or BORDURES, in heraldry, are either plain or indented as in fig. 1 vert; a bordure indented, argent. Borders are charged in the same manner as the field; thus a border BORDUNI, or BORDONE (Paris), an excellent Italian painter, born at Venice about 1512. He was the disciple of Titian; but has been admired more for the delicacy of his pencil, than for the truth of his outlines. For Francis I. of France, he drew not only abundance of history pieces, but the portraits of several court ladies, in so fine a manner, that original nature was hardly more charming. He died in 1587, aged sevety-five. BORE', v. & n. 2 Ang.-Sax. borian. WachBoʻrer. Ster and Skinner think the Greek, nepav, to pierce; whence the Lat. forare, to bore, is the parent of this word; to pierce; to penetrate through; to make a hollow, or a cavity through; to push forwards towards a certain point. Metaphorically, to teaze by ceaseless repetition; like the unvarying continued action of a borer. Those milk paps, That through the window bars bore at men's eyes, Are not within the leaf of pity writ. Shakspeare. I read in his looks reviled eye Matter against me; and his To seas or flames; at least, to search and bore Into hollow engines long and round, Nor southward to the raining regions run; But boring to the west, and hovering there, With gaping mouths they draw prolific air. Dryden. We took a cylindrical pipe of glass, whose bore was about a quarter of an inch in diameter. Boyle. These diminutive caterpillars are able, by degrees, holes; which, after they are fully entered, grow toto pierce or bore their way into a tree, with very small gether. Rcy. Consider, reader, what fatigues I've known, What riots seen, what bustling crowds I bored, How oft I crossed where carts and coaches roared. But he could not them use, but kept them still in Bacon. The great men were enabled to oppress their inferiours; and their followers were born out and countenanced in wicked actions. Davies. But he his wonted pride The father bore it with undaunted soul, "Twas my fate Dryden. Id. To kill my father, and pollute his bed By marrying her who bore me. insolent, born away by his passion. Upon some occasions, Clodius may be bold and Swift. BORE (Catharine de), wife of Luther, the celebrated reformer, was the daughter of a pri vate gentleman, and was born about A. D. 1499. Having been early immured in the monastery of Nimptschen, she left it, along with other eight nuns in 1523, during the bustle of the holy week, and was married to Luther in 1526. On these accounts the Catholic writers raised many calumnies against her, from which Mr. Bayle has very completely vindicated her; and points out numberless mistakes of Varillas and others concerning her. He gives her an excellent character, and mentions, that Luther was satisfied so with his choice, that he said,' he would not change his condition for the wealth of Croesus.' She bore him five children, and survived him a few years. She died at Torgau in 1552, aged fifty-three. BOʻREAL. Lat. borealis, from boreas, the name given to the north wind; aяо τηg Bong, says Vossius, from its bellowing, roaring noise. BOREALIS, in conchology, a species of venus; løntiform, with very remote membranaceous transverse striæ; color, dirty white. Inhabiting the north of Europe. BOREALIS, in entomology, a species of tabanus, distinguished by having the eyes with three purplish bands; abdomen black; thorax brown; legs black. A rare species. Also a species of coccinella, of a reddish or yellowish color, with twelve black dots on the wing-cases, and four on the thorax. A native of the cape of Good Hope. BOREALIS, in natural history, a species of clio, of a whitish color, the head terminated in a fleshcolored pointed papilla; tentacula three, fleshy, and thick at the mouth. Inhabiting the north Also a species of echinorhynchus, found in the intestines of the Eider duck. seas. BOREALIS, in ornithology, a species of anas, with a narrow bill, green head, white throat and abdomen. This is the Gauland duck of Latham. A native of Iceland. Also a species of tringa, the belly and legs of which are fuscous; body cinereous above, white beneath; tail and wings dusky. This is the Boreal sand-piper of Latham. Also a species of motacilla, of a green color; yellow beneath; front, throat, and temples ferruginous; tail rotund, feathers on the sides and at the tips white. A native of Kamtschatka; the rusty-headed warbler of Latham. BOREALIS, AURORA. See AURORA. But all this glee had no continuance; Beat on proud billows; Boreas, blow: That innocence is tempest proof; Old Song. If tradition may be credited, this excellent old song was written by Sir R. L'Estrange. Now from the north Of Norumbega, and the Samoed shore, And Thracios rend the woods, and seas upturn. BOREAS is derived by Chambers from the Greek, Bopa, food; because