While maturing my plans, it suddenly occurred to me that my projected weekly paper might be regarded in a light which I had never thought of, namely, as in opposition to The Athenæum, and I determined to bring the matter at once fully and frankly before Mr. Dilke. In the year 1846, when the railroad mania was at its height, and the iron horse was trampling under foot all our ancient landmarks, and putting to flight all the relics of our early popular mythology, I had written to the editor of The Athenæum, suggesting what good service he might render to students of popular antiquities by consenting to open his columns to notices of old-world manners, customs, and popular superstition, before they had been all swept away. I was invited to call at Wellington Street and talk the matter over. But, instead of the editor, I was received by Mr. Dilke. The result was his ready consent to do what I had asked, on condition that all communications on the subject should be sent on to me, and that I should select for publication such portions of them as in my judgment were worthy of preservation; and the subject was brought forward in The Athenæum of August 26, 1846, in an article by me which I headed "Folk-Lore," a word which has become household not only here, but abroad. This was my first interview with Mr. Dilke; and if at that interview I was struck by his strong common sense, I was yet more impressed by his frankness and warm-hearted sympathy with my admiration of these old-world fancies. I afterwards communicated to the Athenæum the series of papers on "Shakspeare's Folk-Lore," which is reprinted in my Three Notelets on Shakspeare. When in 1819 I called on Mr. Dilke and told him what I had in contemplation, and said that, having eaten his salt, I was unwilling to repay his kindness with ingratitude, and expressed my readiness to give up my project if it could by possibility affect the Athenæum, he spoke with his usual frankness and warm-hearted sympathy as he quieted my scruples, wished me every success, and promised any help he could give me. How he did help with wise counsels few can have any idea. And here let me record one characteristic observation made by Mr. Dilke on the occasion to which I have been referring-a caution which I never lost sight of. He had expressed some doubts whether I might not find myself sometimes in a difficulty for want of materials. I met the objection by saying that I had so many notes and memoranda I could fall back upon, I had no fears on that score. "But remember," was the sensible and friendly reply, "you may form a very correct judgment of what your correspondents write, but not be so good a judge of what you write yourself." How he enriched the pages of "N. & Q." by his contributions many of my readers know, and all may see in the two recently published volumes entitled Papers of a Critic,* containing a series of articles reprinted from the Athenaum, &c., articles which, for minute criticism and careful patient investigation into obscure points of literary history and biography, may have been equalled, but assuredly have never been surpassed. And most certainly there is one thing known only to myself-the deep respect and affection with which I regarded that good and wise man-a respect and affection which it is my boast that he cordially returned. WILLIAM J. THOMS. (To be continued.) [It will not be out of place here to say that a correspondent writes to ask us if there is any hope of the readers of "N. & Q." having the benefit of perusing some of that "incessant correspondence" which MR. THOMS refers to, in his interesting" Story" (ante, p. 2), as having late lamented Jolin Bruce.] been carried on for some years between himself and the THE REV. R. S. HAWKER, OF MORWENSTOW. (Concluded from 5th S. v. 442.) III. Ecclesia, 1840.