inflammable metals. When its vapor is passed over potassium, heated in a glass tube, inflammation takes place, and the potassium burns slowly with a pale blue light. There was no gas disengaged when the experiment was repeated in a mercurial apparatus. The iodide of potassium is white, fusible at a red heat, and soluble in water. It has a peculiar acrid taste. When acted on by sulphuric acid it effervesces, and iodine appears. It is evident that, in this experiment, there had been no decomposition; the result depending merely on the combination of iodine with potassium.

If iodine be put into a glass tube closed at one end, and a piece of phosphorus be dropped in, a violent action immediately takes place, accompanied with the evolution of heat. The phosphorus melts, and an iodide of phosphorus is formed.

The color of this substance is grayish-black, its texture is crystalline, and it easily melts when heated. The combination takes place whatever proportion of phosphorus and iodine be employed. But in one particular proportion there is no redundancy of either of the constituents. This, according to Gay Lussac, takes place when we mix one part by weight of phosphorus with eight parts of iodine. The iodide thus formed is soluble in water. The solution is colorless. When the iodide is dropped into water a kind of effervescence takes place, and a strong odor is exhaled similar to that of muriatic acid. Both the iodine and the phosphorus are converted into acids. The water is decomposed, its oxygen uniting to the phosphorus constitutes phosphorus acid, while the hydrogen, uniting to the iodine, coustitutes hydriodic acid. Thenard asserts, that, in the union of iodine and phosphorus, not only caloric, but light is extricated. But Sir H. Davy states that no light is evolved in this process. Repeated experiments have convinced me, says Dr. Traill, of the accuracy of the observation of the British chemist; but it is only justice to M. Thenard to state, that, in the action between these substances, the evolution of light, as well as of caloric, may be shown, according to the mode of making the experiment. If a small piece of dry phosphorus be dropt into a test-tube, and a quantity of iodine, in its usual scaly form, sufficient to cover the phosphorus, be quickly added, an immediate action ensues; the tube becomes bot; fumes of iodine are disengaged; and a deep violet-brown liquid is formed, without the evolution of light, even when the experiment is made in a darkened room. But if the proportion of the phosphorus to the iodine be large, and the latter insufficient to cover the former, the action is accompanied by a momentary flash, which I attribute to the combustion of the uncovered portion of the phosphorus in the scanty portion of atmospheric air in the tube. By varying the proportions of the two substances, I can produce the union with or without the extrication of light at pleasure.

Iodine and sulphur do not unite by simple contact; but if they be mixed in a glass tube, and gently heated, the combination takes place very readily. The color of this compound is - grayish-black, and its texture is radiated like

that of sulphuret of antimony. This iodide appears to be composed of one part sulphur and 7-8 iodine. It does not appear to be immediately decomposed by water. But, according to Gay Lussac, the iodine is separated, if this iodide be distilled with water. This iodide is of a more permanent nature than the chloride of sulphur, which is decomposed, and the sulphur deposited the instant it comes in contact with water. According to Van Mons, if we dissolve iodine in muriatic acid, and pour ammonia over the solutien, so that the two liquids do not mix, the iodine will, in a short time, crystallise between the two liquids, in fine pyramids, having their bases turned towards the surface of the liquid. "Ilydrogen, whether dry or moist, did not seem,' says M. Gay Lussac, to have any action on iodine at the ordinary temperature; but if, as was done by M. Clement in an experiment at which I was present, we expose a mixture of hydrogen and iodine to a red heat in the tube, they unite together, and hydriodic acid is produced, which gives a reddish-brown color to water.'

There are various ways of obtaining this acid. The first method practised was to pour water over the iodide of phosphorus, and expose the mixture to heat. The gaseous acid was expelled, and received in proper vessels. Gay Lussac pointed out a still easier method of obtaining this acid in a state of purity. Put a quantity of iodine and water into a glass vessel, and cause a current of sulphureted hydrogen gas to pass through it. The iodine speedily dissolves. When that has taken place stop the process, and expose the liquid to heat to drive off the excess of sulphureted hydrogen. The residual liquid is a solution of pure hydriodic acid in water. During this process the sulphureted hydrogen is decomposed. Its hydrogen unites to the iodine while its sulphur is precipitated, and is separated from the liquid by filtration. Hydriodic acid thus prepared is a colorless liquid, having an odor very similar to that of muriatic acid, and a sharp acid taste, leaving behind it a sensation of astringency. By heat it may be driven off in the gaseous form and collected in proper vessels.

