w w, the gunwales.

another also at the other end.

Y, platform for the steersman.

the axis; towards each extremity of which is an iron pin. When the pole is perpendicularly

E E E, the sheer or curve of the boat. II, the two sterns or ends.

K, the keel.

LL, the aprons, to strengthen the stems. M M, the sheets, or place for passengers. NN, timber-heads or boat-fastenings. oooo, the tholes, on which the oars are lung by gromets.

T, the flooring under the rowers' feet.

Fig. 3. Plan of a Truck or Carriage, with four Wheels, to convey the Boat to and from the Sea.

a, an oblong frame of wood, consisting of two long pieces, hollowed a little, to admit the body of the boat, and secured by the cross-pieces, b b. cc cc, four low wheels, each sunk or hollowed in the middle, to run better upon a rail-way or timber-road.

dd, two indents made in the side-timbers, that the bottom of the boat may be firm therein.

e e, two small rollers, movable in the crosstimbers, for the keel of the boat to slide upon. ff, two long rollers, one at each end of the frame, to assist in raising the boat upon, or sliding it off, the truck or carriage.

Fig. 4. A, the copper bolt, with one end entered into the wood previous to fixing the tube. B, a piece of timber or ship's side, into which the bolt is intended to be driven.

Fig. 5. c c c c, the parts of the iron tube fastened together, ready to be put on the bolt a.

D D D D, iron or brass rings, with thumb-screws placed over the joints of the tube, to hold them firm together.

EEE E, the thumb-screws, which keep the rings and tube firm in their proper places.

F, two points formed on the lower ring; they are to stick into the timber, and to enable the tube to be held firm in its place.

Fig. 6. Shows the separation of the parts of the tube, which is effected by slackening the thumb-screws and rings. To put them together, you slide the rings over the joints, placed as close as possible; then, by tightening the thumbscrews, you will have them firm together, and may continue the tube to any length, from one foot to whatever number is required.

Fig. 7. G H, two steel punches or drifts, to be placed on the head of the copper bolt, within the tube, whilst driving. The blow given upon the punch drives forward the bolt. The shortest of them should be used first, and, when driven nearly to its head, should be taken out of the tube and the longer punch applied in its place. The life-boat is generally kept in a boat-house close to the beech, where it rests on four low wheels, or trucks, concave, for rolling on oars or spars laid on the sand, so as to run out at a moment's notice. But, where the way over which she must be dragged is rough, and the safety of her frame would be endangered, another expedient is adopted. This consists of two wheels, twelve feet in diameter, with a movable

depressed, and a pair of rope slings encompassing the boat, being fixed to the iron pins, she is raised with great facility by means of the pole, which is then fastened down to her stern. There are commonly two crews, each consisting of twelve men, employed to navigate the life-boat, to whom rewards are distributed according to the success of their enterprise.

On the first alarm of a vessel in danger, the life-boat immediately puts to sea; when some experienced steady person takes the command. Her head should be kept to the sea, and she must possess an accelerated velocity to meet the wave. Great caution is to be observed in approaching a wreck, where the reflux of the waves is often productive of danger, and it is considered safest to go to the lee quarter. This, however, depends on circumstances. See Greathead's Report of the Evidence respecting the Invention of the Life-Boat.-Transactions of the Society of Arts, Vol. X. XX. and XXV.

After the value of the invention had been acknowledged by the presentation of a gold medallion to Mr. Greathead, by the Society of Arts, as also one by the Royal Humane Society, and various gratuities in money, Parliament, on the 9th of June 1802, unanimously voted him £1200. The committee of Underwriters, likewise, at Lloyd's Coffee-house in London, having voted Mr. Greathead 100 guineas, appropriated £2000 of their funds for the purpose of encouraging the building of life-boats on different parts of the coasts of the kingdom. Life-boats have been sent from Britain, on the order of the Emperor of Russia, who signified his approbation by presenting the inventor with a diamond ring, and by the Kings of Prussia, Denmark, and those of other states.

