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The joiners' work sent in by I.H Schnidt, member of the society of the United Brethren of Zeyst, has been noticed in the report of the commissioners.

CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS.

The vermilion prepared in this country is noted all over Europe.

The sal ammoniac, the sal mirabile Glauberi, mercurialia, the refined camphor, borax, and saltpetre sent to the exhibition have appeared to the commissioners to be of a very good quality; they have also recommended the use of Roman allum to painters. To those makers the commissioners have awarded the silver prize tioned in an honourable manner: I. M. of honour.-The following have been_menComaita, of Amsterdam, on account of the excellent carmine which he has sent to the exhibition; P. De Hans, of Meppel, who has sent in some beautiful Prussian blue; and D. Van Vostenhout and Co. of Thiel, who prepare some very excellent materials for painting, and sell them at a moderate price.

HARD SOAP, CANDLES, WAX.

D. I. Boursquet and Co. of Delft, are the first who have successfully imitated in this coontry the hard soap manufactured at Bristol, and that manufactured at Marseilles: the commissioners have expressed their approbation of the two samples of hard soap sent in by those manufacturers, and have, on account of their excellent quality, awarded to them the silver prize of honour.

The commissioners have moreover mentioned in an honourable mauner Brouwer and Son, of Zeyst, who continue to keep their manufactory of mould candles, soap-balls, &c. in considerable repute, and also B. C. Kalken of Zeyst, who has sent samples of very good glue.

GLASS, AND PORCELAIN.

The national glass manufactories, particularly those that make various kinds of bottles, are by no means unimportant; and the considerable exportation of blown green glass exported, in time of peace, is a sufficient proof that foreigners know how to appreciate the manufacture of Dutch glass.

Havart and Co. of Delft, have, in addition tion various kind of retorts and other glass into some very good bottles, sent to the exhibistruments for chemical experiments. The specimens, some of them of considerable magnitude, sent in by these manufacturers, have given much satisfaction; and in expecation that they will answer when put to the trial, and for farther encouragement, the commissioners have conferred on them the silver prize of honour.

Among the products of Dutch industry,chemical preparations have always held a distin- Dommer and Co. are the proprictors of the guished place, and the specimens sent to the ex- only porcelain manufactory that exists in this hibition are sufficient to maintain the celebrity country. The specimens sent to the exhibiof those important manufactories which justly tion, cannot be compared to what is manufacclaim the preference to those of a great many tured abroad, especially in France; and in ormany other countries. The various excellent der to enable this manufactory to vie with chemical preparations, prepared and sent in those established in foreign countries, it is abby G. Dommer and Co. of Amsterdam de-solutely necessary that the proprietors should serve particular notice.

improve the form and lower the price of the

articles, especially those of a large size. How-height; it was soon judged that a volcano ever, in consideration of the praise-worthy in- Phad burst out about the centre of that island, dustry of these artists, and as an encouragement for their future exertions, the commissioners have thought proper to confer on them the silver prize of honour.