Hydriodic acid gas is colorless, and possesses the peculiar taste and smell of the liquid acid. Its specific gravity, according to the experiments of Gay Lussac, is 4-443, that of common air being 1. So that it is by far the heaviest gaseous body at present known. When it comes in contact of mercury, it is unmediately decomposed by the action of that metal. The mercury unites with the iodine, and forms an iodide; while the hydrogen gas, the other constituent, is left in the gaseous state. It occupies exactly one-half of the volume of the hydriodic acid. Hence it follows, that hydriodic acid gas is composed of one volume of iodine in the state of vapor, and one volume of hydrogen gas, constituting together two volumes. Liquid hydriodic acid, when as much concentrated as possible, is of the specific gravity 1·7. It smokes like muriatic acid, though not so perceptibly. But if a vessel containing it be placed beside another containing chlorine (supposing both open) a purple-colored atmosphere is formed between then, showing verv

evidently the volatility of the hydriodic acid, This acid boils at 2624. When hydriodic acid gas is passed through a red hot tube, it is decomposed at least partially. The decomposition is complete if the hydriodic acid gas be mixed with oxygen gas. In that case water is formed and iodine set at liberty. From this experiment it seems to follow that iodine is incapable of decomposing water. Accordingly, if the vapors of iodine and water be passed together through a red hot tube, no oxygen gas is disengaged; yet if water holding iodine in solution is exposed to the solar light, or if it be heated, its peculiar color disappears, and the iodine is converted partly into hydriodic and partly into iodic acid. Now this last acid is a compound of iodine and oxygen; so that in this case water must be decomposed, and one of its constituents must go to the formation of hydriodic, and the other to that of iodic acid. Liquid hydriodic acid very readily dissolves iodine, and acquires a brown color. Even exposing the liquid acid to the atmosphere gives it this color; because the oxygen of the atmosphere decomposes a portion of the hydriodic acid uniting with its hydrogen, and setting the iodine at liberty, which is immediately dissolved by the undecomposed portion of the acid. All the hydriodates have the property of dissolving iodine, and of acquiring a deep reddish-brown color; but the iodine is easily separated again, either by boiling the liquid or by exposing it to the air. See HYDRIODIC ACID and CHEMISTRY.

When iodine is sublimed in chlorine gas it absorbs a considerable quantity of that elastic fluid, and forms a compound of a bright yellow color. When fused it becomes of a deep orange; and in the state of vapor from the action of heat, it has likewise a deep orange color. Sir Humphry Davy, to whom we are indebted for our knowledge of this compound, has given it the name of chlorionic acid. In one experiment he found that eight grains of iodine absorbed five cubic inches and a quarter of chlorine gas. In another experiment twenty grains of iodine absorbed 9.6 cubic inches of chlorine gas. These two experiments do not agree with each other; but in the first a little water was admitted into the retort, in order to dissolve the chlorionic acid formed; while no water was admitted in the second experiment. This liquid doubtless facilitated the absorption of the chlorine gas. See CHLORIODIC ACID and CHEMISTRY.

Iodine readily combines with most of the metals. If silver foil is heated nearly to redness, and the vapor of iodine passed over it, an iodide is formed which has a red color, and melts when exposed to a low red heat. When this substance is heated with hydrate of potassa it is decomposed, and hydriodic acid and oxide of silver are formed. This iodide is composed of one part by weight of silver and 1:13 of iodine. The iodide of zinc is white, melts readily, and is sublimed in the state of fine acicular four-sided prisms. It rapidly deliquesces in the air, and dissolves in water, without the evolution of any gas. The solution is slightly acid, and does not crystallise. The alkalies precipitate from it white exide of zine; while concentrated sulphuric acid disengages hydriodic acid and iodine, because

sulphurous acid is produced. The solution is a hydriodate of oxide of zinc. When iodine and zinc are made to act on each other under water, in vessels hermetically sealed, on the application of a slight heat, the water assumes a deep reddish-brown color, because, as soon as hydriodic acid is produced, it dissolves iodine in abundance. But by degrees the zinc supposed to be in excess, combines with the whole iodine, and the solution becomes colorless like water.

