peculiarly tending to disturb the government (for those are left to the care of the attorneygeneral), but which, on account of their magnitude or pernicious example, deserve the most public animadversion. And when an information is filed, either thus, or by the attorney-general ex-officio, it must be tried by a petit jury of the county where the offence arises: after which, if the defendant be found guilty, he must resort to the court for his punishment. See a history and vindication of this mode of prosecution in Blackstone's Commentary, vol. IV.

En

Latin, infractus, infringo. To break the act of breaking; a breach or violation of treaty. Infrangible, not to be broken. Infringe to violate; to destroy; to hinder; to break laws or contracts. Infringement, a breach. Infringer, one who breaks engagements. INFREQUENT, adj. Į Latin, infrequentia. INFREQUENCY, n. s. Uncommon: rarity. INFRIG'IDATE, v. a. Lat. in and frigidus. To chill; to make cold. INFURIATE, adj. Lat. in and furia. raged; raging. INFUSCATION, n. s. Lat.infuscatus. The act of darkening or blackening. INFUSE', v. a. Fr. infuser; Lat. infusus. INFU'SIBLE, adj. (To pour in; to instil; to INFUSION, n. s. pour into the mind; to inINFU'SIVE, adj. spire; to steep in any hot fluid without boiling; to saturate with an infusion: infusible, that can be infused; that is insoluble; not fusible; that cannot be melted: infusion, the act of pouring; instilling a suggestion or whisper; the act of infusing. Infusive, an old word, having the power of infusion. IN'GATE, n. s. In and gate. Entrance;

passage in. An old word.

INGATH'ERING, n. s. In and gathering. The act of getting in the harvest. INGEM'INATE, v. a. Į Lat. igemino. To INGEMINATION, n. s. double or repeat. Repetition or reduplication. INGEN'DERER, n. s. From ingender. He that generates. See ENCENDER. INGEN'ERABLE, adj. Lat. ingeneratus. INGEN ERATE, adj. Not to be produced INGEN ERATED, adj. ог brought into being; inborn; innate; inbred; unbegotten. INGENHOUZ (John), M.D., a celebrated Dutch natural philosopher, was born at Breda

in 1730, and brought up to the study of medicine in his native city. In 1767 he made a voyage to this country, to learn the Suttonian method of inoculation, and became acquainted with Sir John Pringle, president of the Royal Society, through whose recommendation he was employed in 1768 to inoculate the imperial family of Austria. His services on this occasion were rewarded with a pension of 600 florins. He afterwards engaged in medical practice neat London, and in various chemical and philosophical researches, accounts of which he inserted in the Philosophical Transactions, and other works of science. He was the author of Experiments on Vegetables, 8vo.; New Experiments and Observations on different Subjects relating to Natural Philosophy, 2 vols. 8vo.; and an Essay on the Food of Plants. Dr. Ingenhouz died September 7th, 1799, at Bowood in Wiltshire, the seat of the marquis of Lansdowne. INGENIOUS, adj. \ Fr. ingenieur; Sp. INGENIOUSLY, adv. ingenioso; Latin, ingeINGENIOUSNESS, n. s. nium, ingenuus, inINGENUITY, n. s. genitas. Witty; invenIN'GENITE, adj. >tive; possessed of INGEN'UOUS, adj. genius; mental; intelINGEN'UOUSLY, adv. lectual: ingeniousness, INGEN'UOUSNESS, n.s. subtilty; strength of IN'GENY, n. s. J genius: ingenuity, openness; candor; (more properly ingenuousness); wit; invention: ingenite, native; ingenerate ingenuous, fair; candid; open; freeborn; not of servile extraction. Ingeny, genius; wit: not in use.

INGEST', v.a. I

Lat. ingestus. To throw INGESTION, n. s. into the stomach. INGLIS (Sir James), a Scottish poet, who flourished in the sixteenth century. He was educated at St. Andrew's, went to Paris, and returned in the minority of James V, into whose favor he ingratiated himself by his poetry, having written sundry tragedies, comedies, and other poems, that were much applauded. He joined the French faction against the English; and in some skirmishes preceding the fatal battle of Pinkie, so distinguished himself, that he was knighted on the field. After that battle he retired into Fife, and amused himself with his favorite studies; and in 1548 published at St. Andrew's his Complaint of Scotland. He appears from this poem to have read more of Greek and Latin authors than was usual at that period, and to have been well skilled in mathematics and philosophy. He died at Culross in 1554.

INGLIS ISLAND, an island on the north coast of New Holland, near the western entrance into the gulf of Carpentaria. It is twelve miles long, and from one to three miles in breadth, and of considerable elevation, the size and foliage of its trees indicate fertility.

Lat. in and gloria. Void of honor; mean;

INGLORIOUS, adj. Į INGLORIOUSLY, adv. with ignominy; without glory.

INGOLSTADT, a town and fortress of the Bavarian states on the Danube. It has monuments of count Tilly, the Bavarian general in the war against Gustavus Adolphus; and Eckius, the opponent of Luther. A university was founded

C

Inheritances are also corporeal or incorporeal. Corporeal inheritances relate to houses, lands, &c., which may be touched or handled; and incorporeal inheritances are rights issuing out of, annexed to, or exercised with, corporeal inheritances; as advowsons, tithes, annuities, offices, commons, franchises, privileges, services, &c.