Previous to Mr. Greathead's invention, a patent was granted to Mr. Lionel Lukin, a coachmaker in London, for an improvement in the construction of boats and small vessels, which will neither sink nor upset.' The essence of the invention rests on the propriety and practice of out riggers, well known to the natives of the South Sea Islands. Projecting gunwales are built to vessels of the ordinary construction, sloping from the top of the common gunwale towards the water, so as not to interrupt the oars in rowing; and from the extreme projection returning to the side in a faint curve, at a suitable distance above the water-line. These projecting gunwales are very small at stem and stern. and gradually increase to the requisite dimensions: and they may either be solid, consisting of light substances, of cork, or hollow. In the inside of the vessel at stem and stern, and at the sides where projecting gunwales are unnecessary, as also under the seats and thwarts, are to be enclosures or bulk-heads, water-tight, or filled with substances specifically lighter than water

By this means,' the inventor observes, the boat or vessel will be so much lighter than the body of the water it must displace in sinking,

that it will with safety carry more than its common burden, though the remaining space should by any accident be filled with water.' To give stability to the vessel, the inventor further proposes to affix a false keel of cast iron or other metal along the centre of the real one. The patent granted to Mr. Lukin is dated in 1785. It has not been discovered that he obtained any honorary reward for his invention; but, in the year 1807, a gold medal was voted by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, to Mr. Christopher Wilson, for a secure sailing-boat, or lifeboat, which is balanced exactly according to Mr. Lukin's device, by empty projecting gunwales. For a particular description of this boat, which is called the neutral-built self-balanced boat, see the article BOAT.

Captain G. W. Manby, of the Royal Navy, has observed in his Essay on the Preservation of shipwrecked Persons, that the simplest method of giving the properties of preservation to any boat, is to well lash empty casks securely to it, so as to give it buoyancy; and, for the advantage of keeping it in an upright position, when launching from a flat shore or beaching, it should have bilge boards of equal depth with the keel, which likewise resists its upsetting; and a stout projecting rope, with swellings upon it, surrounding its gunwale, would serve as a fender to prevent its being stove. See the article SHIPWRECK.

Metallic Life-Boat. A metallic life-boat, on pneumatic and hydrostatic principles, that will neither sink nor upset, yet serve all the ordinary purposes of ships' boats, either for rowing or sailing was lately tried at London-bridge, on the ebb-tide, during the time of the greatest fall, with her crew on board, and filled with water; when she passed through with the greatest safety, and discharged a considerable portion of the water purposely put into her. These life-boats are described as being made of malleable iron, lead, and tin; one of twenty feet long and six feet wide, drawing only ten inches water, with twenty-five persons; and possessing valves that, without pumping or personal aid, discharge all the water from them; which valves act occasionally as pneumatic or air valves: they are hydrostatically ballasted with confined water, taken in or put out at pleasure; and are remarkably buoyant and lively in agitated water.

BOAT, TO BALE, or FREE THE BOAT, in navition, is to fling out the water. To find the boat is to save her from beating against the sides of the ship. To moor the boat, to fasten it with ropes. To trim the boat is to keep her even. To wind the boat is to bring her head about. BOAT-BILL. See CANCROMA.

lowing of an ox: any roaring, or loud sounding noise.

BOAT-ROPE, the rope by which the boat is fastened to the stern of the ship.

BOATSWAIN, an officer on board a ship, who has charge of all her rigging, ropes, cables, anchors, sails, flags, colors, pendants, &c. He also takes care of the long-boat and its furniture, and steers her either by himself or his mate. He calls out the several gangs and companies to the execution of their watches, works, and spells; and he is also a kind of provost-marshal, seizes and punishes all offenders that are sentenced by the captain or court-martial of the whole fleet. It is the duty of the boatswain particularly to direct what relates to the rigging of a ship, after she is equipped from a royal dock-yard. He ought to take care that the blocks and running ropes are regularly placed, so as to answer the purposes for which they are intended; and that the sails are properly fitted to their yards and stays, well furled or reefed when occasion requires. It is likewise his office to assist with his mates in the necessary business of the ship, and to relieve the watch when it expires; and he is ordered by his instructions to perform his duty with as little noise as possible.

