of Bouroon Penthievre, whom she soon lost by death, in the flower of her youth. She was superintendant of the household of Marie Antoinette, queen of France, with whom she became a great favorite; and mournfully remarkable for her attachment to that unhappy princess. On the flight of the royal family to Varennes, madame de Lamballe proceeded to Dieppe and reached England; but, hearing of the queen's imprisonment, she returned to France to share the prison of the Temple with her, where she continued till the commune of Paris ordered her removal to that of La Force. On the 3d of September, 1792, she was summoned to appear before her iniquitous judges; and, on being interrogated as to her connexion with the queen, answered, I have nothing to say. It is indifferent to me whether I die sooner or later: I am prepared for the worst.' Several voices demanded her life amidst faint expressions of pity, but violence prevailed, and, being stabbed on the spot with sabres, she was dragged through a heap of mangled bodies, and murdered with circumstances of disgusting cruelty. See AN

TOINETTE.

LAMBAYEQUE, a town in the intendancy of Truxillo, Peru. It has an elegant stone church, and the river Lambayeque runs through it, and fertilises the environs. Some wine is made here, and coarse cottons. The road to Lima passes through Lambayeque. Population 8000, consisting of Spaniards, Mestizoes, and Indians. Ninety-five miles W. N. W. of Truxillo.

LAM BENT, adj. Lat. lambens. Playing about; gliding over without harm.

LAMBETH, a parish of England, in the county of Surrey. It contains a population exceeding 80,000 souls, and was created a borough by the reform bill of 1832, with the privilege of sending two members to parliament. Here is the palace of the archbishop of Canterbury.

See LONDON and SURREY.

LAMBERT, a Benedictine monk of Aschaffenburgh, in the eleventh century, who wrote several works, among which is a History of Germany from 1050 to 1077, which is esteemed.

LAMBERT (John), general of the parliamentary forces during the civil wars of the seventeenth century. He was of a good family, and for some time studied the law; but, upon the breaking out of the civil war, espoused the cause of the parliament, and soon rose to the rank of colonel. When Cromwell seemed inclined to assume the title of king, Lambert opposed it with great vigor, and even refused to take the oath required by the assembly and council, to be faithful to the government; on which the protector deprived him of his commission, but granted him a pension of £2000 a year. Lambert then retired to Wimbleton House, where he turned florist, but amidst these rural amusements he still nourished his ambition; for, when Richard Cromwell succeeded, he acted so effectually with Fleetwood, Desborough, Vane, Berry, &c., that the new protector was obliged to surrender his authority; and the members of the long parliament dismissed by Oliver, on the 20th of April, 1653,

were restored to their seats. Lambert was now appointed one of the council of state, and colonel of a regiment of horse and foot. For this service the parliament presented him with £1000, but he distributed it among his officers. The parliament concluded that he intended to secure a party in the army: they therefore courteously invited him to London, resolving as soon as he should arrive to secure him. Apprehensive of this, Lambert delayed his return, refused to resign his commission when it was demanded of him, and, marching up to London with his army, dislodged the parliament by force in October 1659. He was then appointed, by a council of the officers, major-general of the army, and one of the new council for the management of public affairs; and sent to command the forces in the north. But general Monk marching from Scotland into England to support the parliament, against which Lambert had acted with violence; the latter, being deserted by his army, was obliged to submit, and was committed prisoner to the tower. Escaping thence, however, he soon appeared in arms, with four troops under his command, but was defeated and taken prisoner by colonel Ingoldsby. At the Restoration he was excepted out of the act of indemnity: being brought to his trial on the 4th of June, 1662, he behaved with great submission; was reprieved at the bar, and confined for life in the island of Guernsey.

When

LAMBERTI (Lewis), a learned modern Greek scholar, was born at Reggio in Lombardy in 1758, and studied jurisprudence at Modena He then became secretary to the papal nuncio at Bologna, went to Rome, and was introduced to the Borghese family, to whom he recommended himself by a work which he composed on the antiquities of the villa of the family. the effects of the French revolution threatened Italy, Lamberti returned to Reggio and Milan; and in 1796 aided Buonaparte in establishing a national republic. He had afterwards a place in the executive directory of the Cisalpine republic. Lamberti was also a member of the Italian Institute, professor of the belles lettres at the college of Brera, and keeper of the public library. His most important work was an edition of Homer, in Greek, printed in folio by Bodoni at Parma. He went to Paris to present a copy of this production on vellum to Buonaparte, who made him a present of 12,000 francs. Among his original works are Italian poems, a volume of translations from the Greek poets, &c. He died in 1813.

