Who firmly stood, in a corrupted state, Against the rage of tyrants, single stood Invincible! INVIOLABLE, adj. Thomson. Fr. inviolable; Lat in and violo. Not to Sbe profaned, injured, or broken: inviolably, without breach or failure: Inviolate, unhurt; unpolluted; unbroken; applied both to persons and things. What is the best dower Chaucer. Goodlie Questions. See, see, they join, embrace, and seem to kiss, As if they vowed some league inviolable. Shakspeare. Id. My love your claim inviolate secures ; "Tis writ in fate, I can be only yours. This birthright, when our author pleases, must and must not be sacred and inviolable. Locke. The true profession of Christianity inviolably engages all its followers to do good to all men. Sprat. IN'VIOUS, adj. Lat. invius. Impassable; untrodden. If nothing can oppugn his love, INVISIBILITY, n.s. and virtue too? Hudibras. French, invisibilité; Lat, invisibilis. The state of being imper ceptible to sight: not seen or visible. Borne with the invisible and creeping wind, Age by degrees invisibly doth creep, Hypocrisy, the only evil that walks By his permissive will through heaven and earth. He was invisible that hurt me so; Milton. And none invisible, but spirits, can go. Sidney. He that believes a God, believes such a being as hath all perfections; among which this is one, that he is a spirit, and consequently that he is invisible, and cannot be seen. Tillotson. It seems easier to make one's self invisible to others, than to make another's thoughts visible to me, which Locke. are not visible to himself. They may be demonstrated to be innumerable, substituting their smallness for the reason of their invisibility. Ray. Still round him clung invisibly a chain, Which galled for ever, fettering though unseen, And heavy though it clanked not. Byron. Childe Harold. INVIS'CATE, v. a. Lat. in and viscus. To lime; to entangle in glutinous matter. The cameleon's food being flies, it hath in the tongue a mucous and slimy extremity, whereby, upon a sudden emission, it inviscates and entangleth those insects. Browne. Fr. inviter; Lat. inThe act of bidding, or calling to any thing with ceremony or civility to bid as to a INVITATION, n. s.` INVITATORY, adj. INVITE', v. a. & v. n. INVITER, n. s. INVITINGLY, adv. vito. feast; to ask to one's house; to allure, persuade, or induce; to ask, or call to any thing pleasing. Inviter, invitingly, the person inviting, and the manner of an invitation. If thou be invited of a mighty man, withdraw thyself. Ecclus. A war upon the Turks is more worthy than upon any other Gentiles, though facility and hope of success might invite some other choice. Bacon. Then you my peers, whose quiet expectation Seemeth my backward tale would fain invite, Deign gently hear this Purple Island's nation, A people never seen, yet still in sight. Fletcher. Purple Island. If he can but dress up a temptation to look invitingly, the business is done. Decay of Piety. That other answered with a lowly look, And soon the gracious invitation took. Dryden. Forbidding me to follow thee invites me. Wines and cates the tables grace, But most the kind inviter's cheerful face. Id. Pope's Odyssey. the former is in excess, it is difficult to separate them. The only method is to pour infusion of galls into the decoction, and then to heat the fall, which does not disappear till the temperaliquid: if inulin be present, a precipitate will ture rises to upwards of 212° Fahrenheit. shade; to cover with shades. INUM'BRATE, v. a. Lat. inumbro. To INUNCTION, n. s. Lat. inungo, inunctus. The act of smearing or anointing. What beckoning ghost along the moonlight shade Invites my steps and points to yonder glade? Id. Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady. When much company is invited, then be as sparing as possible of your coals. Swift. Here enthroned, Celestial Venus, with divinest airs Invites the soul to never-fading joy. Akenside. Come, Myrrha, let us on to the Euphrates, The hour invites, the galley is prepared. Byron. Sardanapalus. For my part I will not consent to take one step without knowing on what principle I am invited to take it, and (which is perhaps of more consequence), without declaring on what principle I will not consent that any step, however harmless, shall be taken. Canning's Speeches. INULA, elecampane, a genus of the polygamia superflua order, and syngenesia class of plants; natural order forty-ninth, compositæ. The receptacle naked; the pappus simple; the antheræ, at the base, ending in two bristles. There are thirty-seven species, of which the most remarkable is I. helenium, or common elecampane. It is a native of Britain; but is cultivated in gardens for the sake of the root, which is used in medicine. The root is perennial, thick, branching, and of a strong odor. The lower leaves are eight or nine inches long, and four broad in the middle, rough on the upper side, but downy on the under. The stalks rise about four feet high, and divide toward the top into several smaller branches, garnished with oblong oval leaves indented on their edges, ending in acute points. Each branch is crowned with one large yellow radiated flower, succeeded by narrow four-cornered seeds, covered