BOATSWAIN'S MATE has the peculiar command of the long-boat, for the setting forth of anchors, weighing or fetching home an anchor, warping, towing, or mooring; and is to give an account of his store.

BOAZ, the son of Salmon, by Rahab the harlot, of Jericho, the second husband of Ruth, and great grandfather of David. Also a name given by Solomon to one of the principal pillars of the temple.

BOB, v. & n. BOB'CHERRY, BOB'TAIL, BOB'WIG.

Of uncertain etymology. Skinner deduces it from Span. bobo, foolish. A bob formerly signified a mock or jeer. It is now usually applied to any short jerking action. The verb also means to cut, as a cut tail is a bobtail; to beat, to drub, to bang; to play backwards and forwards; to play loosely against any thing; any thing pendant, which when stirred by the air, or any other motion, dangles, and jerks to and fro. Shakspeare and L'Estrange employ it in the sense of cheating, and gaining by fraud. Bob is a technical term used among ringers.

Wete ye not wher stondeth a litel toun,
Which that ycleped is bob-up-and-down,
Under the blee in Canterbury way.

Chaucer. Canterbury Tales.
I am sharply taunted, yea sometimes with pinches,
nips, and bobs.
Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Those bastard Britons whom our fathers

Ac

hind legs, which are thrice as long as the fore, aptly enough resembling a pair of oars. cordingly, contrary to all other creatures, he swims, says Moufet, on his back. See NoTo

NECTA.

BOAT-HOOK, an iron hook, with a sharp point on the hinder part of it, fixed on a long pole, used in bringing it to, or pushing it from any other boat, ship, &c.

BOA'TION. Lat. boare. The roar or bel

Avaunt you curs!

Be thy mouth or black or white,

Shakspeare.

Id.

The gaudy gossip, when she's set 'agog, In jewels drest, and at each ear a bob. Bobcherry teaches at once two noble virtues, patience and constancy; the first, in adhering to the pursuit of one end; the latter, in bearing a disappointment. Arbuthnot and Pope. A young fellow riding towards us full gallop, with a boboig and a black silken bag tied to it, stopt short at the coach, to ask us how far the judges were bebind. Spectator.

When Tom to Cambridge first was sent, A plain brown bob he wore; Read much, and looked as though he meant To be a fop no more. Shenstone. BOBARTIA, in botany, a genus of the digynia order, and triandria class of plants; ranking in the natural method under the fourth order gramina, CAL. imbricated: COR. a bivalve glume, above the receptacles of the fruit. Of this genus there is only one species known, which is a native of the Indies.

BOB'BIN. Fr. bobine. A quill for a spinning wheel; also a skain of gold or silver thread. -Cotgrave.

I'm sure I always loed consign Con's hazle eyes, and her pretty long fingers, that she twists this way and that, over the haspicalls like a parcel of bobbins.

Golddsmith.

BOBBING, among fishermen, a manner of catching eels, thus performed: scour well some large worms, and with a needle run a twisted silk through them from end to end, taking so many as that they may wrap about a board a dozen times at least: then tie them fast with the two ends of the silk, which done, fasten all to a strong cord, and fix on a plummet about three-quarters of a pound weight, and make the cord fast to a strong pole. Let this lie at the bottom till you feel the eels tug lustily at the bait, and when they have swallowed it sufficiently, gently draw up the rope to the top, and bring them ashore.

BOBBINS are turned in the form of a cylinder, with a little border jutting out at each end, bored through to receive a small iron pivot. They serve to spin with the spinning-wheel, or to wind worsted, hair, cotton, silk, gold, and silver.