LAMBTON (William), an English officer of distinguished science, was for more than twenty years a lieutenant-colonel in India, where he conducted a grand trigonometrical survey of that continent. He died January 20th, 1823, at Kingin Ghaut, fifty miles south of Nagpour, having enriched the Transactions of the Royal and Asiatic Societies with numerous and important papers.

LAMDOI'DAL, n. s. Gr. λαμδα and είδος, form. Having the form of the letter lambda or A.

The course of the longitudinal sinus down through the middle of it, makes it advisable to trepan at the

lower port of the os parietale or at least upon the Lamboidal suture. Sharp's Surgery. LAME, adj. & v. a. Sax., Goth., Belg., LAME'LY, adv. and Swed. lam CripLAME'NESS, n. s. pled; weak; hobbling; hence, imperfect; unsatisfactory; deficient: as a verb, to cripple; make lame or weak.

And Peter and Joon wenten up into the temple at the nynthe our of preying; and a man that was Lame fro the wombe of moder was borun, and was leed ech dai at the ghate of the temple that is seid Wiclif. Acts iii. I never heard of such another encounter, which

fair.

lames report to follow it, and undoes description to

do it.

Shakspeare. Shrubs are formed into sundry shapes, by moulding them within, and cutting them without; but they are but lame things, being too small to keep figure. Bacon. Who reproves the lame, must go upright. Daniel. The son and heir

Affronted once a cock of noble kind,
And either lamed his legs, or struck him blind.
Dryden.

Our authors write,

Whether in prose, or verse, 'tis all the same;
The is fustian, and the numbers lame.
prose
Id.
Let blindness, lameness, come; are legs and eyes
Of equal value to so great a prize? Id. Juvenal.
If the story move, or the actor help the lameness of
it with his performance, either of these are sufficient
to effect a present liking. Id. Spanish Fryar.

Look not ev'ry lineament to see;
Some will be cast in shades, and some will be
So lamely drawn, you scarcely know 'tis she.

Dryden.

A greyhound, of a mouse colour, lame of one leg, belongs to a lady. Arbuthnot and Pope. Those muscles become callous, and, having yielded to the extension, the patient makes shift to go upon 't, though lamely. Wiseman's Surgery. Lameness kept me at home. Digby to Pope. If you happen to let the child fall, and lame 1 Swift.

never confess.

Id.

Swift, who could neither fly nor hide, Came sneaking to the chariot side; And offered many a lame excuse, He never meant the least abuse. Should a barbarous Indian, who had never seen a palace or a ship, view the separated and disjointed parts, he would be able to form but a very lame and dark idea of either of those excellent and useful inventions. Watts.

LAMECH, in scripture biography, the son of Methusael, of the race of Cain, the fifth in descent from him. He married two wives, Adah and Zillah, and is supposed to have introduced polygamy. To his wives he said, Hear my voice, ye wives of Lamech: for I have slain a man to my wounding, and a young man to my hurt if Cain shall be avenged seven-fold, surely Lamech seventy and seven-fold.' Gen. iv. 24, 25. These words have perplexed biblical critics. Some interpretations have been given of this pas sage, which, as they are founded on mere fables, are not worthy of recital. Onkelos, who wrote the first Chaldee paraphrase on the Pentateuch, reads the words with an interrogation: Have I slain a man to my wounding, and a young man to my hurt? and accordingly he paraphrases it thus: I have not killed a man, that I should bear the sin of it; nor have I destroyed a young

6

man, that my offspring should be cut off for it.' Dr. Shuckford supposes that Lamech was endeavouring to reason his wives and family out of their fear of having the death of Abel revenged upon them, who were of the posterity of Cain. As if he had said, what have we done, that we should be afraid? We have not killed a man, nor offered any injury to our brethren of any other family; and if God would not allow Cain to be killed, who had murdered his brother, but threatened to take seven-fold vengeance on any that should kill him, doubtless they must expect much greater punishment, who should presume to kill any of us. Therefore we may surely look upon ourselves as safe under the protection of the law and of the providence of God.'

LAMEGO, a town of the province of Beira, Portugal, on the river Balsamao. It is a bishop's see, and celebrated as the place where the statesgeneral of Portugal entered into a confederation in 1143, confirming the election of Alphonso I. Population 6600. Forty-six miles east of Oporto.

LAMELLA. Lat. A plate.

LAM'ELLATED, adj. Covered with films or plates.

The lamellated antennæ of some insects are surprisingly beautiful, when viewed through a microscope. Derham. Talc has a plated texture, the lamella being easily separated from each other.

Parkes's Chemical Catechism.

LAMENT', v. n., v. a., & LAMENTABLE, adj. [n.s. LAM'ENTABLY, adv. LAMENTATION, n. s. LAMENTER.

