H. The Character of the Tragic Hero...... 245 I. References to the Tragic Flaw in the 247 VIII. The Epic... 249 A. General References to Epic Poetry as 249 XII. The Attitude of the Artist and the Scholar toward Fame... 277 XIII. The Artist, the Scholar, and Material Reward 282 XVIII. Culture and the Life of the State.. 286 286 287 B. Nature as the Force and Process of 313 C. Nature in Various Senses Opposed to Art.. 314 PASSAGES FROM THE WRITINGS OF MILTON THAT BEAR UPON HIS THEORY OF POETRY AND FINE ART I. PASSAGES SUGGESTING MILTON'S CONCEPT OF 'FORM' (For incidental references to 'form,' and to closely related matters, such as purpose, function, correspondence, and so on, see above, pp. 1-26). 1. Christian Doctrine (Bk. 2, chap. 1) 2.240:1 It is faith that justifies, not agreement with the Decalogue; and that which justifies can alone render any work good; none therefore of our works can be good, but by faith; hence faith is the essential form of good works; the definition of form being that by which a thing is what it is. 2. Tetrachordon (Gen. 2.24), Works 4.169: Definition is decreed by logicians to consist only of causes constituting the essence of a thing. What is not therefore among the causes constituting marriage must not stay in the definition. Those causes are concluded to be matter and, as the artist calls it, form. But inasmuch as the same thing may be a cause more ways than one, and that in relations and institutions which have no corporal subsistence, but only a respective being, the form by which the thing is what it is, is oft so slender and undistinguishable, that it would soon confuse, were it not sustained 'The references to Christian Doctrine, throughout these Illustrative Passages, are to Sumner's translation. by the efficient and final causes, which concur to make up the form invalid otherwise of itself, it will be needful to take in all the four causes into the definition. 3. Artis Logicae (Praef.), Works 7.4: Forma sive ipsa ratio artis non tam est praeceptorum illorum methodica dispositio, quam utilis alicujus rei praeceptio: per id enim quod docet potius quam per ordinem docendi, ars est id quod est Translation: The form or very fashion of an art is not so much the methodical arrangement of its rules as its teaching of something useful; because of what it teaches rather than because of the manner of its teaching, an art is what it is. 4. Christian Doctrine (Bk. 1, chap. 5) 1.128: It is impossible for any ens to retain its own essence in common with any other thing whatever, since by this essence it is what it is. 5. Colasterion, Works 4.368: How can a thing subsist when the true essence thereof is dissolved? 6. Christian Doctrine (Bk. 1, chap. 10) 1.322-323: [Marriage is indissoluble] if good will, love, help, comfort, fidelity, remain unshaken on both sides, which according to universal acknowledgment, is the essential form of marriage. But if the essential form be dissolved, it follows that the marriage itself is virtually dissolved. 7. Animadversions, Works 3.206: 'Tis not the goodness of matter therefore which is not, nor can be, owed to the Liturgy, that will bear it out, if the form which is the essence of it be fantastic and superstitious, the end sinister, and the imposition violent. 8. Christian Doctrine (Bk. 1, chap. 7) 1.260: God breathed the breath of life into the other living beings, and blended it so intimately with matter, that the propagation and production of the human form were analogous to those of other forms, and the proper effect of that power which had been communicated to matter by |