1 Inst. 9. 49.

There is also several inheritance, which is, where two or more hold lands severally; if two men have lands given to them and the heirs of their two bodies, these have a joint estate during their lives; but their heirs have several inheritances. Without blood, none can inherit; therefore he who hath the whole and entire blood shall have an inheritance before him who hath but part of the blood of his ancestor. 3 Rep. 41. The law of inheritance prefers the first child before all others; the male before the female; and of males the first born, &c. And as to inheritances, if a man purchases lands in fee, and dies without issue, those of the blood of the father's side shall inherit, if there be any; and, for want of such, the lands shall go to the heirs of the mother's side: but, if it come to the son by descent from the father, the heirs of the mother shall not inherit it. Plowd. 132. Lit. 4. 12. Goods and chattels cannot be turned into an inheritance. 3 Inst. 19. 126. INHERSE', v. a. in a funeral monument. INHIBIT, v. a.) Fr. inhiber; Lat. inhibeo. INHIBITION, n. s. To restrain, hinder, impede, or check: a prohibition or embargo. INHOLD', v. a. In and hold. To have inherent; to contain in itself. INHOS PITABLE, adj. Fr. inhospitalité; INHOS PITA BLY, adv. in and hospes. Af INHOSPITABLENESS, N. S. fording no kindness INHOSPITALITY, n. s. to strangers; unfriendly; uncourteous: want of hospitality. Fr. inhumain; Lat. inINHUMANITY, n. s. humanus. Barbarous; INHC'MANLY, adv. savage; cruel. Inhumanity, barbarity; savageness; want of humanity. INHU'MATE, v. a. Fr. inhumer; Lat. huINHUME', V. a. Smo. To bury; to inter. INJECT, v. a. Lat. injicio. To throw in; INJECTION, n. 8. to dart in, Injection, the act of casting in any medicine made to be injected by a syringe, or any other instrument, into any part of the body; the act of filling the vessels with wax, or any other proper matter, to show their shapes and ramifications, often done by anatomists.

In and herse. To inclose

INHUMAN, adj.

}

justice; wickedness; crime; unrighteousness. INITIAL, adj. Fr. initial, inINITIATE, v. d., v. n. & adj. {itier; Lat. iniINITIATION, n. s. tium. Placed at the beginning; incipient; not complete. Initiate, to enter; to instruct in the rudiments; to place in a new state; to perform the first rite. Initiation, the reception of a new comer into any art or state. In and jucundity.

INJUCUNDITY, n. s.
Unpleasantness.

INJU'DICABLE, adj.
INJUDICIAL, adj.
INJUDICIOUS, adj.
INJUDICIOUSLY, adv.

Lat. in and judicabilis. Not cognizable by a judge: injudicial, not cording to form of law: injudicious, void of judgment: injudiciously, unwisely.

ac

INJUNCTION, n. s. Lat. injunctus, injunctio. From injoin. Command; order; precept. INJUNCTION, in law, a writ generally grounded upon an interlocutory order or decree out of the court of chancery or exchequer, sometimes to give possession to the plaintiff, for want of the defendant's appearance; sometimes to the king's ordinary court, and sometimes to the court christian, to stop proceedings in a cause, upon suggestion made that the rigor of the law, if it take place, is against equity and conscience in that case, that the complainant is not able to make his defence in these courts, for want of witnesses, &c., or that they act erroneously, denying him some just advantage. The writ of injunction is directed, not only to the party himself, but to his counsellors, attorneys, and solicitors; and if any attorney, after having been served with an injunction, proceeds contrary to it, the court of chancery will commit him to the Fleet for contempt. But if an injunction be granted by the court of chancery in a criminal matter, the court of king's bench may break it, and protect any that proceed in contempt of it. See CHANCERY. INJURE, v. a. INʼJURER, n. s. INJURIOUS, adj. INJURIOUSLY, adv. INJURIOUSNESS, n. s. INJURY, n. s. INJUSTICE, n. 8.

Fr. injurier; Lat. in, privative, and jus. To hurt unjustly; to wrong; to annoy, or inconvenience. Injurer, one who wrongs another. Injurious, unjust; mischievous; detracting; wrongful; hurtful. Injury, any iniquity, wrong, mischief, detriment; annoyance in word or deed. INK, n. s. & v. a. INK'HORN, n. s. INK'MAKER, N. s. INK'Y, adj. INK'STAND, n. s.

or

Fr. encre; Ital. inchiostro; Gr. εγχεω. The black liquor with which we write. Ink is used for any liquor with which persons write: as, red ink; green ink. Ink, to daub with ink: inkhorn, a portable case for the instruments of writing, made of horn: inky, consisting of, resembling, or black as, ink: ink-stand, the case which holds or contains the ink.

INK is a name given to every pigment used for writing or printing. There are two kinds of common black ink, viz. writing ink and printers' ink; besides the red and other colored inks, Indian ink, and the sympathetic inks.