and this was rendered certain when night came on, the fire exhibiting an awful appearance. Being desirous of viewing 4hs wonderful exertion of nature, I embarked on the EARTHEN WARE, TOBACCO PIPES, BRICKS. 3d of May, accompanied by the British The manufactories of earthen-ware, as well Consul, and ten other gentlemen, for St. as the brick kilns in this country, form a conGeorge's; we ran over in five hours, and siderable branch of our national industry, arrived at Vellas, the principal town, at eleven and may be classed among those manufactories a. m. We found the poor inhabitants perthat have been brought to a very great degree fectly panic-struck, and wholly given up to of excellence, and are likewise in a very flou-religious ceremonies and devotion. We learnrishing condition. ed that the fire of the 1st of May had broken L. Gibbon, of Gouda, has sent in various out in a ditch in the midst of fertile pasassortments of what is called Frankfort earth-tures, three leagues S. E. of Vellas, and had enware, the excellence whereof is univer- immediately formed a crater, in size about sally acknowledged. The commissioners have twenty-four acres. In two days it had thrown thought proper to confer on those manufac-out cinders or small pumice stones, that a turers, especially, on account of their con- strong N. E. wind had propelled southerly; stant exertions and industry, the silver prize and whien, independent of the mass accumu of honour also to mention in an honourable lated round the crater, had covered the earth manner I. A. Augustyn of Berg op Zoom, from one foot to four feet in depth, half a earthenware manufacturer, who has sent to league in width, and three leagues in length; >the exhibition: a considerable quantity of then passing the channel five leagues, had black earthenware, the price whereof was done some injury to the east point of Pico. very moderaten also the widow E. Brands, The fire of this large crater had nearly subof Lathum, in Guelderland, on account of sided, but in the evening preceding our arrithe stones made in this manufactory which val, another small crater had opened, one are of the greatest utility in malt houses. league north of the large one, and only two The extent of the tobacco-pipe manufacto- leagues from Vellas, After taking, some re-ries, which in the city of Gouda employ more freshment, we visited the second grater; the methans six. thousand people, and, in time of sulphureous smoke of which, driven southerpeace, form an article of considerable expor- ly, rendered it impracticable to attempt aptation, make the tobacco-pipes an object of proaching the large one. When we came great importance: on account of the excellent within a mile of the crater, we found the mode of preparing the clay, the fine polish, earth rent in every direction, and as we apand beautiful form, the commissioners have proached nearer, some of the chasms were thought it their duty to mention in their re-six feet wide; by leaping over some of these por: the samples of tobacco-pipes sent in and manufactured by H. H. and A. Herbes of Gouda....

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NEW VOLCANO IN THE AZORES. Letter from John B. Dabney, Esq. Consul of the United States of America, to a Friend at St Michael's, dated Fayal, June

25, 1808.

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chasms, and making windings to avoid the larger ones, we at length arrived within two hundred yards of the spot; and saw it, in the middle of a pastore, distinctly, at inte vals, when the thick smoke which swept the earth lighted-up a little. The mouth of it was only about fifty yards in circumference; the fire seemed struggling for vent: the force, sembled a powerful steam engine, multiplied with which a pale blue flame issued forth, rea hundred fold; the noise was deafening; the Dear Sir;-A phenomenon has occurred earth where we stood had a tremulous mohere not unusual in former ages, but of which tion, the whole island seemed convulsed, there has been no example of late years it horrid bellowings were occasionally heard was well calculated to inspire terror, and has from the bowels of the earth, and earthquakes been attended with the destruction of lives were frequent. After remaining here about and property On Sunday, the 1st of May, ten minutes we returned to town; the inhabiat one p. m. walking in the balcony of my tants had mostly quitted their houses, and rehouse at St. Anthonio, I heard noises likemained in the open air, or under tents. We the report of heavy cannon at a distance, and concluded there was some sea engagement in the vicinity of the island. But soon after, casting my eyes towards the island of St. George's, ten leagues distant, I perceived a dense column of smoke rising to au immense VOL. V. [Lit. Pan. Oct. 1908.]

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passed the night at Vellas, and the next morning went by water to Ursulina, a small sea-pori town, two leagues south of Vellas, and viewed that part of the country covered with the cinders before-mentioned, and which has turned the most valuable vineyards in the F

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CHARACTER OF NAPOLEON BUONAPARTE,
BY JUDGE HARDINGE.

THE learned judge in expressing to the his grand jury of Brecon, at the late assizes,, hope, that they would address his Majesty on his magnanimous conduct towards Spain, thus truly spoke of, the tyrant of the Continent :

A tyrant, whom nothing but the sword can meet-who violates every engagement— betrays every confidence has polluted every

island into a frightful desert. On the same day, (the 4th of May) we returned to Fayal, and on the 5th and succeeding days, from twelve to fifteen small volcanos broke out in the fields we had traversed on the 3d, from the chasms before described, and threw out a quantity of lava, which travelled on slowly towards Vellas, The fire of those small craters subsided, and the lava ceased runtning about the 11th of May; on which day the large volcano, that had lain dormant for -nine days, burst forth again like a roaring lions with horrid belchings, distinctly heard at twelve leagues distance, throwing up pro digious large stones, and an immense quantithing he has touched and is in a human ty of lava, illuminating at night the whole island. This continued with tremendous force, until the 5th of June, exhibiting the awful yet magnificent spectacle of a perfect river of fire, (distinctly seen from Fayal,) running into the sea. On that day, (the 5th) we experienced that its force began to fail, and, in a few days after, it ceased entirely edThe distance of the crater from the sea is about four miles, and its elevation about 3,500 ...feet.

