The sacred cave of Salsette, hewed in the centre of a pyramidal hill, contains a cista of three feet square, [Forbes's Orient. Mem. i. 112.] and what is more singular, excavated rooms with benches. So in the pyramidal caverns of Canareh are found cistas like those in the Great Pyramid: but they are undoubtedly temples or residences and not tombs. And Denon found a stone chest, which he calls a buffet, within the third room of a temple at Medinet Abu.

Babel, which was evidently pyramidal, was not a tomb; neither was the temple of Mexico, which was dedicated to the sun and moon; nor the great nine-zoned pyramid of Nankien.

Having examined the external and internal arrangement of the pyramid, the stone chest in the centre room next demands attention. This has been generally considered as a triumphant proof that the pyramids were sepulchres; but I think without any just foundation. The shape, as Dr. Shaw has remarked, was not very likely to be employed for a human body, since the height equals the width. It certainly has none of the usual characters of an Egyptian Sarcophagus. It was the custom to form them to the shape of the mummy enclosed, or at least to round them towards the head, as appears by those at the British Museum; particularly the smaller specimen. It was no less customary to place the mummies upright, a fact, indeed, naturally resulting from the former. The chest in question is certainly not so placed. I know this fact is attempted to be parried by the counter-assertion that large sarcophaguses are found horizontally placed in the tombs of the kings. But this is arguing in a vicious circle; the purposes of those coffers remain yet to be discovered. It may indeed be said that the pyramidal chest has been moved, and that we cannot decide whether it stood perpendicularly against the wall or not. But it appears to be wedged in by stones, and the attempt to dig beneath it for treasures fixes its position. In conclusion, there are no hieroglyphics on this solitary chest, and in this it differs from all those which are unanimously admitted to be tombs.

'Gemelli indeed says that the kings were buried beneath the solar and lunar chambers: and that the way leading to these sepulchres (perhaps like the sloping passage) was called the way of the dead.

Book ii. c. 86. p. 1143. Ed. Valcken. Amst. 83.

2 The words of Diod. Siculus are express upon this point. Kal KaTακληΐσαντες οὕτω θησαυρίζουσιν ἐν οἰκήματι θηκαίῳ, ἱστάντες ὀρθὸν πρὸς τοῖχον, Diod. Sic. b. i. c. 92. Amst. 1746.

Silius Italicus on the same subject uses the words "stantia corpora."

In DEMOSTHENEM Commentarii JOANNIS SEAGER, Bicknor Wallica in Com. Monumethia Rectoris.

No. IV.—[Continued from No. LIV. p. 227.]

IN Midian. p. 599. 1. 22. ἡνίκα τὰς δίκας ἔλαχον τῶν πατρώων τοῖς ἐπιτρόποις, μειρακύλλιον ὢν κομιδῆ, καὶ τοῦτον οὐδ ̓ εἰ γέγονεν εἰδως, οὐδὲ γιγνώσκων· ὡς μηδὲ νῦν ὠφελον τότε μοι μελλουσῶν εἰσιέναι τῶν δικῶν, εἰς ἡμέραν ὡσπερεὶ τετάρτην ἡ πέμπτην, εἰσεπήδησαν ἀδελφὸς ὁ τούτου καὶ οὗτος εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν, ἀντιδιδόντες τριηραρχίαν.

Demosth. In Aphob. ii. p. 840. ὡς γὰρ τὰς δίκας ταύτας ἔμελλον εἰσιέναι κατ' αὐτῶν, ἀντίδοσιν ἐπ' ἐμὲ παρεσκεύασαν, ἵν ̓ εἰ μὲν ἀντιδώην, μὴ ἐξείη μοι πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἀντιδικεῖν, ὡς καὶ τῶν δικῶν τούτων τοῦ ἀντιδόντος γινομένων.

In Midiam. p. 552. 1. 14. ἐπειδὴ τοίνυν τοῦτο τὸ πρᾶγμα οὐδὲ καθ' ἓν, πανταχῇ στρέφων, οἷος τ ̓ ἦν ἀγαγεῖν ἐπ ̓ ἐμὲ, φανερῶς ἤδη δι' ἐμὲ τὸν ̓Αρίσταρχον ἐσυκοφάντει.

Nempe, ἐπὶ τῷ μετ ̓ ἐκείνου κἀμὲ προσεκβαλεῖν ἀδίκως. p. 555. 1. 1.