-This very choice collection of Mr. Hawker's poems seems to have been issued for the gratification of his friends at Oxford, where indeed he had acquired a poetic reputation as the author of a Newdigate prize poem. The volume, which has broad margins and blank spaces that would gratify Mr. Ruskin, is made up in part of poems selected from his former volumes, and in part of new poems. These pieces are characterized by a distinct religious sentiment, and are conceived in the highest form of poesy. It was the author's opinion that the Muse of the priest should be his Church, but it is to be regretted that his efforts in this direction were not more sustained. The sacred poems which he wrote after the publication of Ecclesia became largely infected with mysticism and old-world lore, and were impregnated too with views which were not strictly in keeping with the opinions of a priest of the English Church. By an Exeter gentleman I have recently been favoured with the sight of a copy of the Ecclesia, which possesses considerable interest by reason of numerous notes, corrections, &c., in Mr. Hawker's hand, and I have been courteously permitted to make use of them. The copy was a presentation volume, and bears the inscription, "Francis Drake from his friend the Author, R. S. H." The gift * I trust I may here be permitted to correct a slight oversight into which Sir Charles Dilke has fallen, in his interesting memoir of his grandfather (vol. i. p. 91), where he attributes to him the authorship of a paper on appeared in "N. & Q." of Nov. 22, 1862. The oversight is a "Satirical Print against Lord Bolingbroke," which easily accounted for. The article is signed by the initials of the first words of the title, a practice very common with Mr. Dilke, and from whom I copied it. The oversight pays me a compliment equally undesigned and unfurther note on the same subject, which appeared in deserved, for I wrote the article in question, as also a "N. & Q." of Oct. 20, 1866 (3 S. x. 323). seems to have been made about 1851, or at any rate before 1857. By it some illustration is thrown upon a subject that gave rise to a painful discussion soon after Mr. Hawker's death. The following is the full title of this volume, now of some rarity : "Ecclesia: a Volume of Poems; by the Rev. R. S. Hawker, M.A., Vicar of Morwenstow, Cornwall, Author of Pompeii, the Oxford Prize Poem for M.DCCC.XXVII. 'If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her cunning. If I do not remember thee, let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth; yea, if I prefer not Jerusalem in my mirth. Oxford: Printed by T. Combe, Printer to the University. Sold by J. G. and J. Riving ton, St. Paul's Churchyard, and Waterloo Place; Talboys, Oxford; Hannaford, Exeter; Liddell, Bodmin; and Nettleton, Plymouth. M.DCCC. XL." 8vo., pp. 144. Mr. Baring-Gould mentions an edition of 1841. Thou wilt behold, thy lips may share, A light comes down to breathe and be, Though hid, like summer-suns, from me." Mr. Hawker's note on this poem was as follows: "I have sought in these verses to suggest a shadow of that beautiful instruction to Christian men, the actual and spiritual presence of our Lord in the second Sacrament of his Church; a primal and perpetual doctrine in the faith once delivered to the Saints." The sentence which follows this is cut out of the copy of Ecclesia which, as already described, he gave to his friend. This excised sentence, which has been taken out with a penknife, is the following : "How sally the simplicity of this truth has been distorted and disturbed by the gross and sensuous notion of a carnal presence introduced by the Romish innovators Baring-Gould's printers, in his former and later editions, p. 234 in both copies, have made this word innovation] of the eleventh century!" The volume opens with the majestic proem, "The Western Shore," which does not seem to have been reprinted in the author's later works,[Mr. lines which begin, "Thou lovely land! where, kindling, throng Scenes that should breathe the soul of song;" and which end, in reference to the vicar's secluded parish : "Welcome, wild rock, and lonely shore! Where round my days dark seas shall roar; The fourth verse of "The Lady's Well" is in Ecclesia given thus (p. 12) : "And Mary was her blessed name, Though not by men adored, Its sound some thoughts of love should claim The second line is altered in pencil, in his hand, At p. 5 are some verses accurately entitled "Ephphatha!" In subsequent republications of this poem the author, through an excessive reverence of the Vulgate in Mark vii. 34, changed its name to "Ephpheta!" In this beautiful allegorical poem a blind man, on the festival of the patron saint of Morwenstow Church, is represented as coming into the refectory of the church, or of some neigh-is bouring hall, and asking for food. Bread is brought, and the wayfarer seats himself to eat it, and water is fetched from the well of St. John. As the blind man is refreshing himself, the sunlight through the painted windows falls upon the food and puts a glory upon it. Ronald, the attendant page, regrets that the old man cannot