This is ridiculed in Montague and Prior's parody. Bayes says: Take it from me, Mr. Smith, there is as good morality, and as sound precepts in the delectable History of Reynard the Fox, as in any book I know, except Seneca; pray tell me where, in any other author, could I have found so pretty a name for a wolf as Isgrim?' But Dryden had Beaumont and Fletcher's example:

Isgrim himself in all his bloody anger

I can beat from the bay.' Beggar's Bush, Act iii. Sc. 4. 1. 552. There was an old superstition that the wolf's seeing the man before he saw it, or the sight of a wolf, or the wolf's look, deprived a man of the power of speech:

Vox quoque Moerin

Jam fugit ipsa: lupi Moerin videre priores.'
Virg. Eclogue ix. 53.

In Theocritus (Idyl. xiv. 22) the mere sight of a wolf is said to take away speech. Pliny says that when a wolf sees a man before the man sees him, it is believed to have the effect of taking away the man's power of speech for the time. There is no classical authority, however, for the power which Dryden here gives the Hind of making the wolf speechless. Shirley, in The Royal Master (Act iv. Sc. 6), states it correctly: The fright she was in late, like a wolf that sees a man first, hath taken away her voice' 1.554. suffised, so spelt in the original edition, and the spelling is here retained; from the French suffiser.

The Hind and the Panther. Part II.

11. 1-11. This refers to the agitation against the Roman Catholics in consequence of the so-called Popish Plot. The younger Lion' is James II, then Duke of York. The Hind replies (17-27) that the persecution was against the Church of England as well as the Roman Catholics.

1. 21. quarry here stands for game as distinguished from vermin.

1. 30. The Test Acts of 1673 and 1678 prescribed a declaration denying Transubstantiation; the words of both these Acts were, 'I do believe that in the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper there is not any transubstantiation of the elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ at or after the consecration thereof by any person whatsoever.'

1. 63. cannon is in the early editions, and it is here preserved. The word is changed to canon in Scott's and the Wartons' editions. cannon seems the best sense, and Dryden may have meant a play on the word. In Part iii. line 466 canon is misprinted cannon in the first edition, and it is corrected in the second to canon. But in this passage cannon remains.

1. 67. subterranean Rome, 'Roma Sotteranea,' an extensive cavern near Rome, formerly inhabited, described in a work of that name published at Rome, circa 1632. Evelyn describes his visit to this cavern in his Diary, April 11, 1645.

6

1. 79. For fallacies in universals live. Dolus versatus in generalibus.' Compare As those who in a logical dispute keep in general terms would hide a fallacy.' (Preface to Annus Mirabilis, p. 27.)

1. 142. Luther's doctrine of Consubstantiation. 1. 161. An imitation of Lucan:

'Infestisque obvia signis

Signa, pares aquilas, et pila minantia pilis.'

Pharsalia, i. 7.

1. 227. The omen of the ladder is, it is to be presumed, the gallows. 1. 228. The sweetness of the panther's breath is an old belief. It is mentioned by Pliny (Hist. Nat. xxi. 7).

Thy baths shall be the juice of July flowers,
Spirit of roses and of violets,

The milk of unicorns and panthers' breath,
Gathered in bags and mixt with Cretan wines.'

Ben Jonson, The Fox, Act iii. Sc. 5.

'And yet your grace is bound

To have his accusation confirmed,

Or hunt this spotted panther to his ruin,

Whose breath is only sweet to poison virtue.'

Shirley, The Royal Master, Act iii. Sc. I.

1. 230. the blatant beast. blatant, howling,' 'barking.' Dryden here means probably the Presbyterian, the Wolf. Derrick thought it referred to the Blatant Beast of Spenser's Faery Queen, Slander; and Scott and other editors have adopted Derrick's interpretation, printing the two words with initial capitals; but they are not so printed in the original editions.

1. 268. These statutes were suspended by James's Declaration of Indulgence, issued shortly before the publication of the poem.

1. 345. He darkly writ. 'As also in all his epistles, speaking in them of those things; in which are some things hard to be understood.' (2 Peter iii. 16.)

1. 382. Hungary, the then object of contention between the Turks and Germany.