BOBILEE, a town and fortress of Hindostan, in the circar of Cicacole, famous for sustaining an attack of the French in 1757, under M. Bussy. The fortress, which was of a square form, extended about 200 feet on each side. The rampart and parapet were covered by a shed of strong thatch, supported by posts; the eaves of this shed projecting over the battlement, and affording shelter to those on the rampart, which it guards against the sun and rain. An area of 500 yards or more, in every direction round the fort, is preserved clear, of which the circumference joins the high wood, which is kept thick, three or four miles in breadth, around this centre. Few of these forts permit more than one path through the woods, which is com

manded at every turn by breast-works. The entrance of the path from without is defended by a wall exactly similar in construction and strength to one of the sides of the fort; having its round towers at the ends, and the square projection in the middle.

po

Such were the defences of Bobilee, which will serve as a general specimen of the Indian lygar forts, against which M. Bussy marched with 750 Europeans, of whom 250 were horse, four field-pieces, and 11,000 peons and sepoys, the army of Vizeram Rauze, who commanded them in person.

'The attack commenced,' says Mr. Hamilton, 'at break of day on the 24th of January, 1757, with the field-pieces against the four towers; and by nine o'clock several of the battlements were broken. All the leading parties of the four divisions then advanced at the same time with scaling ladders; but, after much endeavour for an hour, not a man had been able to gain the rampart, and many had fallen wounded. Other parties followed with little success, until all were so fatigued, that a cessation was ordered; during which the field-pieces, having beaten down more of the parapet, gave the second attack greater advantage; but the ardor of the defence increased with the danger. The garrison fought with the indignant ferocity of wild beasts, defending their dens and families; several of them stood, as in defiance, on the top of the battlements, and endeavoured to grapple with the first ascendants, hoping with them to twist the ladders down, and this failing, stabbed with their lances; but, being wholly exposed, were easily shot by aim from the rear of the escalade. The assailants admired, for no Europeans had seen, such excess of courage in the natives of Hindostan, and continually offered quarter, which was always answered by menace and intention of death; not a man had gained the rampart at two in the afternoon, when another cessation of attack ensued. On this, Rangaroo assembled the principal men, and told them there was no hopes of maintaining the fort; and that it was immediately necessary to preserve their wives and children from the violation of the Europeans, and the still more ignominious authority of Vizeram Rauze.

'A number, called without distinction, were allotted to the work. They proceeded every man with his lance, a torch, and a poniard, to the habitations in the middle of the fort, to which they set fire indiscriminately, plying the flame with straw prepared with tutch or brimstone; and every man stabbed, without remorse, the woman or child, whichsoever attempted to escape the flame and suffocation. The massacre being finished, those who accomplished it, returned like men agitated by the furies, to die themselves on the walls.

'Mr. Law, who commanded one of the divisions, observed, while looking at the conflagration, that the number of defenders was considerably diminished, and advanced again to the attack. After several ladders had failed, a few grenadiers got over the parapet, and maintained their footing in the tower, until more secured the possession. Rangaroo, hastening to the de

fence of the tower, was killed by a musket-ball. His fall increased the desperation of his friends, who crowding to revenge his death, left other parts of the rampart bare. The other divisions of the French troops having advanced, numbers on all sides got over the parapet without opposition; nevertheless, none of the defenders quitted the rampart, or would accept quarter, but each advancing against or struggling with an antagonist, would resign his poniard only with his death.

The slaughter of the conflict being over, another much more dreadful presented itself in the area below. The transport of victory lost all its joy; all gazed on each other with silent astonishment and remorse, and the fiercest could not refuse a tear to the destruction spread before them. Four of the soldiers of Rangaroo on seeing him fall, concealed themselves in an unfrequented part of the fort until the night was far advanced, when they dropped down from the walls, and speaking the same language, passed unsuspected through the quarters of Vizeram Rauze. They concealed themselves in the thicket, and in the third night after, two of them crawled into the tent of Vizeram Rauze, and stabbed him in thirty-two places, and were immediately cut to pieces. Had they failed, the other two remaining in the forest, were bound by the same oath to perform the deed or perish in the attempt.' Orme, &c. Distant thirty-two miles west of Cicacole.

BOBINGEN, a market town of the Bavarian States, in the circle of the Upper Danube, district of Goggingen, with 1400 inhabitants. Nine miles south of Augsburg.

