boundless foul was conftantly engaged in extravagant and romantic projects, too high to be attempted.

After Sylla's ufurpation, he was fired with a violent defire of feizing the government; and, provided he could but carry his point, he was not at all folicitous by what means. His fpirit, naturally violent, was daily more and more hurried on to the execution of his defign, by his poverty, and the consciousness of his crimes; both which evils he had heightened by the practices above-mentioned. He was encouraged to it by the wickedness of the ftate, thoroughly debauched by luxury and avarice; vices equally fatal, though of contrary natures. Salluft, by Mr. Rofe. § 29. Speech of TITUS QUINCTIUS, § 29. Speech of TITUS QUINCTIUS to the ROMANS, when the AQUI and VOLSCI, taking Advantage of their inteftine Commotions, ravaged their Country to the Gates of ROME.

Though I am not confcious, O Romans, of any crime by me committed, it is yet with the utmost fhame and confufion that I appear in your affembly. You have feen it-pofterity will know it!-in the fourth confulthip of Titus Quinctius, the Equi and Volfci (fcarce a match for the Hernici alone) came in arms to the very gates of Rome, and went away again unchaftifed! The courfe of our manners, indeed, and the ftate of our affairs, have long been fuch, that I had no reason to prefage much good; but, could I have imagined that fo great an ignominy would have befallen me this year, I would, by banishment or death (if all other means had failed) have avoided the station I am now in. What! might Rome then have been taken, if thofe men who were at our gates had not wanted courage for the attempt?-Rome taken, whilft I was conful!-Of honours I had fufficient of life enough. more than enough-I fhould have died in my third confulate.

nal difputes between the fenate and the people are the fole caufe of our misfortunes. While we will fet no bounds to our dominion, nor you to your liberty; while you impatiently endure Patrician magiftrates, and we Plebeian; our enemies take heart, grow elated, and prefumptuous. In the name of the immortal gods, what is it, Romans, you would have? You defired Tribunes; for the fake of peace, we granted them. You were eager to have Decemvirs; we confented to their creation. You grew weary of thefe Decemvirs; we obliged them to abdicate. Your hatred pursued them when reduced to private men; and we fuffered you to put to death, or banish, Patricians of the first

the restoration of the Tribunefhip; we rank in the republic. You infifted upon yielded: we quietly faw Confuls of your own faction elected. You have the protection of your Tribunes, and the privilege of appeal the Patricians are fubjected to the decrees of the Commons. Under pretence of equal and impartial laws, you have invaded our rights; and we have fuffered it, and we fill fuffer it. When fhall we fee an end of difcord? When fhall we have one intereft, and one common country? Victorious and triumphant, you fhew lefs temper than we under defeat. When you are to contend with us, you can feize the Aventine hill, you can poffefs yourfelves of the Mons Sacer.

The enemy is at our gates, the Efquiline is near being taken, and nobody ftirs to hinder it. But against us you are valiant, againft us you can arm with diligence. Come on then, befiege the fenate-house, make a camp of the forum, fill the jails with our chief nobles; and, when you have atchieved thefe glorious exploits, then, at laft, fally out at the Afquiline gate, with the fame fierce fpirits, against the enemy. Does your refolution fail you for this? Go then, and behold from our walls your lands ravaged, your houfes plundered and in flames, the whole country laid waste with fire and fword. Have you any thing here to repair thefe damages Will the Tribunes make up your loffes to you? They'll give you words as many as you please; bring impeachments in abundance against the prime men in the ftate; heap laws upon laws: affemblies you fhall have without end: but will any of you return the richer from thofe affemblies? Extinguish, O Romans, thefe fatal divifions; generoufly break this curfed enchantment,

which keeps you buried in a fcandalous inaction. Open your eyes, and confider the management of thofe ambitious men, who, to make themfelves powerful in their party, ftudy nothing but how they may foment divifions in the commonwealth.-If you can but fummon up your former courage, if you will now march out of Rome with your confuls, there is no punishment you can inflict which I will not fubmit to, if I do not in a few days drive thofe pillagers out of our territory. This terror of war, with which you feem fo grievously ftruck, fhall quickly be removed from Rome to

their own cities.

Hocke.

$30. MICIPSA to JUGURTHA. You know, Jugurtha, that I received you under my protection in your early youth, when left a helpless and hopelefs orphan. I advanced you to high honours in my kingdom, in the full affurance that you would prove grateful for my kindness to you; and that, if I came to have children of my own, you would study to repay to them what you owed to me. Hitherto I have had no reafon to repent of my favours to you. For, to omit all former inftances of your extraordinary merit, your late behaviour in the Numantian war has reflected upon me, and my kingdom, a new and diftinguished glory. You have, by your valour, rendered the Roman commonwealth, which before was well affected to our intereft, much more friendly. In Spain, you have raised the honour of my name and crown. And you have furmounted what is juftly reckoned one of the greateft difficulties; having, by your merit, filenced envy. My diffolution feems now to be faft approaching. I therefore befeech and conjure you, my dear Jugurtha! by this right hand; by the remembrance of my paft kindness to you; by the honour of my kingdom; and by the majefty of the gods; be kind to my two fons, whom my favour to you has made your brothers; and do not think of forming a connection with any franger, to the prejudice of your relations. It is not by arms, nor by treasures, that a kingdom is fecured, but by well affected fubjects and allies. And it is by faithful and important fervices, that friendship (which neither gold will purchafe, nor arms extort) is fecured. But what friendship is more perfect, than that which ought to obtain between brothers ? What fidelity can be expected among frangers, if it is wanting among