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The lava inundated and swept away the town of Ursulina, its plantations, country houses and cottages adjacent, as well as the farm-houses, throughout its course. It, as usual, gave timely notice of its approach, and most of the inhabitants fled; some few, however, remained in the vicinity of it too dong, endeavouring to save their furniture and effects, and were scalded by flashes of steam, which, without injuring their clothes, took off not only their skin but their flesh. About sixty persons were thus miserably scalded, some of whom died on the spot, or in a few days after. Numbers of cattle shared the same fate. The Judge and principal inhabitants left the island very early. The consternation and anxiety were for some days so great among the people, that even their domestic concerns were abandoned, and, amidst plenty they were in danger of starving. Supplies of ready baked bread were sent from hence, to their relief, and large boats were dispatched to bring away the inhabitants, who thad lost their dwellings. In short, the island, beretofore rich in cattle, corn, and wine, is nearly ruined, and a scene of greater desolation and distress has seldom been witnessed in any country...

We recommend a particular inquiry into the above event to our countrymen; and shall be happy to communicate any authentic observations made upon it. Inquiries of this kind are not only interesting to natural philosophers, but to navigators also. Minutes made describing them, should note the hour of the day, state of the weather, and other pecial circumstances.

shape, the pestilence not only of the legiti mate government, but of the moral world.

He has been compared, by depraved or timid sycophants, to Alexander and Car. The compliment is basely false; those criminal heroes, in their frenzy of ambition, had lucid intervals of clemency, of graceful conduct, and of social virtue-nothing of the kind has ever yet escaped from him.-His resemblance to our usurper, Cromwell, is a little more close; but he was an observer of treaties, and kept his enemies at bay by his arms-not by the terror of his friendship, (the worst of all this tyrant's enmities). Amongst his accumu lated perfidies, let me offer to your notice (in a bird's-eye view) his conduct in Spain :

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He was the ally of Spain he was debtor to
that power for important services--he ob-
tained its confidence he disunited the King
from the Heir-Apparent, his own son-he
made that son his hero-he fomented this
family discord into a civil war he then took
upon himself the office of a mediator, with
an army at his heels-erected an intermediate
government in a subordinate Janissary's hand,
and poured his French troops into the capi-
tal of the empire. He took the King, the
Heir-Apparent, the Queen of Spain, with
him; he bound them hand and foot-he
made the King and his Heir successively ab-
dicate their crown, when they were as free as
the felon who is confined in your gaol; he
made-(oh, infamy of horror!) this queen bas-
tardize her own legitimate son, and brand
herself as a degraded prostitute !!!-He then
quoted these very infamies against them in
Spain, as proving them unworthy to return,
and base to their country. Opposed in the
detestable perfidies, he murdered thousands of
Spaniards in cold blood, and at last insulted
brother's election, by him, to the vacant
that high-spirited nation with his infamous
throne! It is this man we are to fight; our
deliverance and that of Europe are combined
~~we are to fight him locally in Spain."