BOBISATIO, or BOCEDISATIO, in music, denotes the using of the seven syllables, bo, ce, di, ga, lo, ma, ni, to express the seven musical notes in lieu of the six introduced by Aretine, ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, as has been sometimes done by the Netherland and German musicians since the beginning of the seventeenth century, to avoid the mutation necessary in the use of the latter.

BOBRAWA, Upper and Lower, two market towns of Moravia, in the circle of Brunn, twentysix miles north-west of Brunn.

BOBROBĄ, a market town of Austrian Galicia, in the circle of Sandecz, on the river Biala, on the borders of the circle of Jaslow.

BOB-STAY, a rope used to confine the bowsprit downward to the stem, or cut-water. The use of the bob-stay is, to draw down the bowsprit, and keep it steady; and to counteract the force of the stays of the fore-mast, which draw it upwards.

BOCA DEL TORO, a channel of the Spanish main, which enters into Almirante Bay, east of the island of Bocaloro. Long. 82° 8′ W., lat. 9° 6' N.

BOCALIEU, a small island near the east coast of Newfoundland.

BOCALORO, an island of the Spanish main, near the coast of Veragua, at the entrance into Almirante Bay, about thirty miles in circumference. Long. 82° 16′ W., lat. 9° 12′ N. BOCANUM, in ancient geography, a town of Mauritania Tingitana, to the south of Mount Atlas, supposed to be Morocco.

BOCARDO, in logic, the fifth mode of the first figure of syllogisms, wherein the first proposition is particular and negative; the second, universal and affirmative; and the third, or conclusion, particular and negative. Thus : Boc Some animal is not man.

AR Every animal has a principle of sensation. DO Therefore something has a principle of sensation that is not man.

BOCAS, Dos, RIO DE, a large river of Brazil, South America. It rises in the country of the Bacares and Cariputangas Indians, and joins the Tajipuru. After its junction, the two rivers run in different directions, the latter towards the north, until it falls into the Amazons, a little before this river enters the sea, and the Dos Bocas towards the east, until it falls into the Toccantins. The two rivers, in their course, enclose the island of Joannes, which is nearly of a triangular figure, and which divides the great stream of the Amazons into the two mouths, by which it disembogues itself into the sea.

BOCAT, a fine valley of Syria, in which are situated the ruins of BALBEC, which see.

BOCAULT'S BAY, a bay in the Straits of Magellan, on the coast of Patagonia, in which Bougainville anchored in 1767. Long. of the anchoring place 71° 6′ W.

BOCCA, in glass-making, the round hole in the working furnace, by which the metal is taken out of the great pots, and by which the pots are put into the furnace. This is to be stopped by a cover made of earth and brick, and removable at pleasure, to preserve the eyes of the workman from the violence of the heat.

BOCCACIO (John), one of the most celebrated and learned of Italian writers, was born in Tuscany in 1313. His father first placed him with a merchant, and soon after with a professor of the canon law. Still, however, he thought of nothing but poetry. In the prosecution of his studies generally, however, he sought the best masters, and, not having an income sufficient for his expenses, was particularly indebted to Petrarch both for money and books. He became early a great admirer of the Greek language, and procured a Latin translation of Homer to be made for his own use. The republic of Florence honored him with the freedom of that city; and employed him in public affairs, particularly to negociate the return of Petrarch: but this poet not only refused the application, but persuaded Boccacio also to retire from Florence, on account of the factions which prevailed. Having quitted Florence, he went to several places in Italy, and stopped at last at the court of Robert, king of Naples; where, conceiving a violent affection for that prince's natural daughter, he remained a considerable time. He also made a long stay in Sicily, where he was in great favor with queen Joan. He returned to Florence when the troubles were appeased: but being averse from the course of life he must have followed there, he finally retired to Certaldo. His great application to study here brought on an illness, of which he died in 1376. He wrote, 1. De Genealogia Deorum. 2. De Montium, Sylva rum, Fluviorum, &c. nominibus. 3. De claris Muliebris. 4. De casibus Virorum et Fœmina