relations? The kingdom I leave you is in good condition, if you govern it properly; if otherwife, it is weak. For by agreement a fmall flate increafes: by divifion a great one falls into ruin. It will lie upon you, Jugurtha, who are come to riper years than your brothers, to provide that no mifconduct produce any bad effect. And, if any difference fhould arife between you and your brothers (which may the gods avert!) the public will charge you, however innocent you may be, as the aggreffor, becaufe your years and abilities give you the fuperiority. But I firmly perfuade myfelf, that you will treat them with kindness, and that they will honour and efteem you, as your diftinguished virtue deferves.

Salluft.

31. Speech of PUBLIUS SCIPIO to the ROMAN Army, before the Battle of the TICIN.

Were you, foldiers, the fame army which I had with me in Gaul, I might well forbear faying any thing to you at this time: for, what occafion could there be to use exhortation to a cavalry that had fo fignally vanquished the fquadrons of the enemy upon the Rhone; or to legions, by whom that fame enemy, flying before them to avoid a battle, did in effect confefs themfelves conquered? But, as thefe troops, having been inrolled for Spain, are there with my brother Cneius, making war under my aufpices (as was the will of the fenate and people of Rome) I, that you might have a conful for your captain, against Hannibal and the Carthaginians, have freely offered myfelf for this war. You, then, have a new general; and I a new army. On this account, a few words from me to you will be neither improper nor unfeasonable.

That you may not be unapprifed of what fort of enemies you are going to encounter, or of what is to be feared from them, they are the very fame whom, in a former war, you vanquished both by land and fea; the fame, from whom you took Sicily and Sardinia; and who have been these twenty years your tributaries. You will not, I prefume, march against thefe men, with only that courage with which you are wont to face other enemies; but with a certain anger and indignation, fuch as you would feel if you faw your flaves on a fudden rife up in arms against you. Conquered and enflaved, it is not boldnefs, but neceffity, that urges them to battle, unless you can

believe

believe that thofe who avoided fighting when their army was entire, have acquired better hope by the lofs of two-thirds of their horfe and foot in the paffage of the Alps.

But you have heard, perhaps, that, though they are few in number, they are men of flout hearts and robust bodies; heroes, of such strength and vigour, as nothing is able to refift.-Mere effigies! nay, fhadows of men! wretches, emaciated with hunger, and benumbed with cold! bruifed and battered to pieces among the rocks and craggy cliffs! their weapons broken, and their horfes weak and foundered! Such are the cavalry, and fuch the infantry, with which you are going to contend; not enemies, but the fragments of enemies. There is nothing which I more apprehend, than that it will be thought Hannibal was vanquished by the Alps, before we had any conflict with him. But, perhaps, it was fitting it fhould be fo; and that, with a people and a leader who had violated leagues and covenants, the gods themfelves, without man's help, fhould begin the war, and bring it to a near conclution: and that we, who, next to the gods, have been injured and offended, fhould happily finish what they have begun.

I need not be in any fear that you should fufpect me of faying thefe things merely to encourage you, while inwardly I have different fentiments. What hindered me from going into Spain? That was my province, where I should have had the lefs dreaded Afdrubal, not Hannibal, to deal with. But hearing, as I paffed along the coaft of Gaul, of this enemy's march, I landed my troops, fent the horfe forward, and pitched my camp upon the Rhone. A part of my cavalry encountered, and defeated that of the enemy. My infantry not being able to overtake theirs, which fied before us, I returned to my fleet; and, with all the expedition I could ufe in fo long a voyage by fea and land, am come to meet them at the foot of the Alps. Was it, then, my inclination to avoid a conteft with this tremendous Hannibal ? and have I met with him only by accident and unawares? or am I come on purpose to challenge him to the combat? I would gladly try whether the earth, within these twenty years, has brought forth a new kind of Carthaginians; or whether they be the fame fort of men, who fought at the Agates, and whom, at Eryx, you fuffered to