see the radiance on the victuals : "He eats, but sees not on that bread What glorious radiance there is shed; Пe drinks from out that chalice fair, Nor marks the sunlight glancing there!" Its very sound deep love should claim "The Wail of the Cornish Mother" is called in Ecclesia (p. 45) "The Cornish Mother's Grief." It It was carried to church and bless'd: The "Sonnet of the Sea" (p. 115) is noted as having been "wrt at Boscastle: Stephens of Calver, Wife, and Wife's Sister on the Sea." These lines begin "Our bark is on the waters! wide around, The wandering waves-above, the lonely sky." In the Cornish Ballads its title is "Pater vester But the wayfaring man catches at the remark, pascit illa," from the Vulgate, Matt. vi. 26. and thus points its moral : "Watch, gentle Ronald, watch and pray, Mrs. Hawker's name is, in this copy of Ecclesia, connected with another poem entitled "The Wreck" (p. 95), which poem also Mr. Hawker never saw fit to reprint. (As already stated, the lady was a member of the l'ans family.) These lines have a preliminary note : "I shall be, I think, forgiven if I include in this volume a composition suggested by a family relique; because however inferior the verses may be, they record a name and an event which will long be matter of Cornish pride. The following inscription on a silver goblet in my possession will speak for itself: This cup is pre sented to Wray l'ans, Esquire, by Edward and Robert Were Fox, of Wadebridge, on behalf of the proprietors of the cargo of the St. Anna St. Joseph, Captain Antony de Fonseca Rosa, wrecked at Bude the 7th August, 1790, for his care in saving the same, and particular attention to the unfortunate crew.' A pencil note in Mr. Hawker's hand, in the copy before me, supplies the information that the lines were "written by Mrs. Hawker, except the three last stanzas, which are mine, R. S. H." These latter verses are as follows: "High honour to his heart and name! Who stood that day with sheltering form To soothe the anguish of the storm! And still when breathes the seaman's vow, Would that the I'Ans' voice were here!" Mrs. Hawker, who died in 1863, was accomplished in other ways. From her pen came— "Follow me; or, Lost and Found. A Morality from the German. By C. E. H." (London, James Burns, 1844, 16mo.) Also "The Manger of the Holy Night, with the Tale of the Prince Schreimund and the Princess Schweigstilla, from the German of Guido Gorres. By C. E. H., Morwenstow." (London, 1847, 8vo.) II. I know not! I remember well The path-the olive-trees-the dell III. And there, where clustering vineyards rest, IV. He left me, but with holier thought, In proud Capernaum's paths he sought V. They tell of treachery bought and sold,Perchance their words be truth,— I only see the scenes of old; I hear his voice in youth. VI. And I will sit, as Rizpah sate, Where life and hope are fled; I sought him not in happier state, I will not leave my dead! VII. No! I must weep, though all around Be hatred and despair; One sigh shall soothe this fatal ground, A Cherioth maiden's prayer!' IV. The "Pompeii" Prize Poem.-It is noteworthy that Macaulay, in 1819, gained the Chancellor's Gold Medal in the University of CamThe following poems in Ecclesia are (in addition bridge for an English poem on this subject, he to those already named) not in the Cornish Ballads being then of Trinity College. Mr. Hawker's (Parker, 1869):-" The Font " (p. 43); "Are they poem was recited in the theatre at Oxford, 27th not all ministering spirits ?" (p. 53); "Confirma-June, 1827, and the Newdigate Prize was awarded tion" (p. 57); "I am the Resurrection and the to him; he was then of Magdalen Hall. Dr. Lee Life" (p. 103); "The Nun of Carmel's Lament" has compared the two poems :(p. 107); "They shall flee every one to his own land" (p. 117); "The End" (p. 141). Besides the excised sentence in the annotated copy, an entire poem was by Mr. Hawker cut out of the book, together with its title in the list of contents, as if he wished to destroy all trace of it. It occurs at pp. 81-3 of perfect copies of Ecclesia, and has never been reprinted. It consists of the reflections of a Jewish maiden on the fate of Judas Iscariot, her lover. It is entitled "Isha Cherioth," a title which is derived from the conjectural interpretation of the name from Kerioth (Josh. xv. 25: mp, Ish K'rioth: cf. 