the north wind creates an appetite. Anciently boreas signified the northeast wind blowing at the time of the summer solstice. BOREAS, in ancient mythology, is represented as the son of the giant Astræus, by the goddess Aurora, and to have reigned in Thrace, because Thrace lay north of Greece. He ravished Orithya the daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens, who bore him Zetus and Calais two of the Argonauts, and six daughters. He is also said to have carried off Chloris, the daughter of Arcturus. The Greeks paid divine honors to Boreas. The Megalopolitans honored him as their chief deity; and the Athenians, considering him as their ally, by his marriage with their ancient king's daughter, implored his aid in their wars with the Persians. He is represented on the temple at Athens with his robe before his mouth, as if he felt the cold of the climate over which he presides; agreeably to which, Ovid calls him gelidus tyrannus, the shivering tyrant. He is usually described by the Roman poets as violent and impetuous. BOREASMI, feasts instituted at Athens in honor of Boreas. His BOREL (Peter), M. D. was the son of James Borel, who published several poems, and was born at Castres in 1620. He applied himself to the study of physic, and practised with great success in the city of Castres; where he collected a fine museum of natural curiosities, of which he published a catalogue in 1645, in 4to. Towards the end of 1653, he went to Paris, and was soon after made king's physician; and, in 1674, was received into the Academy of Sciences. works are Historiarum et Observationum MedicoPhysicarum, centura prima et secunda, 8vo.; Bibliotheca Chemica, 12mo; De Vero Telescopii Inventore, 4to; Tresor des Recherches et Antiquités Gauloises, 4to.; Poeme à la Louange de l'Imprimerie; Carmina in laudem Regis, Reginæ, et Cardinalis Mazarini, 4to.; Auctarium ad vitam Peirescii, 4to.; Commentum in Antiquum Philosophum Syrum. Hortus seu Armamentarium Simplicium Plantarum et Animalium ad Artem Medicam Spectantium, 8vo.; De Curationibus Sympatheticis, 4to.; Discours Prouvant la Pluralité des Mondes. BORELLI (John Alphonsus), was born at Castel Nuovo, Naples, on the 28th of January 1608. He was educated at Rome, where he made such rapid progress under the care of Castelli, and acquired so great a reputation, that he was invited to teach mathematics at Messina in Sicily. In 1647 and 1648, a fever having broken out in that island, Borelli paid particular attention to the disease, and published a treatise upon Maligni di Sicilia, 12mo, 1649. it at Cosenza, entitled, Delle Ragioni delle Febri He now removed to Pisa, where he was appointed profes sor of philosophy and mathematics. He was also honored with a seat in the Academy del Cimento. He now applied his mathematical knowledge to explain the functions of the animal economy; and, between the years 1659 and 1664, wrote numerous letters to Malpighi upon that subject. But being engaged in the revolt of Messina, he was obliged to quit Sicily and retire to Rome, where he lived under the patronage of queen Christina. He was under the necessity, however, of teaching mathematics in the pious schools in the convent of St. Pantaleon, where he died of a pleurisy on the 31st December 1679, in the seventy-second year of his age. Borelli corresponded with the leading philosophers of his time, particularly with Mr. John Collins, Oldenburgh, Dr. Wallis, Mr. Boyle, and Malpighi. His principal writings are: 1. Delle Ragioni delle Febri Maligni di Sicilia, Cosenza, 1649, 12mo. 2. Della Cause delle Febri Maligni. Pisa, 1658, 4to. 3. Apollonii Pergai Conicorum, lib. v. vi. et vii, Florent. 1661, fol. 4. De Renum usu Judicium, accompanied by Bellini's treatise De Structura Renum. Strasburg, 1664, 8vo. 5. Theorie Medicorum Planetarum ex Causis Physicis Deductæ, Florent. 1666, 4to. 6. De vi Percussionis, Bologna, 1667, 4to 7. Euclides Restitutus. Pisa, 1668, 4to. 8. Osservatione intorna alla vista in eguali degli Occi, published in the Journal of Rome for 1669. 9. De Motionibus Naturalibus de Gravitate Pendentibus. Regio Julio, 1670, 4to. 10. Meteorologia Etnea, Regio Julio, 1670, 4to. 11. Osservatione dell' Ecclissi Lunari 11 Gennaro 1675, published in the Journal of Rome for 1675, p. 34. 12. Elementa Conica Apollonii Pergæi, et Archimedis Opera, nova et breviori methodo demonstrata. This work was printed at Rome, in 1679, in 12mo., at the end of the third edition of his Euclides Restitutus. 