In Midiam. p. 553. 1. 20.—καὶ τούτων τοὺς παρόντας ὑμῖν καλῶ μάρτυρας.

xa, etiam.-Clausula sunt hæc verba comprehensionis quæ ab ἀλλὰ μὴν ὡς ἀληθῆ λέγω (Ι. 9.) incipit.

In Midiam. p. 555. 1. 24. δόντα λόγον, καὶ ὑποσχόντα κρίσιν, περὶ ὧν ἄν τις ἐγκαλῇ, τότ ̓ ἀμύνεσθαι τοὺς ἀδίκως ἐπ ̓ αὐτὸν ἐλθόντας χρὴ, καὶ τότ', ἂν ἀδικοῦντας ὁρᾷ τις· οὐ προαναρπάζειν, οὐδ ̓ ἐπάγοντ ̓ αἰτίας ψευδεῖς ἄκριτον ζητεῖν ἀποφεύγειν, οὐδ ̓ ἐπὶ τῷ διδόναι δίκην ἀστ χάλλειν, ἀλλὰ μὴ ποιεῖν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἀσελγὲς μηδέν.

"

“ post ὁρᾷ [vel φωρα τις deest aliquis infinitivus, e. c. εἰσαγ γέλλειν, vel γράφεσθαι, vel τιμωρεῖσθαι, vel tale quid.” Reisk. Subintelligendum videtur ἀμύνεσθαι χρὴ post καὶ τότ ̓.καὶ τότ', ἂν ἀδικοῦντας ὁρᾷ τις, est, Idque tum demum, si quis calumniatores suos, ipsos contra leges commisisse quid viderit.

In Midiam. p. 560. 1. 9. ἀλλὰ δεινοί τινές εἰσιν, ὦ ἄνδρες αθηναῖοι, φθείρεσθαι πρὸς τοὺς πλουσίους, καὶ παρεῖναι καὶ μαρτυρεῖν.

«Bud.in Comm. meminit alius cujusdam signif. hujus verbi, quam Latine uno verbo exprimi posse negat, ut apud Plut. in Antonio, καὶ βασιλέων γυναῖκες ἀμιλλώμεναι δωρεαῖς πρὸς ἀλλήλας καὶ κάλλεσιν, ἐφθείροντο πρὸς αὐτόν. ubi interpret. Turpiter et indecore eum adibant, sese scilicet illi venditantes, et ad

nutum ejus expositæ."-H. Steph. Thes. Gr. L. iv. 139. c.Adde οἱ Μακεδόνες, ἀδείας μὲν οὔσης, ἐφθείροντο πρὸς τοὺς διδόντας, καὶ τὰς ἐκείνων θύρας ἐθεράπευον. Plut. in Eumene. p. 1079. Η. St. et "Αρπαλος μετὰ χρημάτων πολλῶν ἀποδρὰς ̓Αλέξανδρον ἐκ τῆς ̓Ασίας τῇ ̓Αττικῇ προσέβαλε, καὶ τῶν εἰωθότων ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος χρηματίζεσθαι δρόμος ἦν καὶ ἅμιλλα φθειρομένων πρὸς αὐτόν. Plut. in Phocione. p. 1378. ed. H. St.

In Midium. p. 572. 1. 6. ταῦτ ̓ ἔχεθ ̓ ὑμεῖς οἱ δικάζοντες ἀεὶ, παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων ωσπερεὶ παρακαταθήκην, ἣν ἅπασιν, ὅσοι μετὰ τοῦ δικαίου πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἔρχονται, σῴαν ὑπάρχειν δεῖ.

ὑμεῖς οἱ δικάζοντες ἀεὶ, Vos, quibuscunque, et quocunque tempore, judicare contingat. You who from time to time may happen to sit as judges. Sic infra, p. 585. 1. 24. εἰ θέλοιτε σκοπεῖν καὶ ζητεῖν, ὅτῳ ποτ ̓ εἰσὶν ὑμῶν οἱ ἀεὶ δικάζοντες ἰσχυροὶ, καὶ κύριοι τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει πάντων, ἄν τε διακοσίους, ἄν τε χιλίους, ἄν θ ̓ ὁπόσους ἂν ἡ πόλις καθίσῃ.—Herodot. lib. 7. εἰ γὰρ δὴ βούλοιο ἐπὶ τῷ αἰεὶ ἐπεσφερομένῳ πρήγματι τὸ πᾶν ὁμοίως ἐπιλέγεσθαι, ποιήσειας ἂν οὐδαμᾶ οὐδέν.—Plato, in Menone p. 337. ed. Basil. prim. καὶ γὰρ αὕτη τὸν ἀεὶ πλησιάζοντα καὶ ἀπτόμενον ναρκῶν ποιεῖ. 190crat. Paneg. p. 120. ed. Battie. κοινὴν τὴν πόλιν παρέχοντες, καὶ τοῖς ἀδικουμένοις ἀεὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐπαμύνουσαν.