Iron is acted on by iodine in the same way as zinc; and a brown iodide results, which is fusible at a red heat. It dissolves in water, forming a light green solution, like that of muriate of iron When the dry iodide was heated, by Sir. H. Davy, in a small retort containing pure ammoniacal gas, it combined with the ammonia, and formed a compound which volatilised without leaving any oxide.

The iodide of tin is very fusible. When in powder, its color is a dirty orange-yellow, not unlike that of glass of antimony. When put into a considerable quantity of water, it is completely decomposed. Hydriodic acid is formed, which remains in solution in the water, and the oxide of tin precipitates in white flocculi. If the quantity of water be small, the acid, being more concentrated, retains a portion of oxide or tin, and forms a silky orange-colored salt, which may be almost entirely decomposed by water. Iodine and tin act very well on each other, in water of the temperature of 212°.

All the

There are two iodides of mercury; the one yellow, the other red: both are fusible and volatile. The yellow, or protiodide, contains one half less iodine than the deutiodide. The latter, when crystallised, is a bright crimson. iodides are decomposed by concentrated sulphuric and nitric acids. The metal is converted into an oxide, and iodine is disengaged. They are likewise decomposed by oxygen at a red heat, if we except the iodides of potassium, sodium, lead, and bismuth. Chlorine likewise separates iodine from all the iodides; but iodine, on the other hand, decomposes most of the sulphurets and phosphurets.

When iodine and oxides act upon each other in contact with water, very different results take place from those above described. The water is decomposed; its hydrogen unites with iodine to form hydriodic acid; while its oxygen, on the other hand, produces,with iodine, iodic acid. All the oxides, however, do not give the same results. We obtain them only with potassa, soda, barytes, strontian, lime, and magnesia. The oxide of zinc, precipitated by ammonia from its solution in sulphuric acid, and well washed, gives no trace of iodate and hydriodate.

The iodides of lead, copper, bismuth, silver, and mercury, are insoluble in water, while the iodides of the very oxidisable metals are soluble in that liquid. If we mix a hydriodate with the metallic solutions, all the metals which do not decompose water will give precipitates, while those which decompose that liquid will give none. This is at least the case with the above mentioned metals.

From all the above recited facts, we are warranting in concluding iodine to be an undecom

pounded body. In its specific gravity, lustre, and magnitude of its prime equivalent, it resembles the metals: but in ail its chemical agencies it is analogous to oxygen and chlorine. It is a non-conductor of electricity, and possesses, like these two bodies, the negative electrical energy with regard to metals, inflammable und alkaline sabstances; and hence, when combined with these substances in aqueous solution, and electrised in the voltaic circuit, it separates at the positive surface. But it has a positive energy with respect to chlorine; for when united to chlorine, in the chloriodic acid, it separates at the negative surface. This likewise corresponds with their relative attractive energy, since chlorine expels iodine from all its combinations.

It now only remains to mention the different methods that have been contrived to detect the presence of iodine when present in small quantity in saline solutions. It has the property of corroding metals, and especially of blackening silver more powerfully than any other body at present known. It was this property that led to its orignal discovery in kelp. Sir Humphry Davy employed its property of blackening silver as a method of detecting it in the solutions of the ashes of different sea-weeds.

When sulphuric acid is poured upon a dry salt containing iodine, a reddish brown liquid is obtained. This is a good method of detecting the presence of iodine in salts.

But the most delicate re-agent for iodine, according to Stromeyer, is starch. When this substance is put into a liquid containing iodine in a state of liberty, it detects the presence of so small a quantity as part, by the blue color which it forms.

Dr. Coindet of Geneva has recommended the use of iodine in the form of tincture, and also hydriodate of potassa or soda, as an efficacious remedy for the cure of glandular swellings, of the goitrous and scrofulous kind. An ointment composed of one ounce of hog's lard, and one drachm of iodide of zinc, has been found to be a powerful external application in such cases. About a drachm of this ointment should be used in friction on the swelling once or twice a day. For additional remarks on this important subJect, see our articles CHEMISTRY, CHLORIODIC ACID, HYDRIODIC ACID, IODIC ACID, and MEDI

CINE.