'IokⱭpiórns, Matt. x. 4). The poem may fitly be classed with Keble's lines on Judas's infancy in Lyra Innocentium (No. 13), where the Son of Perdition is described as a harmless Child, by gold as yet unbought." "Isha Cherioth. I. "They say his sin was dark and deep, "Any one who cares to study and critically compare the two, while giving all credit to the brilliant literary ability of Macaulay, will, for poetical power and picturesque beauty, award the palm to that better sustained and more perfect production from Mr. Hawker's pen."-Memorials of Hawker, pp. 65-6. The publication of Hawker's poem gave rise to a little excitement amongst the publishers of the prize poems. D. A. Talboys issued a neat edition in 1828, embracing a selection from the poems from 1768 to 1827 (Hawker's poem being the last), entitled Orford English Prize Poems. This volume has the following advertisement : "This new edition of the Oxford English Prize Poems owes its appearance to the following circumstances. The publisher having bought the copyright of the last prize poem, Pompeii,' expected, as a matter of course, to has not been the case; the proprietors of the last edition reap the full benefit of his purchase. Such, however, of this collection having pirated and annexed it to their volume. The publisher, without doubt, might by legal proceedings have procured redress for this attack upon his property, but he has chosen rather to repay them in kind by printing the whole collection. The public will benefit by the competition.-Oxford, Jan. 14, 1828." The reference is probably to the firms of Vincent or Mundy. Pompeii was republished by Roberts, THE FIRST PENNY DAILY NEWSPAPER. Mr. Colin Rae-Brown, in his novel, Edith Devar; or, Glimpses of Scottish Life and Manners in the Nineteenth Century (3 vols., S. Low & Co.), says that the Bulletin, a Glasgow journal with which he was connected, was the first penny daily newspaper issued. This is the passage :— "Our new penny daily has thriven very well on the plan of starting it several weeks before the repeal of the duty-selling it at a penny with the penny stamp still impressed-and the only competitor which made its appearance speedily succumbed. We can thus claim to be the first Penny Daily Newspaper published in the United Empire-that is something to say...... How long the high-priced journals will leave us alone to our penny insignificance I cannot say. They must cave in some day, when we will either be absorbed or go to the wall, there being no real gratitude in the public. Should the fourpence-halfpenny papers ever eat the leek and come down to the much-abused penny, depend upon it that the native love of a bargain will induce our citizens to neglect us for the old journals when cheapened." police had to interfere. By and by the local demand extended far beyond Edinburgh, and the enterprising projector and conductor of the new sheet seemed on the high road to fortune; but he was soon arrested in his career. The authorities communicated with him through the Treasury solicitors, who threatened him with pains and penalties if he persisted in publishing an unstamped paper. Mr. Finlay reasoned the matter with calmness, courage, and capacity, contending that the War Telegraph, consisting exclusively of war intelligence, was emphatically a class journal in the same sense as were the Lancet and the Athenæum, and should therefore enjoy an immunity from the stamp. It was not to be expected that he could long wage a conflict, singlefight out the question in the law courts, he compromised handed, with Somerset House; and being unable to matters by affixing the stamp, at the same time changing the title to the Northern Telegraph, making it a general newspaper, and charging twopence per copy. The increase in price soon killed it, although it was cheap at the money, being a most attractive sheet, and having among its contributors the very cream of the then young litterati of the Scotch metropolis, several of whom have since become Professors, Sheriffs, Times Reviewers, and Government officials. Seeing that Mr. Finlay lost almost his all in the venture, it is but due to his memory that he should not lose the credit of having been the father of the Penny Daily Press." The alleged capture of Sebastopol was made public on October 1, 1854, the Turkish Embassy in London announcing through the press that This letter is supposed to be written on Sep-"Sebastopol was taken on the 25th, with all its tember 15, 1856, a year and three months after the passing of the Act (18 & 19 Vic., cap. 27) by which the compulsory stamp on newspapers