redeem themfelves at eighteen denarii per head: whether this Hannibal, for labourf and journies, be, as he would be thought, the rival of Hercules; or whether he be, what his father left him, a tributary, a vaffal, a flave of the Roman people. Did not the conscioufnefs of his wicked deed at Saguntum torment him and make him defperate, he would have fome regard, if not to his conquered country, yet furely to his own family, to his father's memory, to the treaty written with Hamilcar's own hand. We might have starved him in Eryx; we might have paffed into Africa with our victorious fleet; and, in a few days, have deftroyed Carthage. At their humble. fupplication, we pardoned them; we releafed them, when they were clofely fhut up, without a poffibility of efcaping; we made peace with them, when they were conquered. When they were diftreffed by the African war, we confidered them, we treated them, as a people under our protection. And what is the return they make us for all thefe favours? Under the condu& of a hare-brained young man, they come hither to overturn our state, and lay wafte our country.-I could wish, indeed, that it were not fo; and that the war we are now engaged in concerned only our own glory, and not our preservation. But the conteft at prefent is not for the poffeffion of Sicily and Sardinia, but of Italy itfelf: nor is there behind us another army, which, if we fhould not prove the conquerors, may make head against our victorious enemies. There are no more Alps for them to pafs, which might give us leifure to raife new forces. No, foldiers; here you must make your ftand, as if you were just now before the walls of Rome. Let every one reflect, that he is now to defend, not his own perfon only, but his wife, his children, his helplefs infants. Yet, let not private confiderations alone poffefs our minds: let us remember that the eyes of the fenate and people of Rome are upon us; and that, as our force and courage fhall now prove, fuch will be the fortune of that city, and of the Roman empire.

Hooke.

$ 32. Speech of HANNIBAL to the CARTHAGINIAN Army, on the jame Occafion.

I know not, foldiers, whether you or your prifoners be encompaffed by fortune with the stricter bonds and neceflities. Two feas inclofe you on the right and left:

not

not a fhip to fly to for efcaping. Before you is the Po, a river broader and more rapid than the Rhone: behind you are the Alps; over which, even when your numbers were undiminished, you were hardly able to force a paffage. Here then, foldiers, you must either conquer or die, the very first hour you meet the enemy.

But the fame fortune which has thus laid you under the neceffity of fighting, has fet before your eyes thofe rewards of victory, than which no men are ever wont to wish for greater from the immortal gods. Should we, by our valour, recover only Sicily and Sardinia, which were ravished from our fathers, those would be no inconfiderable prizes. Yet, what are thofe ? The wealth of Rome; whatever riches she has heaped together in the spoils of nations; all thefe, with the masters of them, will be yours. You have been long enough employed in driving the cattle upon the vaft mountains of Lufitania and Celtiberia; you have hitherto met with no reward worthy of the labours and dangers you have undergone. The time is now come, to reap the full recompence of your toilfome marches over fo many mountains and rivers, and through fo many nations, all of them in arms. This is the place which fortune has appointed to be the limits of your labour; is is here that you will finish your glorious warfare, and receive an ample recompence of your compleated fervice. For I would not have you imagine, that victory will be as difficult as the name of a Roman war is great and founding. It has often happened, that a defpifed enemy has given a bloody battle; and the most renowned kings and nations have by a small force been overthrown. And, if you but take away the glitter of the Roman name, what is there wherein they may ftand in competition with you? For (to fay nothing of your fervice in war, for twenty years together, with fo much valour and fuccefs) from the very pillars of Hercules, from the ocean, from the utmoft bounds of the earth, through so many warlike nations of Spain and Gaul, are you not come hither victorious? And with whom are you now to fight? With raw foldiers, an undifciplined army, beaten, vanquished, befieged by the Gauls the very laft fummer; an army, unknown to their leader, and unacquainted with him.

Or fhall I, who was born, I might almoft fay, but certainly brought up, in the tent of my father, that most excellent general;

fhall I, the conqueror of Spain and Gaul; and not only of the Alpine nations, but which is greater ftill, of the Alps themfelves; fhall I compare myself with this half-year captain? à captain, before whom fhould one place the two armies, without their enfigns, I am perfuaded he would not know to which of them he is conful. I efteem it no fmall advantage, foldiers, that there is not one among you, who has not often been an eye-witness of my exploits in war; not one of whose valour I myself have not been a fpectator, fo as to be able to name the times and places of his noble atchievements; that with foldiers, whom I have a thousand times praised and rewarded, and whofe pupil I was before I became their general, I fhall march against an army of men ftrangers to one another.

On what fide foever I turn my eyes, I behold all full of courage and strength. A veteran infantry; a moft gallant cavalry you, my allies, moft faithful and valiant; you, Carthaginians, whom not only your country's caufe, but the jufteft anger, impels to battle. The hope, the courage of affailants, is always greater than of those who act upon the defenfive. With hostile banners difplayed, you are come down upon Italy: you bring the war. Grief, injuries, indignities, fire your minds, and fpur you forward to revenge. First, they demanded me; that I, your general, fhould be delivered up to them; next, all of you who had fought at the fiege of Saguntum: and we were to be put to death by the extremeft tortures. Proud and crucl nation! every thing must be yours, and at your difpofal! you are to prescribe to us with whom we shall make war, with whom we fhall make peace. You are to fet us bounds; to fhut us up within hills and rivers; but you, you are not to obferve the limits which yourfelves have fixed !

"Pafs not the Iberus." What next?" Touch not the Saguntines. Sa