IODIC ACID, in chemistry, or oxiodic acid, is thus obtained. When barytes water is made to act on iodine, a soluble hydriodate, and an insoluble iodate of barytes are formed. On the latter, well washed, pour sulphuric acid equivalent to the barytes present, diluted with twice its weight of water, and heat the mixture. The iodic acid quickly abandons a portion of its base, and combines with the water; but, though even less than the equivalent proportion of sulphuric acid has been used, a little of it will be found mixed with the liquid acid. If we endeavour to separate this portion, by adding barytes water, the two acids precipitate together.

Iodic acid has a strong acido-astringent taste, but no smell. Its density is considerably greater than that of sulphuric acid, in which it rapidly sinks. It melts, and is decomposed in o iodine

and oxygen, at a temperature of about 620°. A grain of iodic acid gives out 176·1 grain measure of oxygen gas. It would appear from this, that iodic acid consists of 15.5° iodine, to 5 oxygen.

Iodic acid deliquesces in the air, and is of course very soluble in water. It first reddens and then destroys the blues of vegetable infusions. It blanches other vegetable colors. When a mixture of it, with charcoal, sulphur, resin, sugar, or the combustible metals, in a finely divided state, is heated, detonations are produced; and its solution rapidly corrodes all the metals to which Sir H. Davy exposed it, both gold and platinum, but much more intensely the first of these metals.

It appears to form combinations with all the fluid or solid acids which it does not decompose. See CHEMISTRY, Index.

JOEL, the son of Pethuel, the second of the twelve minor prophets. In his prophecy he upbraids the Israelites for their idolatry, and foretels the calamities they should suffer as the punishment of that sin; but endeavours to support them with the comfort that their miseries should have an end upon their reformation and repentance. Most writers, inferring the order of time in which the minor prophets lived from the order in which they are placed in the Hebrew copies, conclude that Joel prophesied before Amos, who was contemporary with Uzziah, king of Judah. Archbishop Usher infers this from Joel's foretelling that drought, ch. i., which Amos mentions as having happened, ch. iv. 7, 8, 9.

Archbishop Newcome is inclined to favor the conjecture of Drusius: viz. that Joel prophesied under the long reign of Manasseh, and before his conversion, that is, some time from B. C. 697 to (suppose) 660.

JOFFRID, an abbot of Croyland, in Lincolnshire, in the twelfth century. According to Peter of Blois, this ecclesiastic was the founder of the university of Cambridge. He sent, he says, a deputation of three learned Norman monks, named Odo, Terrick, and William, to his manor of Cottenham, near Cambridge, to teach the people in that neighbourhood grammar, logic, and rhetoric. This produced journeys of these monks to Cambridge, where they at first hired a barn, and taught those sciences to a great number of scholars from the surrounding country. JOG, v. a., v. n. & n. s. Dut. schocken. To JOG'GER, n. s. push; to give a sudJOG'GLE, v. n. with small shocks, like those of a low trot; to den push; to move travel idly and heavily: a push or slight shake; an irregular motion: jogger, one who moves heavily along: joggle, to shake.

Jog on, jog on the foot-path way
And merrily heat the stile-a,

A merry heart goes all the day,
Your sad tires in a mile-a.

Shakspeare. Winter s Tale. Now leaps he upright, jogs me and cries, Do you

JOGHIS, a sect of heathen religious, in the East Indies, who never marry, nor hold any thing in private property; but live on alıns, and practise strange severities on themselves. They are subject to a general, who sends them from one country to another to preach. They are, properly, a kind of penitent pilgrims; and are supposed to be a branch of the ancient Gymnosophists. They frequent principally such places as are consecrated by the devotion of the people, and pretend to live several days together without eating or drinking. After having gone through a course of discipline for a certain time, they look on themselves as impeccable, and privileged to do any thing; upon which they give a loose to their passions, and run into all kinds of debauchery.

JOGUES, or YOOGS. See YoOGS. JOHAN, or ST. JOHAN, the name of six towns in Germany, viz.

Jonas (St.), in the circle of Bavaria, and archbishopric of Salzburg, eleven miles W. N. W. of Radstadt, and thirty S. S. E. of Salzburg.

JOHAN (St.), in the ci-devant principality of Nassau Saarbruck, now included in the French republic, and department of Mont Tonnere; seated on the Saar, opposite Saarbruck, with which it is connected by a bridge.

JOHAN (St.), in the late county of Sponheim, now included in the French empire, and department of the Rhine and Moselle; nine miles east of Creutznach, and fourteen south-west of Mentz.