1. 398. This refers to the reply of Jesus to the Jewish officers who went with Judas to seek him. 'As soon then as he had said unto them, I am he, they went backward, and fell to the ground.' (St. John xviii. 6.)

1. 410. The phrase crown-general, is ridiculed in Prior and Montague's parody:

There's a pretty name now for the Spotted Mouse, the Viceroy ! 'Smith. But pray, why d' ye call her so?

Bayes. Why, because it sounds prettily: I'll call her the Crown-General presently, if I have a mind to it.'

1. 419. Curtana. The sword of mercy, a sword without an edge, said to have belonged to Edward the Confessor, and carried before our kings at their

coronation.

1. 454. The consubstantiating Church and priest, the Lutherans.

1. 525. Either the accent is on the second syllable of spiritual, and so

again in line 618, or in both lines the i is elided. The noun used always by Dryden is sprite or spright, not spirit. See line 653.

For after death we sprites have just such natures.'

Epilogue to Tyrannic Love.

'You groan, sir, ever since the morning light,
As something had disturbed your noble spright.'
The Cock and the Fox, 103.

1. 538. See Exodus viii. and ix. for the Egyptian magicians unable to destroy the frogs which they had brought on Egypt, or to get rid of the lice, and also covered with boils.

1. 543. Broughton changed botches to blotches, which has been printed by succeeding editors. A botch is a sore: The Lord shall smite thee in the knees and in the legs with a sore botch that cannot be healed.' (Deut. xxviii. 35.)

'Young Hylas botched with stains too foul to name.'

Garth's Dispensary, Act ii.

1. 562. disembogue, from the French désemboucher, to open out.
To where Fleet ditch with disemboguing streams,
Rolls the large tribute of dead dogs to Thames.'

Pope, Dunciad, ii. 271.

1. 563. palliard, from the French paillard, a lewd person. 1. 565. missioners. In the first edition the word was missionaires direct from the French. In the second edition of the poem missioners was substituted. Dryden uses missioner again in his Epistle to Sir George Etherege. 'Like mighty missioner you come Ad partes infidelium.'

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1. 571. Industrious of the needle and the chart. A Latinism, Industrious of the common good.' (Dryden's Address to his cousin John Driden, 153.) 1. 575. This passage is levelled at the Dutch, whom Dryden accuses of denying their Christianity in order to trade in Japan, where Christians were forbidden to land.

1. 576. Dryden has been describing the marks of the Catholic Church from the Nicene Creed: And I believe in one Catholic and Apostolic Church.' See his marginal note at line 526. Three marks were indicated in lines 526–531. Now he gives the fourth mark, the apostolic origin.

1. 590. In St. Matthew vii. 24, 27. And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, &c.'

1. 630. In the first edition the word was nine instead of seven.

1. 646. That pious Joseph in the Church beheld, &c. Dryden's marginal note explains this passage as referring to a formal renunciation recently made by the English Benedictine monks of the abbey lands which had belonged to their order before the Reformation. This was done in order to quiet the fears of proprietors and aid in restoring the Roman Catholic religion in England.

658. From Dryden's marginal note Poeta loquitur, it is to be inferred that he here describes a phenomenon seen by himself. James's 'late nocturnal victory,' must be the battle of Sedgmoor, which began on the afternoon of July 6, 1685, and was not finished till the break of day, July 7.

Dryden appears to refer to an Aurora Borealis, or a display of shooting stars seen by himself on that night, but there is no other known mention of this circumstance. Mr. Hallam has erroneously explained the passage as referring to the night of the conception of James's heir, and he supposes that Dryden means that this event was announced by a stream of light from Heaven which he saw. But this explanation is impossible. James's son was born on June 10, 1688, and the Hind and the Panther was published fourteen months before, in April 1687. With line 659 compare

A beam of comfort, like the moon through clouds,
Gilds the brown horror and directs my way.'

Love Triumphant, Act iv. Sc. I.

1. 721. Cates, provisions, contracted from an old word achates or acales, the French achats.

The Hind and the Panther. Part III.

11. 8-11. Spenser, in his Mother Hubbard's Tale, represented Queen Elizabeth as a Lion asleep, while the Ape and the Fox, ministers of government, usurped the functions and did mischief.

The Lion sleeping lay in secret shade,

His crown and sceptre lying down beside.

And having doft for heat his dreadful hide.'