with down. It may be propagated in autumn by seeds or offsets. The root, especially when dry, has an agreeable aromatic smell; its taste, on chewing, is glutinous and somewhat rancid; in a little time it discovers an aromatic bitterness, which by degrees becomes considerably acrid and pungent. possesses the general virtues of alexipharmics, and is principally recommended for promoting expectoration in humoral asthmas and coughs. It In examining this plant, Mr. Rose discovered a new vegetable product to which the name of Inulin has been given. It is white and pulverulent like starch. When thrown on red-hot coals it melts, diffusing a white smoke, with a smell of burning sugar. It yields, on distillation in a retort, all the products furnished by gem. It dissolves readily in hot water; and precipitates almost entirely on cooling, in the form of a white powder; but, before falling down, it gives the liquid a mucilaginous consisence. It precipitates quickly on the addition of alcohol. The above substance is obtained by boiling the root of this plant in four times its weight of water, and leaving the liquid to settle. MM. Pelletier and Caventou have found the same starch-like matter in abundance in the root of colchicum; and M. Gautier in the root of pellitory. Starch and inulin combine, and, when The wise Author of Nature hath placed on the rump two glandules, which the bird catches hold upon with her bill, and squeezes out an oily liniment, fit for the inunction of the feathers, and causing their filaments to cohere. Ray. inundatio. INUNDATION, n. s. Fr. inundation; Lat. The overflow of waters; flood; deluge. Inundation, says Cowley, implies less than deluge. Many good towns through that inundation of the All fountains of the deep, Milton's Paradise Lost. Dryden. One day as I was looking on the fields withering with heat, I felt in my mind a sudden wish that I could send rain on the southern mountains, and raise the Nile to an inundation. In the hurry of my imagination I commanded rain to fall, and, by comparing the time of my command with that of the inundation, I found that the clouds had listened to my lips IN'VOCATE, v.a. INVOCATION, 7. S. INVOKE', v. a. Johnson's Rasselas. Lat, in and voco. Το invoke; to call upon or pray to invocation, the act of prayer; the form of calling for aid, or for the presence of any being. Invoke, synonymous with invocate. Is not the name of prayer usual to signify even all the service that ever we do unto God? And that for no other cause, as I suppose, but to shew that there is in religion no acceptable duty, which devout invocation of the name of God doth not either presuppose or infer. My invocation is Honest and fair, and in his mistress' Hooker. name. Shakspeare. He not in vain Barbauld. A Summer Evening's Meditation. INVOCATION, in divinity, the difference between the invocation of God and of the saints, as practised by the Papists, is thus explained in the catechism of the council of Trent :-We beg of God, to give us good things, and to deliver us from evil; but we pray to the saints, to intercede with God and obtain those things which we stand in need of. Hence we use different forms in praying to God and to the saints: to the former we say, hear us, have mercy on us; to the latter we only say, pray for us. The council of Trent expressly teaches, that the saints who reign with Jesus Christ offer up their prayers to God for men; and condemn those who maintain the contrary doctrine. The Protestants reject this practice as contrary to Scripture, deny the truth of the fact, and think it absurd to suppose, that a limited finite being should be in a manner omnipresent, and at one and the same time hear and attend to prayers offered to him in England, China, and Peru. Hence they infer, that, if the saints cannot hear us, it is folly to pray to them. INVOICE, n. s. This word is perhaps corrupted from the French word envoyez, send. A catalogue of the freight of a ship, or of the articles and price of goods sent by a factor. INVOLVE', v. a. I Lat. involvo. To enINVOLUTION, n. s. wrap; to entwist; to imply or comprise; to include; to entangle; to complicate or blend. Involution, the act of wrapping; the state of being entangled; that which is wrapped round any thing. No man could miss his way to heaven for want of light; and yet so vain are they as to think they sblige the world by involving it in darkness. Decay of Piety. Leave a singed bottom all involved With stench and smoke. He knows his end with mine involved. Milton. Id. Now night's dim shades again involve the sky, Again the wanderers want a place to lie, Again they search and find a lodging nigh. Parnell. Hermit. Much learned dust Involves the combatants, each claiming truth. Cowper. INVOLUNTARILY, adv. Į Fr. involonINVOLUNTARY, adj. taire; Lat. in and volo. Not by choice: not having the power of choice; not done willingly. command of the mind, is called voluntary; and whatThe forbearance of that action, consequent to such the mind, is called involuntary. soever action is performed without such a thought of Locke. But why, ah tell me, ah too dear? Steals down my cheek the' involuntary tear? Pope. INURE', v. a. } Lat. in and