JOHAN (St.), three towns in the duchy of Stiria viz. 1. eight miles E. S. E. of Landsperg: 2. seven miles W. N. W. of Pettaw: and, 3. five miles N. N. W. of Windisch Gratz.

JOHANNESBERG, or Bischofsberg, a town of Germany, lately in the electorate of Mentz, now annexed to France, and by the division of 1797 included in the department of the Rhine and Nahe; but now, by the last division in 1801, in that of Mont Tonnere. It lies sixteen miles west of Mentz.

JOHN, Heb. 12v, i. e. God's grace, the name of many kings, emperors, saints, popes, and other sovereign princes; and the most universal name among subjects in modern Europe.

Jons, king of Bohemia, a brave but unfortunate monarch, the son of the emperor Henry VII. He was elected king in 1309, when he was only fourteen; and, after defeating the Lithuanians, he

assumed the title of king of Poland. He was wounded in the eye in that expedition, and, upon consulting the physicians to restore the sight of it, a Jewish doctor blinded him entirely. Still, however, his military ardor remained undaunted; he accompanied Philip VI. of France, guided by two knights, to the battle of Cressy, where he fell in 1346. See CRESSY.

JOHN, king of England. See ENGLAND. JOHN, king of France. See FRANCE. JOHN SOBIESKI, one of the greatest warriors in the seventeenth century. In 1665 he was made grand marshal of the crown; and, in 1667 grand general of the kingdom. His victories over the Tartars and the Turks procured him the crown, to which he was elected in 1674. He was an encourager of the arts and sciences, and the protector of learned men. He died in 1696, aged seventy-two.

JOHN XXII. a native of Cahors, before called James d'Euse, was skilled in the civil and canon law; and was elected pope after the death of Clement V. on the 7th of August 1316. He published the constitutions called Clementines, which were made by his predecessor; and drew up the other constitutions called Extravagantes. Lewis of Bavaria being elected emperor, John opposed him, which made much noise, and was attended with fatal consequences. That prince, in 1329, caused the antipope Peter de Corbero, a cordelier, to be elected, who took the name of Nicholas V. and was supported by M.chael de Cesenne, general of his order; but that antipope was the following year taken and carried to Avignon, where he begged pardon of the pope with a rope about his neck, and died in prison two or three years after. Under this pope arose the famous question among the cordeliers, called the bread of the cordeliers; which was, Whether those monks had the property of the things given them, at the time they were making use of them? for example, Whether the bread belonged to them when they were eating it, or to the pope, or to the Roman church? This frivolous question gave great employment to the pope; as well as those which turned upon the color, form, and stuff, of their habits, whether they ought to be white, gray, or black? Whether the cowl ought to be pointed or round, large or small? Whether their robes ought to be full, short, or long; of cloth, or of serge, &c.? The disputes on all these minute trifles were carried so far between the minor brothers, that some of them were burnt. John died at Avignon in 1334, aged ninety.

JOHN MARK, the nephew of St. Barnabas. See BARNABAS and MARK.

JOHN (St.), of Beverley.

JOHN OF GAUNT, duke of Lancaster, a nowned general, father of Henry IV. king of England, died in 1438.

JOHN OF SALISBURY, bishop of Chartres in France, was born at Salisbury in Wiltshire, in the beginning of the twelfth century. In 1136 he was sent to Paris, where he studied under several eminent professors, and acquired considerable fame for his proficiency in rhetoric, poetry, divinity, and the learned languages. Thence he travelled to Italy; and, during his residence at Rome, was in favor with popes

Eugene III. and Adrian IV. After his return to England, he became the intimate friend and companion of the famous Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, whom he attended in his exile, and be is said to have been present when he was murdered in his cathedral. In 1176 he was promoted by Henry II. to the bishopric of Chartres, where he died in 1182. He was one of the first restorers of the Greek and Latin languages in Europe, and an elegant Latin poet. He wrote several books; the principal of which are, his Life of St. Thomas of Canterbury, a collection of letters, and Polycraticon.

JOHN (St.), THE BAPTIST, the fore-runner of Jesus Christ, was the son of Zacharias and Elizabeth. He retired into a desert, where he lived on locusts and wild honey; and about the year A.D. 29 began to preach repentance, and to declare the coming of the Messiah. He baptised his disciples, and the following year Christ himself was baptised by him in the Jordan. Some time after, having reproved Herod Antipas for his adultery and incest, he was cast into prison, where he was beheaded. See HEROD. His head was brought to Herodias, who, according to St. Jerome, pierced his tongue with a bodkin in revenge for his reproof.