was abolished, and twelve months subsequent to the establishment of the Daily Telegraph (June 29, 1855), so that I suspect for 1856 we should read 1855. Soon after the passing of the Act in June, 1855, Mr. Rae-Brown's prescience was confirmed -the old-established " "local conhigh-priced temporaries of the Bulletin reduced their selling price to one penny per copy, and so killed Mr. Rae-Brown's spirited enterprise, for in a few weeks the Bulletin ceased to exist. In answer to Mr. Rae-Brown's claim of priority for the Bulletin, cut the following from an article in a recent number of the London Scottish Journal as worthy a place in "N. & Q.” :— "One Monday afternoon, during the earlier stages of the Crimean campaign, the false intelligence was wired that Sebastopol had fallen. Out came the Caledonian Mercury with a second edition, containing the meagre but exciting message, and the supply was limited only by the defective nature of the slow, lumbering machinery. This was in the autumn of 1854, and it immediately struck the fertile brain of the late Mr. James Watson Finlay, who argued that if the old Mercury could, in an hour or two, get through the four or five thousand copies at fourpence-halfpenny each, the demand for a penny sheet must be proportionately incessant and enormous. His plans were soon laid; and the War Telegraph sprang at once into vigorous life. During its first week the returns showed a clear profit of one hundred guineas. From morn till noon, from noon till night, the office doors were besieged by clamorous crowds, to the obstruction of the thoroughfare in the North Bridge, and often the munitions of war, together with the Russian October 2, declaring that "18,000 Russians were fleet"; further telegrams from Vienna, dated killed and wounded, 22,000 made prisoners; Fort Constantine was destroyed, and other forts, mounting 200 guns, taken. Of the Russian fleet, six sail were sunk, and Prince Menschikoff had retired to the bottom (!) of the bay with the remaining vessels, declaring that he would burn them if the attack continued. The allied commanders had given him six hours to consider," &c. I well remember the fireworks and public rejoicings in the provinces when these most officially made, though there is no doubt that then audaciously circumstantial announcements were Sebastopol might and ought to have been taken by the display of a little vigour and good generalship on the part of the allied commanders. 66 The London Scottish Journal considers that the Finlay episode" was "an important factor in promoting the passing of the memorable statute" abolishing the newspaper stamp. S. R. TOWNSHEND MAYER. Richmond, Surrey. BISHOP CHANDLER.-In one of the most interesting chapters of Mr. Forster's Life of Swift (vol. i. p. 41), he proves most completely that the story that Swift had been disgracefully expelled from college was not true, and that the evidence on which it was grounded, said to be that of Bishop Chandler, was of no value. But in doing this does pre not Mr. Forster make an accusation against the bishop almost as unfair as that which he accuses the bishop of having made against Swift? Mr. Forster says, "The prelate so eager after more than sixty years to say an ill word of his old companion." I believe the facts are these: Swift and Chandler were at college together in 1685. Swift died in 1745, and Chandler died in 1750. After both of them were dead, Richardson, writing under date April 22, 1752, to Lady Bradshaigh (Correspondence, vol. vi. p. 171), says, “I am very well warranted by the son of an eminent divine, a late, who for three years was Swift's chum," &c. Now, if Bishop Chandler never told this story during his life, that is between 1685 and 1750, and it was only told two years after his death by his son to Richardson, who mentioned it in one of his gossip letters, which was, it appears, not published till 1804, that is forty-three years after Richardson's death,-surely it is hard to say that the bishop was eager to give Swift a bad word. No one was eager in the matter, for it was not till 119 years after the date of the supposed expulsion that the story was published, and from the first time that it appears to have been mentioned in 1752, to the time that it was printed in 1804, though the dead bishop's name was quoted as the authority, yet he was no party to the assertion, much less could he be said to be eager to circulate it. very When I wrote this note, I intended it for Mr. Forster's eye alone. His lamented death rendered this impossible; but as I believe the criticism is just, and that he would himself have freely admitted it, I do not hesitate to give to it a wider EDWARD SOLLY. circulation. Sutton, Surrey. GIOVANNI BATTISTA DRAGIII.