In Midiam. p. 578. 1. 14. ἐμοὶ μὲν, νὴ τὸν Δία, καὶ τὸν ̓Απόλλω, καὶ τὴν ̓Αθηνᾶν, (εἰρήσεται γὰρ, εἴτ ̓ ἄμεινον εἴτε μὴ) ὅθ ̓ οὗτος (Midias) ὡς ἀπήλλαγμαι, περιϊὼν ἐλογοποίει, ἔνδηλοί τινες ἦσαν ἀχθόμενοι τῶν πάνυ τούτῳ λαλούντων ἡδέως.

ó

ὡς ἀπήλλαγμαι est forsitan, Ego (Midias) liberatus sum (a Demosthene,) Evasi. sic abundante s quemadmodum sæpe abundat ὅτι. e. g. supra p. 353. 1. 24. ὁ γὰρ εἰς τὴν προτέραν γράψας ἐπιστολὴν, ἣν ἐνέγκαμεν ἡμεῖς, “ ΟΤΙ ἔγραφον δ ̓ ἂν, καὶ διαῤῥήδην, ἡλίκα ὑμᾶς εὖ ποιήσω, εἰ εὖ ᾔδειν καὶ τὴν συμμαχίαν μοι γενησομένην,” γεγονυίας τῆς συμμαχίας, οὔ φησιν εἰδέναι τί ἂν ποιῶν χαρίσαιτο.—Evang. Matth. xiii. 11. ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς, εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· ΟΤΙ ὑμῖν δέδοται γνῶναι τὰ μυστήρια τῆς βασιλείας τῶν οὐρανῶν.— Sic infra p. 579. 1. 5, Midias ipse ait, ΟΤΙ ἐγὼ (Midias) οὐδὲν πέπονθα ὑπὸ τῆς καταχειροτονίας.

In Midiam. p. 580. I. 19. οὗτος δὲ οὐδ ̓ ἀφιέντα ἀφίησιν.—De falsa legat. p. 377. 1. 11. οὐδ ̓ ἀφιέντων ἀφίησιν.

In Midiam. p. 581. 1. 28. ἐνθυμεῖσθε, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταὶ, εἰ γένοιντο, (ὁ μὴ γένοιτο, οὐδ ̓ ἔσται·) νῦν οὗτοι κύριοι τῆς πολιτείας μετὰ Μειδίου καὶ τῶν ὁμοίων τούτῳ, καί τις ὑμῶν, τῶν πολλῶν καὶ δημοτικῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἁμαρτῶν εἴς τινα τούτων, μὴ τοιαῦθ ̓ οἷα Μειδίας εἰς ἐμὲ, ἀλλ ̓ ὁτιοῦν ἄλλο, εἰς δικαστήριον εἰσίοι πεπληρωμένον ἐκ τούτων, τίνος συγγνώμης, ἢ τίνος ἐλέου τυχεῖν ἂν οἴεσθε; ταχύ γ' ἂν χαρίσαιντο; οὐ γάρ ; ἢ δεηθέντι τῳ τῶν πολλῶν προσέχοιεν ;

Demosthenem scripsisse credo : ταχύ γ ̓ ἂν χαρίσαιντο ; οἵδε γὰρ δεηθέντι τῳ τῶν πολλῶν προσέχοιεν ;

In Midiam. p. 582. 1. 12. οὐδὲν δεινὸν, οὐδ ̓ ἐλεεινὸν Μειδίας πείσε ται, ἂν ἴσα μὲν κτήσηται τοῖς πολλοῖς ὑμῶν, οὓς νῦν ὑβρίζει καὶ πτωχοὺς ἀποκαλεῖ· ἃ δὲ νῦν περιϊόντ ̓ αὐτὸν ὑβρίζειν ἐπαίρει, περιαιρεθῇ.