The anniversary of Queen Elizabeth's succession, November 17, was an annual festival at this time of great Protestant excitement, the Pope being always burned in effigy in the evening. Dryden describes the anti-Papist demonstrations of Queen Bess's night in his Prologue to Southerne's Loyal Brother (p. 453 of Globe Edition).

1. 19. round eternity. See note on circular, Poem on Cromwell, stanza 5. Cleaveland has 'eternity's round womb.' (Poems 1659, p. 58.)

'As round and full as the great circle of eternity.'

Sprat's Pindaric Ode on Cowley.

1. 21. The lion's peace proclaimed,' is James II's Declaration of Indulgence.

25. frequent senate, full, well-attended senate.

Frequens senatus,' is a

phrase of Cicero (Epist. Fam. x. 12). Compare Milton:

The great seraphic lords and cherubim

In close recess and secret conclave sat

A thousand demi-gods on golden seats,
Frequent and full.'

Paradise Lost, i. 794.

1. 42. The Panther's faith unshaken to an exiled heir,' is the support given by the Church of England to James when Duke of York, and forced to live away from London and threatened with exclusion from succession to the throne.

1. 85. It shows a rest of kindness to complain. Dryden uses the same sentiment in a letter to Dr. Busby in 1682, complaining of his treatment of his song at Westminster: None complain but they desire to be reconciled

at the same time; there is no mild expostulation at least which does not intimate a kindness and respect in him who makes it.'

16. spooms. To spoom is a nautical term applied to a ship under sail going before the wind.

1. 114. I am but few. Compare a numerous exile,' Part i. line 20.

1. 121. A German quarrel, from the French une querelle Allemande,' which means a quarrel picked without cause.

1. 143. renounces to my blood. Compare, in Dryden's marginal note, Part ii. line 648, renunciation to the abbey-lands.' This is one of Dryden's frequent Gallicisms.

1. 152. doted, foolish from age.

1. 160. The sons of latitude,' are the divines of the Church of England who were for widening its basis and for endeavouring to comprehend a large portion of the Nonconformists. Tillotson, Stillingfleet and Burnet were leaders among these. In line 187 these divines are sons of breadth,' and in line 229 broad-way sons.'

1. 194. The three steeples argent in a sable field,' is supposed to mean plurality of preferments, and Stillingfleet, who was in controversy with Dryden about the Duchess of York's paper, is supposed to be specially aimed at by Dryden.

1. 199. Bare lies with bold assertions they can face. This line means 'they can cover bare lies with a facing of bold assertions.'

1. 201. The grim logician is a retort on Stillingfleet, who had frequently applied this phrase to Dryden in his Vindication of the Answer to some late Papers.' The whole of this passage, ll. 198-217, is a paraphrase of sentences and arguments in Stillingfleet's Vindication.' Stillingfleet had argued strongly against the imputation on the Reformation, founded on Henry VIII's divorce and marriage, and had hotly contradicted Dryden's assertion that there was no Protestant treatise on Humility. See note on Preface.

1. 217. The Sermon in the Mount. Dryden's in has been changed by modern editors, including Scott, into on.

Gallicisms.

1. 227. Tax those of interest. To tax of is one of Dryden's many 11. 247-250. This is not the only occasion on which Dryden has denounced the neglect which the author of Hudibras experienced. In a letter written by him in 1683 to Laurence Hyde, Earl of Rochester, then First Commissioner of the Treasury, Dryden had said, in pleading for himself, ''Tis enough for one age to have neglected Mr. Cowley and starved Mr. Butler.' Sir Walter Scott justly observes in his note on this passage, that King Charles II and his government were much more to blame than the Church. 1 256. But Imprimatur with a chaplain's name. Stillingfleet's pamphlets were licensed by the Archbishop of Canterbury's chaplain.

11. 307-309. Dryden's charges against Stillingfleet of 'reviling' and 'cursing' the king are totally unfounded. Stillingfleet's two tracts contain nothing disrespectful to Charles, James, or the Duchess of York.

1. 333. Rodriguez' work. Alonzo Rodriguez, a Jesuit, wrote a work called Exerjicio de Perfecion y Vertudes Cristianas,' published at Seville, 1609. This is the work which Dryden in the Preface to this poem referred