uro. To INUREMENT, n. s. accustom by practice; to habituate; it had anciently with before the thing practised: inurement, practice; habit; custom That it may no painful work endure, It to strong labour can itself inure. Hubberd's Tale. Wherein we saw thee quietly inurned, Hath oped its ponderous and marble jaws To cast thee up again. Shakspeare. Hamlet. Amidst the tears of Trojan dames inurned, And by his loyal daughters truly mourned. Dryden. INUTILE, adj. Fr. inutile, inutilité ; Lat. INUTILITY, n. s. § inutilis, inutilitas. Useless; S unprofitable: uselessness; unprofitableness. To refer to heat and cold is a compendious and inutile speculation. Bacon's Natural History. INVULNERABLE, adj. Fr. invulnerable; Lat. invulnerabilis. Not to be wounded; secure from wound. Our cannon's malice vainly shall be spent Against the' invulnerable clouds of heaven. Shakspeare. Nor vainly hope To be invulnerable in those bright arms, That mortal dint none can resist. Milton Within; with inflection or incurvity into the mind or thoughts: internal; reflecting; deeply thinking; intimate; familiar; seated in the mind: inward, an intimate acquaintance: inwardness, intimacy; familiarity. Mine bill now maketh finall mention,That ye ben ladie, in myne inward thought. Chaucer. The Court of Love. His heart with vengeance inwardly did swell, And forth at last did break in speaches sharpe and fell. Spenser. Faerie Queene. Though the lord of the liberty do pain himself all he may to yield equal justice unto all, yet can there not but great abuses lurk in so inward and absolute a privilege. Spenser. That which inwardly each man should be, the church outwardly ought to testify. Hooker. Looking inward we were stricken dumb; looking upward we speak and prevail. You know my inwardness and love Id. Shakspeare. Sir, I was an inward of his; a sly fellow was the duke; and I know the cause of his withdrawing. Yet all these stars which deck this beauteous sky By force of the' inward sun both shine and move; Throned in her heart sits love's high majesty; In highest majesty the highest love. Fletcher's Purple Islana. Repulsed, without much inward passion felt, Milton's Samson Agonistes. He stretches out his arm in sign of peace, with his breast bending inward. Dryden's Dufresnoy. They esteem them most profitable, because of the great quantity of fat upon their inwards. Mortimer. Sickness, contributing no less than old age to the shaking down this scaffolding of the body, may discover the inward structure more plainly. Darkness has more divinity to me; It strikes thought inward. Upon her face there was a trait of grief, The settled shadow of an inward strife, And an unquiet drooping of the eye, Pope. Young. It is doubtful whether the following examples should not be enrap or inrap, from Lat. in and rap, rapio, to ravish or transport. This pearl she gave me I do feel't and see't; And though 'tis wonder that inwraps me thus, Yet 'tis not madness. Shakspeare. For if such holy song Enwrap our fancy long Time will run back, and fetch the age of gold. Milton. INWROUGHT', adj. In and wrought. Adorned with work. Camus, reverend Sir, went footing slow, His mantle hairy, and his bonnet sedge, Inwrought with figures dim, and on the edge Like to that sanguine flower inscribed with woe. Milton. beams. Nor less the palm of peace inwreathes thy brow. IO, in fabulous history, the daughter of Inachus, or, according to others, of Jasus and Pirene, was priestess of Juno at Argos. Jupiter became enamoured of her; but, Juno having surprised him in her company, Jupiter changed lo into a beautiful heifer; and the goddess, knowing the fraud, obtained from her husband the animal whose beauty she pretended to commend. Juno commanded the hundred-eyed Argus to watch the heifer; but Jupiter sent Mercury to destroy Argus, and restore Io to her liberty. Juno then sent one of the Furies to torment her. She wandered over the greatest part of the earth, and crossed over the sea, till at last she stopped on the banks of the Nile, still exposed to the torments of the Fury. Here Jupiter restored her to her natural form, after which she brought forth Epaphus. Afterwards she matried Osiris, king of Egypt, and treated her sub jects with such mildness, that after death she was worshipped under the name of Isis. According to Herodotus, Io was carried away by Phoenician merchants, who wished to make reprisals for Europa, who had been stolen by the Greeks. JOAB, 81, Heb. i. e. Fatherhood, a brave general of the Israelites under king David, and the son of Zeruiah, David's sister, and brother of Abishai and Asahel. His defeat of the army under Abner, his capture of the fort of Zion from the Jebusites, and his victories over the Moabites, Philistines, Edomites, Syrians, Ammonites, and the rebels under Absalom and Sheba; as well as his intercession for Absalom, and his judicious advice to David against mourning for his death, and against numbering the people, are recorded in 2 Sam. ii-xxiv. He was a faithful adherent to his royal uncle, in his adversity as well as in his prosperity. Joab's greatest crimes appear to have been his treacherously murdering ABNER and AMASA; see these articles, for there