Legi posset, et melius forsitan, ἃ δὲ νῦν, περιόντ', αὐτὸν ὑβρί ζειν ἐπαίρει, περιαιρεθῇ. περιόντ' in nominativo, Superflua, Abundantia.

In Midiam. p. 582. 1. 28. πλούσιοι πολλοὶ συνεστηκότες, ὦ ἄνδρες ἀθηναῖοι, τὸ δοκεῖν τινὲς εἶναι δι ̓ εὐπορίαν προσειληφότες, ὑμῶν παρίασι δεησόμενοι.

Τ. πάρεισι.

In Midiam. p. 583. 1. 10. καὶ γὰρ, εἰ μὲν, ὦ ἄνδρες ἀθηναῖοι, τόθ ̓, ὅτ ̓ ἦν ἡ προβολὴ, τὰ πεπραγμένα ὁ δῆμος ἀκούσας ἀπεχειροτό νησε Μειδίου, οὐκ ἂν ὁμοίως ἦν δεινόν. καὶ γὰρ μὴ γεγενῆσθαι, καὶ μὴ περὶ τὴν ἑορτὴν τὰ ἀδικήματα ταῦτ ̓ εἶναι, καὶ πολλὰ ἂν εἶχέ τις αὑτὸν παραμυθήσασθαι.

τις) τῶν τότε δικασάντων, τοῦ δήμου, δηλονοτι.—Hæret Wolfius. Taylorus refert Tis ad Demosthenem ipsum. Verum non potuit Orator ipse vel de facto vel de qualitate dubitare; de illis aliquis, qui tunc judicarunt ὅτ ̓ ἦν ἡ προβολή, cum in re præsenti forsitan non fuisset, dubitare potuit.-Locus ita explicatus nec Reiskii emendatione egere videtur.

In Androtionem.

Argum. poster. p. 590. 1. 11. διεῖλον ἑαυτοὺς (Senatores quingenti Athenienses scilicet) εἰς δέκα μερίδας κατὰ τὰς φυλὰς ἀνὰ πεντήκοντα. τούτους γὰρ ἑκάστη φυλὴ προεβάλλετο. ὥστε συνέβαινε τοὺς πεντήκοντα ἄρχειν τῶν ἄλλων ἀνὰ τριάκοντα ἡμέρας. αὗται γὰρ αἱ τριάκοντα πέντε ἡμέραι εἰσὶ τὸ δωδέκατον (Felicianus et Wolfius δέκατον recte) μέρος τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ.—Legendum, ὥστε συνέβαινε τοὺς πεντήκοντα ἄρχειν τῶν ἄλλων ἀνὰ τριάκοντα ΠΕΝΤΕ ἡμέρας. et sic in Hervagiana secunda.

In Androtionem. p. 595. 1. 9. οὐχ, ὅτι πολλάκις ἡμάρτηται δήπου πρότερον, διὰ τοῦτ ̓ ἐπεξαμαρτητέον ἐστὶ καὶ νῦν, ἀλλὰ τοὐναν τίον, ἀρκτέον, ὡς ὁ νόμος κελεύει, τὰ τοιαῦτα ποιεῖν ἀναγκάζειν ἀπὸ σοῦ πρώτου, σὺ δὲ μὴ λέγε ὡς γέγονε τοῦτο πολλάκις, ἀλλ ̓ ὡς οὕτω προσήκει γίγνεσθαι. οὐ γὰρ εἴ τι πώποτε μὴ κατὰ τοὺς νόμους ἐπράχθη, σὺ δὲ τοῦτ ̓ ἐμιμήσω, διὰ τοῦτ ̓ ἀποφύγοις ἂν δικαίως, ἀλλὰ πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἀλίσκοιο. ὥσπερ γὰρ εἴ τις ἐκείνων προήλω, σὺ τάδ ̓ οὐκ ἂν ἔγραψας, οὕτως, ἂν σὲ νῦν δίκην δῷς, ἄλλος οὐ γράψει.