-The readers of Pepys's Diary will remember the interesting notices of this musician that occur in its pages. He was an Italian, and is said by all authorities to have come to England in the suite of Mary of Modena. This is a mistake which ought to be corrected. Draghi was in England long before the arrival of the princess in 1673. In fact, he must have taken up his abode with us at, or immediately after, the Restoration. He soon acquired fame in his profession; so much so that Shadwell, in his comedy of The Sullen Lovers, 1668, thus sings his praises : Sir Posit. But for musick, if any man in England gives you a better account of it than I do, I will give all mankind leave to spit upon me.... Do you like Baptist's way of composing? Lov. No doubt, sir, he 's a great master. Wood. As ever was born, take that from me." Draghi composed the incidental instrumental music for Shadwell's version of The Tempest, 1673, and in the same year he wrote the introductory and act music for his opera of Psyche, the vocal music of which was composed by Locke. None of this music of Draghi's is now known, but some of his songs are printed in Choice Ayres, 1684; The Theatre of Musick, 1685-7; and The Banquet of Musick, 1688. In 1677, upon the death of Locke, he was appointed organist to Queen Catherine at Somerset House. One of his latest works was the music to D'Urfey's Kingdom of the Birds; or, Wonders in the Sun, 1706. The date of his death is unknown. EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. SCOUNDREL.-Mr. Wedgwood suggests the pcssibility of this word being derived from scummer, filth. I rather take it to come from the A.-S. onscunian or scunian, to shun, vitare, aufugere (Bosworth's Dict.), and to be connected with the Scotch to scouner or scunner, and the substantive scunner, one of the meanings of which given by Jamieson is an object of loathing, any person or thing which excites disgust. Scoundrel will then For inbe scunnerel, a diminutive of scunner. stances of the insertion of a d after an n see Also compare Morris, English Accidence, p. 25. the German Scheusal, an object of abhorrence, formed from scheuen, to shun. F. J. V. LAW CASES DECIDED BY LOTTERY IN INDIA.To read of recourse to the form of lottery to decide law cases (instances of the kind being before me in a cutting from a Bombay paper of recent date, October, 1875) recalls the time of the ancient Mosaic law, as referred to in the Old Testament. But notwithstanding the reverence due to the books of Moses, I think that, in our days of higher civilization, the courts at Westminster would hardly tolerate any such superstitious tamperings with the scales of justice as appear in the following report of proceedings in the Kurrachee Court of Small Causes, Bombay Presidency :lot is a novel feature in our judicial administration; it is the conception, we believe, of the Clerk of the Court, and a few particulars regarding it will not be amiss. The mode of procedure is simply this. Supposing a creditor has three decrees to execute, he puts in, say, six or more applications for executions, and, therefore, stands all the greater chance of drawing a prize in the lottery. What appears most unaccountable to us is how the clerk can possibly be deceived when, it is to be presumed, he is familiar with every suitor, and acquainted with the number of decrees passed in favour of each-at all events. it is his duty before entertaining the applications to compare the number of decrees obtained by each party with the number of applications preferred by him. The clerk, it must be assumed, was either deceived himself, or connived at the deceptions that were practised. most serious notice should be taken of this lottery style of work adopted by a court of justice; it is iniquitous, to say the least of it; all and sundry concerned in it lay themselves open to a prosecution for cheating. The judge of the Small Cause Court, however, evidently therefore, must do the needful, and mark, in a befitting treat the matter as one n'importe; the Suddur Court, way, its sense of indignation at the whole of the proceedings, and take such further action as it may deem "EXECUTION BY LOT.-The issuing of executions by The |