seems to have been nothing criminal or treasonable in his joining the party of Adonijah, the heir apparent; and for these murders he was justly put to death by Solomon's order, A. A. C. 1014. JOACHIM, a celebrated monk, born at Celico, near Cosenza. He went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and on his return joined the Cistercians; became abbot of Flora in Calabria, and founded several other monasteries, which he governed with great discretion. He was regarded by his followers, see next article, as a prophet, and his predictions were printed in a work entitled The Everlasting Gospel. He wrote several other books, and died in 1202. JOACHIMITES, in church history, the disciples of Joachim. They were particularly fond of certain ternaries: The Father, they said, operated from the beginning till the coming of the Son; the Son, from that time to theirs; A.D. 1260; and from that time the Holy Spirit was to operate. They also divided every thing relating to men, to doctrine, and the manner of iving, into three classes, according to the three persons in the Trinity: The first ternary was that of men, of whom the first class was that of married men, which had lasted during the whole period of the Father; the second was that of clerks, which had lasted during the time of the Son; and the last was that of the monks, in which there was to be an uncommon effusion of grace by the Holy Spirit: The second ternary was that of doctrine, viz. the Old Testament, the New, and the everlasting Gospel; the first they ascribed to the Father, the second to the Son, and the third to the Holy Spirit: A third ternary consisted in the manner of living, viz. under the Father, men lived according to the flesh; under the Son, they lived according to the flesh and the Spirit; and under the Holy Ghost, they were to live according to the Spirit only. JOAN I. queen of Naples, daughter of Charles king of Sicily, was born in 1326; and began to reign in 1345. She married Andrew king of Hungary, whom she murdered, to make room for another husband, whom she also mur dered. Lewis, king of Hungary, marched to avenge his brother's death, and compelled her to fly to Provence. Having afterwards recovered her kingdom, she married a third and fourth husband, but having no children adopted Charles de Duras, who, at the instigation of the king of Hungary, smothered her between two mattresses, in 1381. JOAN (Pope), a fictitious character only worthy of notice as having been the subject of considerable controversy. The fable asserted that, in the middle of the ninth century, a female named Joan who had received an excellent education conceived a violent passion for a young monk at Mentz named Felda; and, in order to obtain admittance to his monastery, assumed the male habit. The plan succeeded, and after having long indulged in their amours undisturbed, they at length eloped, and travelled through many of the countries of Europe, engaging the assistance of the best masters in the sciences in the different cities through which they passed. On the death of her lover, Joan repaired to Rome, still in the dress of a man ; and commenced the duties of professor, and persons of the highest rank and most considerable talents enlisted in the number of her disciples. At length, on the death of pope Leo S. in 855, she was unanimously elected his successor to the pontifical throue. At length she confided her secret to a domestic whom she took to her bed, the consequence of which was her pregnancy, and she was taken in labor at one of the most solemu processions, delivered of a child in the street, and died on the spot. It is likewise said, that, to perpetuate the memory of the adventure, a statue was erected on the place where it happened; that, in abhorrence of the crime, the succeeding popes in their annual processions from the Vatican to the Lateran have turned off from that street; and that, to prevent a similar imposition, a custom was introduced of examining each pope previously to his consecration, in order to ascertain his sex. the particulars of a story that seems not to have been called in question till the time of Luther, but which the best informed historians usually abandon as fictitious. Till the reformation,' says Gibbon, 'the tale was repeated and believed without offence, and Joan's female statue long occupied her place among the popes in the cathedral of Sienna. She has been annihilated by two learned Protestants, Blondel and Bayle, but their brethren were scandalised by this equitable and generous criticism. Spanheim and L'Enfant attempted to save this poor engine of controversy; and even Mosheim condescends to cherish some doubt and suspicion.' Such are JOAN OF ARC, commonly called the Maid of Orleans, was born of low parentage at Domremi, a little village on the borders of Lorraine. She became servant at an inn and attended to the horses. At this time the affairs of France were in a deplorable state, and Orleans was so closely beseiged by the duke of Bedford that its capture appeared to be inevitable. In this exigency Joan pretended to have received a divine commission to expel the invaders. On being introduced to the French king Charles VII. |