Luculentam hanc argumentationem pæne repetit Demosthenes in Aristocrat. (p. 653.) μὴ δὴ τοῦθ ̓ ὑμῖν ἐᾶτε λέγειν, ὡς γέγο νεν, ἀλλ ̓ ὡς ἔστι δίκαιον γενέσθαι· μηδ ̓ ὡς ἕτεροι δικάσαντες ἐκύρωσαν

ἐκεῖνα, ἀλλ' ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς ἀξιοῦτε διδάσκειν ὡς δικαιότερ ̓ ἡμῶν περὶ τοῦδε λέγουσιν.—ἔτι τοίνυν ἔμοιγε δοκεῖ καὶ σφόδρα ἀναιδὴς ὁ τοι οὗτος εἶναι λόγος, ὡς γέγονεν καὶ πρότερον τισὶν ἄλλοις τοιαῦτα ψηφίσε ματα. οὐ γὰρ, εἴ τι πώποτε μὴ κατὰ τοὺς νόμους ἐπράχθη, σὺ δὲ τοῦτ ̓ ἐμιμήσω, διὰ τοῦτ ̓ ἀποφεύγειν σοι προσήκει, ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον πολὺ μᾶλλον αλίσκεσθαι διὰ ταῦτα· ὥσπερ γὰρ εἴ τις ἐκείνων ἑάλω, σὺ τάδ' οὐκ ἂν ἔγραψας, οὕτως ἂν σὺ νῦν ἀλῶς, ἄλλος οὐ γράψει.

Operæ pretium erit ista Ciceronis conferre: Quid igitur dicet? Fecisse alios. Quid est hoc ? utrum crimini defensio, an comitatus exsilio quæritur? Tu in hac republica, an in hac hominum libidine, et (ut adhuc habuit se status judiciorum) etiam licentia, non ex jure, non ex æquitate, non ex lege, non ex eo quod oportuerit, non ex eo quod licuerit, sed ex eo quod aliquis fecerit, id quod reprehenditur recte factum esse contendes ?illud-eadem ista ratione defendes, fecisse alios? Ut ego assentiar orationi, defensionem tamen non probabo. Potius enim, te damnato, cæteris angustior locus improbitatis defendendæ relinquetur, quam, te absoluto, alii, quod audacissime fecerunt, recte fecisse existimentur. In Verr. 111. 205, 206. Desinite dubitare, utrum sit utilius propter multos improbos uni parcere, an unius improbi supplicio multorum improbitatem coërcere. ibid. 208.-in quos aliquid exempli populus Romanus statui putat oportere, ab iis tu defensionis exempla quæris? ibid. 210. -Homines in judiciis ad crimen defendendum, non, quid fecerit quispiam, proferre solent, sed quid probarit. ib. 213.

In Androtionem, p. 597. 1. 3. οἴομαι γὰρ ἂν μηδένα ἀντειπεῖν ὡς οὐχ ὅσα πώποτε τῇ πόλει γέγονεν, ἢ νῦν ἐστὶν, ἀγαθὰ ἢ θατέρα, ἵνα μηδὲν εἴπω φλαῦρον, ἐκ τῆς τῶν τριήρων τὰ μὲν κτήσεως τὰ δ ̓ ἀπου‐ σίας γέγονεν.

O superstitionem scrupulosam! o aures fastidiosas ! θατέρα pro κακά. Subit illud Popii;

To rest the cushion and soft Dean invite,

Who never mentions hell to ears polite.

[This is a fact. A Dean of Peterborough, preaching at court, threatened the sinner with punishment in a place, which he thought it not decent to name in so polite an assembly.”]

*

In Androtionem. p. 598. 1. 11. ὥστε δικαίως, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τηλικαύτην ἐχουσῶν ῥοπὴν ἐφ' ἑκάτερα τῶν τριηρῶν, ὅρον τοῦτον τεθεί κατε τῇ βουλῇ πότερ' αὐτὴν δεῖ λαβεῖν τὴν δωρεὰν ἢ οὔ. εἰ γὰρ πάντα τἄλλα διοικήσεις καλῶς, δι ̓ ὧν δὲ τότε τ ̓ ἐξαρχῆς ταῦτ ̓ ἐκτησάμεθα, καὶ νῦν σώζομεν, ταύτας μὴ ποιήσαιτο, (τὰς τριήρεις λέγω) οὐδὲν ἐκείνων ὄφελος. τὴν γὰρ τῶν ὅλων σωτηρίαν πρῶτον ὑπάρχειν δεῖ παρεσκευασμένην τῷ δήμω.