13. De Motu Animalium, published after his death. BORER, an instrument used to make holes in various substances with. There is a very curious and simple machine of this kind used in America, consisting of the common centre-bit of the carpenters, followed by a wide flat thread-screw, hammered up from a plate of iron, or steel: it is said that it is used to bore holes, several feet in length, and it does it with this peculiar advantage, that it clears out the cuttings, without being itself drawn out, as is done with the auger, the gimblet, and other similar tools. Whether this advantage would be as completely obtained in boring perpendicularly down, to considerable depths, is not so certain, but that it would be completely effected in horizontal, or slightly inclined holes, will appear beyond a doubt, by the following description of its mode of working: the cuttings or shavings formed by the tool, are partly by their own weight, and partly by friction against the internal cylindrical surface, prevented from revolving along with the screw, the consequence is, that they are pressed against its thread, and slide along it towards the handle; now as this motion, or shifting of the thread, is quicker than the progress of boring, by which the whole tool is carried forwards, the cuttings must come out with a speed nearly equal to the difference between these two motions. Mr. Eccleston produced to the Society of Arts, au instrument for boring peat, which consists of a cylindrical body, six inches in diameter, and about two feet long; one half of the mouth is sharpened like a carpenter's auger, and at the other end there is an aperture (through which the peat, introduced by the action of boring, is drawn out), over which are some slips of iron, joined at the top, and terminated by a screw, by which it is connected with the common boringrod. BORG-BREGE. See BORGI FRACTURA. BORGE, or BORGHA, in Saxon law, a pledge of security for another's keeping the peace, and conforming to the laws. BORGE-FORDS, or BURUAN-FIORDER, in geography, a district of Iceland, once famous for its warm baths, erected by Snorra Sturleson, an historian of the thirteenth century. They were so large and well planned, that a hundred persons could bathe in them at one time. Near them was a remarkable one which received the name of cross bath, from the inhabitants of the western part of the island being baptised in it, A. D. 1000. BORGHETTO, a town of Italy, in the Veronese, near which Buonaparte obtained a victory over the Austrians, in June 1796. BORGIA (Cardinal), See ALEXANDER VI. BORGIA (Cæsar), natural son of pope Alexander IV. was a brave general, but a most abandoned villain. See ITALY. It is incredible what numbers he caused to be taken off by poison, or by the sword. Assassins were constantly kept in pay by him at Rome, for removing all who were obnoxious or inconvenient to him. He experienced various turns of fortune, being sometimes very prosperous, sometimes the reverse. He narrowly escaped dying by poison in 1503; for having concerted with his father a design of poisoning nine newly created cardinals at once, for the sake of possessing their property, the poisoned wine, destined for the purpose, was by mistake brought to and drank by themselves. The pope died of it, but Cæsar, by the vigor of his youth, and the force of antidotes, after many struggles, recovered. This, however, was only to outlive his fortune and grandeur, to see himsel depressed, and his enemies exalted; for he was soon after divested of all his acquisitions, and sent a prisoner to Spain. He escaped, however, and got safe to king John of Navarre, his brotherin-law, who was then at war with his subjects, Cæsar served as a volunteer, and was killed in 1507. Machiavel, in his celebrated book, entitled The Prince, proposes this villain as a pattern to all princes, who would act the part of wise and politic tyrants. BORGI FRACTURA, BORG BREGE, or BORGHBREACH, in ancient law writers, denotes a breaking of the pledge or security given by the members of tithings for the behaviour of each other. BORGO DI SAN SEPOLCRO, a town of Italy, in Urbino, on the borders of Tuscany. It is seated near the source of the Tiber, fifty miles east of Florence. On the 30th of Sept. 1789, this town was much damaged by an earthquake, which destroyed many houses and palaces, with part of the cathedral, some churches, and a village five miles distant. About 1000 persons perished. BORGOGNONE IL, a celebrated painter, whose real name was Giacomo Cortese, but he is commonly called Borgognone, from the country where he was born, about 1605. He was much admired for his grand manner of painting battles. He had been an officer of rank in the army. Towards the close of his life he retired to the Jesuits' convent in Rome, where he is said to have taken sanctuary to get rid of a bad wife, but happily surviving her, he lived in great esteem and honor till 1675. BORING, in practical mechanics, may describe a variety of operations by which either the earth, solid bodies, or blocks, have a given portion excavated, or by which the internal surfaces of cylindrical vessels are made true and smooth. The common functions of the carpenter's gimblet, |