Fr. lumenter; Ital. lamentare; Port. and Span. lamentar; Lat. lamentor. Το

mourn; wail; grieve: to bemoan; to express sorrow or regret for: as a substantive, expressing causing, or expressing sorrow; miserable: the sorrow; lamentation: lamentable, to be lamented; other compounds follow these senses.

Jeremiah lamented for Josiah, and all the singingmen and women spake of Josiah in their lamentations. 2 Chron. Ye shall weep and lament, but the world shall reJohn. His sons buried him, and all Israel made great lamentation for him. 1 Mac. ii. 10.

joice.

The night has been unruly where we lay; And chimneys were blown down: and, as they say, Lamentings heard i' the air, strange screams of death. Shakspeare.

As you are weary of this weight, Rest you, while I lament king Henry's corse. Id. To add to your laments,

Wherewith you now bedew king Henry's hearse, must inform you of a dismal fight.

I

The lamentable change is from the best; The worst returns to laughter.

Our fortune on the sea is out of breath, And sinks most lamentably.

Id.

Id.

Id. Antony and Cleopatra. Be't lawful that I invocate thy ghost, o hear the lamentations of poor Anne.

Id. Richard III.

Far less I now lament for one whole world Of wicked sons destroyed, than I rejoice For one man found so perfect and so just, That God vouchsafes to raise another world Froin him. Milton.

The good old gentleman was quite aghast, And made a loud and pious lamentation; Repented all his sins, and made a last

Id.

Irrevocable vow of reformation. LAMENTATIONS, a canonical book of the Old Testament, written by the prophet Jeremiah, on occasion of Josiah's death, according to archbishop Usher and some other learned men, who follow the opinion of Josephus and St. Jerome. But as this opinion does not agree with the subject of the book, the lamentation composed by Jeremiah on that occasion is probably lost. The first two chapters are employed in describing the calamities of the siege of Jerusalem: in the third the author deplores the persecutions he himself had suffered the fourth treats of the desolation of the city and temple, and the misfortune of Zedekiah: the fifth is a prayer for the Jews in their dispersion and captivity and at the close of all he speaks of the cruelty of the Edomites, who had insulted Jerusalem in her misery. All the chapters in this book, except the last, are in verse, and digested in the order of the alphabet; with this difference, that in the first, second, and fourth chapters, the first letter of every verse follows the order of the alphabet; but in the third the same initial letter is continued for three verses together. The style is lively, pathetic, and affecting. In this kind of writing the prophet Jeremiah was a great master, according to the character which Grotius gives of him, Mirus in affectibus concitandis.

LAMIA, in ancient geography, a town of Thessaly, in the district of Phthiotis, famous for the bellum Lamiacum, waged by the Greeks against the Macedonians after Alexander's death. LAMIACUM BELLUM, the Lamian war, happened after the death of Alexander, when the Greeks, particularly the Athenians, incited by their orators, resolved to free Greece from the Macedonian garrisons. Leosthenes was appointed commander of a numerous force, and marched against Antipater, who then presided over Macedonia. Antipater entered Thessaly at the head of 13,000 foot and 600 horse, and was beaten by the superior force of the confederates. Antipater after this blow fled to Lamia, where he resolved to maintain a siege with about 8000 or 9000 men that had escaped from the battle. Leosthenes, unable to take the city by storm, began to make a regular siege. His operations were disturbed by the frequent sallies of Antipater: and, being soon after killed by a stone, Antipater made his escape out of Lamia, and, with the assistance of Craterus's army from Asia, gave the Athenians battle near Cranon; who, though only 500 of their men were slain, became so dispirited, that they sued for peace Antipater consented, provided they would raise taxes in the usual manner, receive a Macedonian garrison, defray the expenses of the war, and deliver into his hands Demosthenes and Hyperides, the orators whose eloquence had excited their countrymen against him. These disadvantageous terms were accepted by the Athenians, but Demosthenes escaped and poisoned himself. Hyperides was carried before Antipater, who ordered his tongue to be cut out, and afterwards had him put to death.

LAMIÆ, in pagan mythology, a sort of demons, who were supposed to devour children. Their form was human, resembling beautiful women. Horace mentions them in his Art of Poetry. They are also called Larvæ and Le

mures.

LAM'INA, n. s. Lat. Thin plate; one LAMINATED, adj. coat laid over another: plated: used of bodies whose contexture is in layers, or plates lying over one another.

From the apposition of different coloured gravel arises, for the most part, the laminated appearance of a stone. Sharp.

These rocks, however, instead of being disposed in lamine or strata, form basaltic or angular columns, so closely attached to each other, that, though perfectly distinct from top to bottom, scarcely any thing

can be introduced between them.