JOHN (St.), THE EVANGELIST, and apostle, was the son of Zebedee, and brother of St. James the Great. He quitted the business of fishing to follow Jesus, and was his beloved disciple. He was witness to the actions and miracles of his master; was present at his transfiguration, and was with him in the garden of Olives. He was the only apostle who followed him to the cross; and to him Jesus left the care of his mother. He was also the first apostle who knew him again after his resurrection. He preached the faith in Asia; and principally resided at Ephesus, where he maintained the mother of our Lord. He is said to have founded the churches of Smyrna, Pergamus, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea. He is also said to have preached the gospel among the Parthians, and to have addressed his first epistle to that people. It is related, that, when at Rome, the emperor Domitian caused him to be thrown into a cauldron of boiling oil, when he came out unhurt; on which he was banished to the isle of Patmos, where he wrote his Apocalypse. After the death of Domitian, he returned to Ephesus, where he composed his Gospel, about the year 96; and died there, in the reign of Trajan, about the year 100, aged ninety-four.

JOHN (St.), THE GOSPEL OF, a canonical book of the New Testament, contains a recital of the life, actions, doctrine, and death, of our Saviour Jesus Christ, written by St. John the apostle, at Ephesus, after his return from Patmos, at the desire of the Christians of Asia. St. Jerome says, he would not undertake it, but on condition that they should appoint a public fast to implore the assistance of God; and that, the fast being ended, St. John, filled with the Holy Ghost, broke out into these words, In the beginning was the Word,' &c. The ancients assign two reasons for the undertaking; the first was, because, in the other three Gospels, there was wanting the history of the beginning of Jesus

Christ's preaching, till the imprisonment of John the Baptist, which, he applied himself particularly to relate. The second was to remove the er rors of the Cerinthians, Ebionites, and other sects. JOHN O'GROAT'S HOUSE, an ancient house, in Caithness-shire, seated on Dungis-bay, or Duncan's Bay Head, and remarkable for being the most northerly point in Great Britain; on which account it has been often visited by travellers. But, if it has acquired fame from its peculiar local situation, it merits no less celebrity on account of its origin. In the reign of James IV. Malcolm, Gavin, and John de Groat, supposed to have been brothers, and originally from Holland, arrived in Caithness, from the south of Scotland, bringing with them a letter written in Latin by that prince, recommending them to the countenance and protection of his loving subjects in the county of Caithness. They purchased or got possession of the lands of Warse and Dungisbay, in the parish of Canisbay, on the Pentland Frith, and each of them obtained an equal share of the property they acquired. In process of time their families increased, and there came to be eight different proprietors of the name of Groat. These eight families, having lived comfortably in their possessions for many years, established an annual meeting to celebrate the anniversary of the arrival of their ancestors on that coast. In the course of their festivity on one of these occasions, a question arose respecting the right of taking the door and sitting at the head of the table, and such like points of precedency, each contending for the seniority and chieftainship of the clan; which increased to such a height as would probably have proved fatal to some, if not to all of them, had not John de Groat, who was proprietor of the ferry, interposed. He, having procured silence, expatiated on the happiness they had hitherto enjoyed, owing to the harmony which had subsisted among them. He assured them, that, as soon as they appeared to quarrel among themselves, their neighbours would fall upon them, take their property, and expel them from the county. He therefore conjured them, by the ties of blood, and their mutual safety, to return quietly that night to their homes; and pledged himself that he would satisfy them all with respect to precedency, and prevent the possibility of such disputes among them at their future anniversary meetings. They all acquiesced, and departed in peace. In due time John de Groat built a room, distinct by itself, of an octogon shape, with eight doors and windows in it; and, having placed in the middle a table of oak, of the same shape, when the next anniversary took place, he desired each of them to enter at his own door, and sit at the head of the table, he himself taking the seat that was left unoccupied. By this ingenious contrivance, any dispute, in regard to rank, was prevented, as they all found themselves on a footing of equality, and their former harmony and good humor were restored. That building was then named John O'Groat's House; and, though the house is totally gone, the place where it stood still retains the name, and the oak table remained in the possession of John Sutherland of Wester in the year 1720.