Prior to the invention of printing, when the entire literature of the world was deposited in

MSS., the manufacture of a black and durable ink must evidently have been of the first importance. Accordingly we find that the most ancient MSS. are the most beautiful for color even at the present day. We have in fact no ink equal to that of the ancients, as may be readily seen by comparing the rolls and records that have been written from the fifteenth century to the end of the seventeenth, with the writings we have remaining of various ages from the fifth to the twelfth centuries. Notwithstanding the superior antiquity of the latter, they are in excellent preservation; but we frequently find the former, though of more modern date, so much defaced that they are scarcely legible. The ancient inks appear to have been solutions of gum and lampblack, whereas the modern inks are almost always made of copperas and galls; which produces nothing like so fine a color, though it obviates an objection to which lamp-black inks are liable, viz. that they are easily discharged without destroying the paper. Besides their black inks, however, the ancients used various other colors, as red, gold, and silver, purple, &c. Green ink was frequently used in Latin MSS., especially in the latter ages; and it was frequently employed in signatures by the guardians of the Greek emperors, till their wards were of age. Blue or yellow ink was seldom used except in MSS.; but,' says Mr. Astle, the yellow has not been much in use, as far as we can learn, these 600 years.' Some kinds of characters, particularly the metallic, were burnished. Wax was used by the Latins and Greeks as a varnish, but especially by the former, and particularly in the ninth century.

A very excellent modern receipt for ink is the following:-Take one pound and a half of bruised Aleppo galls, and put them in six quarts of rain water; add eight ounces of green copperas, eight ounces of gum-Arabic, and three ounces of roch alum; mix them well together and shake them frequently, and in a fortnight the ink will be fit for use. It is, indeed, rather pale at first, but soon appears of a fine and durable black. The following method is recommended by Dr. Black in his lectures:--Take powdered galls three ounces: logwood shavings and vitriolated iron, of each one ounce; water from two to three pints, according to the degree of strength required for the ink. Before the boiling is finish. ed throw in half an ounce of gum-arabic, and when it is dissolved, strain the liquor.' As a means of preserving the ink from mould Dr. Black directs about a quarter of an ounce of spirit of wine to be added, and likewise a little powdered cloves ground in a mortar with a little of the ink.

As the durability of records and other valuable writings depends much upon the goodness of the ink employed, some of the first chemists have thought the manufacture well worth their utmost attention. Of these Dr. Lewis and M. Ribaucourt are the most celebrated. Dr. Lewis recommends that a decoction of logwood should be used instead of water, as it greatly improves both the beauty and deepness of the black, without disposing it to fade. He adds that the addition of gum-arabic is not only useful, by

keeping the coloring matter suspended in the fluid, but also by preventing the ink from spreading, by which means a greater quantity of it is collected on each stroke of the pen. Sugar, which is sometimes added to ink, is found to be much less effectual than gums, and to have the inconvenience of preventing the drying of the ink. The color of ink is greatly injured by keeping the ink in vessels made of copper or lead, and probably of any other metal, excepting iron. Dr. Lewis, therefore, recommends the following as the best proportions of the ingredientsfor ink. One part of green vitriol, one part of powdered logwood, and three parts of powdered galls. The best menstruum appears to be vinegar or white wine, though for common use water is sufficient. If the ink be required to be of a full color, a quart, or at most three pints, of liquor may be allowed to three ounces of galls, and to one ounce of each of the other two ingredients. Half an ounce of gum may be added to each pint of the liquor. The ingredients may be all put together at once in a convenient vessel, and well shaken four or five times each day. In ten or twelve days the ink will be fit for use, though it will improve by remaining longer on the ingredients. Or it may be made more expeditiously, by adding the gum and vitriol to a decoction of galls and logwood in the menstruum. In some attempts made by the doctor to endow writing ink with the great durability of that of the ancients, as well as the properties which it has at present, he first mixed both lamp-black and ivory-black with solution of gum-arabic, made of such consistence as just to flow sufficiently from the pen. The liquors wrote of a fine black color; but, when dry, part of the color could be rubbed off, especially in moist weather, and a pencil dipped in water washed it away entirely. I tried, says he, solutions of the animal glues with the same effect. Though the oily mixtures answered better than those with simple gums or glues, it was apprehended that their being dischargeable by water would render them unfit for the purposes intended. The only way of obviating this imperfection appeared to be, by using a paper which should admit the black liquid to sink a little into its substance. Accordingly I took some of the more sinking kinds of paper, and common paper made damp as for printing; and had the satisfaction to find, that neither the oily nor the simple gummy mixture spread upon them so much as might have been expected, and that the characters were as fixed as could be desired, for they could not be washed out without rubbing off part of the substance of the paper itself. But a further improvement may yet be made, namely, that of uniting the ancient and modern inks together; or using the common vitriolic ink instead of water, for tempering the ancient mixture of gum and lamp-black. By this method it should seem that the writings would have all the durability of those of former times, with all the advantage that results from the vitriolic ink fixing itself in the paper.

A durable ink may also, he says, be made by washing paper, parchment, &c., with the Prussic acid, which will not in the least injure either of these substances. The materials thus prepared,