Parkes's Chemical Catechism. LAMINITANUS AGER, in ancient geography, a territory of the Carpetani, in Hispania Citerior, now called Campo de Montiel.

LAMINIUM, a town of the Carpetani, in the above territory, seven miles from the head of the Anas, or Guadiana; now called Montiel, a citadel of New Castile.-Clusius.

LAMIUM, dead nettle, in botany; a genus of the gymnospermia order, and didynamia class of plants: natural order forty-second, verticillatæ cor. upper lip entire, arched, the under lip bilobous; the throat with a bent or tooth on each side the margin. There are several species

:

L. album, white archangel, or dead-nettle, grows frequently under hedges, and in waste places. The flowers, which appear in April and May, have been particularly celebrated in uterine fluors and other female weaknesses; also in disorders of the lungs; but they appear to be of very weak virtue; and have now no place in our pharmacopoeia.

2. L. purpureum, red archangel, is very common in corn fields and gardens. The young leaves of both species are boiled and eaten in some places like greens.

LAM'MAS. Sax. hlarmar. Of Goth. lama, contribution, says Mr. Thomson. But see the extract from Brand's Antiquities.

In 1578 was that famous lammas aay, which buried the reputation of Don John of Austria.

Bacon.

Some suppose it is called Lammass-day, quasi Lamb-Masse, because on that day the tenants that

held lands of the Cathedral Church in York, were bound by their tenure to bring a live lamb into the church at high mass on that day.

Brand's Antiquities.

LAMOIGNON (Christian Francis de), marquis of Baville, and president of the parliament of Paris, was born in 1644, and educated by his father. He studied rhetoric in the Jesuits' college, and afterwards made the tour of England and Holland. Literature, however, was only his amusement; the law was his profession, and the eloquence of the bar at Paris owes its reformation from bombast and affected erudition, to the plain and judicious pleadings of M. Lamoignon. He was appointed king's advocate-general in 1673; which he discharged until 1698, when the presidentship of the parliament was conferred on him. This post he held nine years, when he was allowed to resign in favor of his eldest son he was chosen president of the royal academy of inscriptions in 1705. The only work he suffered to see the light was his Pleader, which is a monument of his learning and eloquence. He died in 1709.

LAMP'ASS,

LAMP, n. s. Sax. leoma, flame; Fr. lampe; Lat. lampas; Gr. Xaμraç. A LAMP BLACK, (light made of oil or spirits; the LAMP'ING. instrument of such artificial light lampass, a fleshy excrescence in a horse's mouth, so called, according to Minsheu, because burned or seared away with a lamp: lamp-black, the soot of lamps: lamping, shining; brilliant. Thy word is a lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path.

Psalms.

Happy lines, on which with starry light Those lamping eyes will deign sometimes to look. Spenser. Marry, sir, she's the kitchen wench, and all grease; and I know not what use to put her to, but to make a lamp of her, and run from her by her own light. I warrant her rags, and the tallow in them, will burn a Poland winter: if she lives till dooms-day, she'll burn a week longer than the whole world.

Shakspeare.

LAMPS. The mode of producing artificial illumination by means of carbonated hydrogen gas, has already been pretty fully discussed under the head of GAS LIGHT; and we must in the present instance confine ourselves to the more simple arrangements employed in domestic economy, by which gas is generated and light produced by means of a portable apparatus.

In the common lamp there are three circumstances which particularly demand our attention, the oil, the wick, and the supply of air. It is required that the oil should be perfectly inflammable, without containing any fetid substance, mucilage, or other matter, to obstruct the channels of the wick. The office of the wick appears to be chiefly, if not solely, to convey the oil by capillary attraction to the place of combustion. As the oil is consumed and flies off, other oil succeeds, and in this way a continued current of oil and maintenance of the flame are effected. It is certain that the flame afforded by a wick of rush differs very considerably from that afforded by cotton; though perhaps this difference may, in a great measure, depend on the relative dimensions of each. And, if we may judge from the different odor that results from extinguishing a candle of each sort, there is some reason to suspect that the decomposition of the oil is not effected precisely in the same manner in each. We have also some obscure accounts of prepared wicks for lamps, which are stated to possess the property of facilitating the combustion of very impure oils, so that they shall burn for many hours without smoke or smell.

O thievish night,

Id.

Why should'st thou, but for some felonious end,
In thy dark lanthorn thus close up the stars
That nature hung in heaven, and filled their lamps

pillary action by which the oil rises between the filaments of the cotton will not be able to raise it to so great a height. If the wick is too little elevated, above the surface of the oil, there will not be a sufficient quantity of the oil converted into