REVOLUTION AND RESOLUTION AT

GREINA GREEN:

Or, the fickle Goddess fixed as Fute. In Panorama, Vol. IV. p. 1038, may be seen some account of the most venerable the High Priest of this village sacred to Hymen. Late advices from thence acquaint us that the same revolutionary spirit, which overturns empires, has transposed the scene of hymeneal union from Gretna Green to the adjoining hamlet of Springfield, lately built by Sir J. Maxwell. It seems that the present landlady of the chief inn, called Gretna Hall, (the ancient temple sacred to the rites and institutions of the hand-uniting deity; and where the same learned practitioner has acquitted himself to the delight of all comers, for more than half a century,) has taken some objection, (but of what nature, it's past the wit of man to devise,) against the long-established ceremonies which have rendered Gretna famous. She has therefore issued a prohibitory order, which has of late been most rigidly enforced: "That no young travelling couples, driving up the avenue in immoderate haste, should be received under her roof"-The consequence has been, that the whole conjugal run of business from the English road has been to Springfield, where two (miserable, say some) public houses, the King's Head, and the Maxwell Arms, hold out their opposition signals of reception: to these the post boys of the Bush Inn, and the Coffee-house at Carlisle, drive, in support of adverse interests. Centrically opposite to both dwells Joseph Paisley, the well-known Priest of Hymen, employing his time and talents in the mysteries of his sacred profession A man named David Long presumptuously set up against him, professionally, a short time since, in hope of sharing in the emoluments of this ritual; but this David Long though he vapours as if he were somebody, and affects to prefix at full length the imposing title Reverend to his name, yet has not been able to supersede the authorities and to nullify the advantages, which a long continuance of possession confers on the hitherto inmortal Joseph: Fortune, notwithstanding all her ca. prices, and blind though she be, as some assert who have seen her, yet is not so neglect ful of former favourites as to withdraw her bounties from one who has been indescribably serviceable to greater numbers of her votaries than any other minister in the British Isles Fortnae therefore reserves all ladies of fortune for Father Paisley; and if David Long does now and then clumsily rivet the indissoluble chain, it is only on such applicants as Fortune does not acknowledge. We refer to our former article for a description of the habits, abilities, and qualifications, of the venerable, useful, and worthy Father Paisley: but are sorry to learn that he has lately assimi

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lated his personal appearance a somewhat toỏ closely to certain of the soi-disant religious orders of Popery, we mean particularly that of the brotherhood of Elias, alias the barefact

ed Carmelites as report affirms, that he has for sometime past been observed to approach the threshold of the sacred fane with scarcely shoe or sole. That he adopted the true Highland custom of great frugality in the article of breeches we knew; but that he should now, after the surprizing and prodigious run of luck he has had for so many years, from true protestant customers, who sought his aid against sundry human weaknesses and frailties, incline to such conformity to any of the superstitions of the of Babylon, we must acknowledge, fills us with alternately prevalent grief and astonishment, each of them far, very far too big for utterance." Let this failing of so great a character be recorded among the marvels of our times, and stand as a warning to all zealous Protestants, however invincible they may suppose their principles to be, lest they also swerve from the steadiness of their profession, and lest Tendimus in Latium be written on them.

We are not, however, altogether without hope, that the motives of this exemplary character may in this instance have been misunderstood, as we know there are those who have misunderstood the orthography he thinks proper to adopt, and have criticised it unmercifully, without having the sense to perceive that it is a New System of Writing the English Language, which Mr. Paisley has long been intent on introducing, for the improvement of this degenerate generation. Aristotle himself, as well as Mr. Paisley, has been subject to the misfortune of being maltreated by ignorant commentators, although they indeed assumed all the airs of deeplypractised Grecians: but we would have these wonderous Hellenists to know if they be eapable of so much knowledge that their Greek will not avail them in parsing Mr. Paisley's' sentences and as to what they affect to call erudition-he bids it defiance. That his system, when perfected, will have its beauties, is abundantly manifest from a short specimen, that we shall subjoin, in the form of a certificate, which form, as our readers have been heretofore instructed, is not a studied composition, but wholly immediate -off hand, or, as the learned say prorėnată. "This to sartfay all persons who may be concerned, that on from the parish of

and, from the parish of →→ in England, and both comes before me declayred themselves to be single persons, and hereby now married by the forme of the Kirk of Scotland and agreible to the Church of England; and therefore givine «under mý hande this 23d day of June, 1808. F 2

Jos. PAISLEY/

ON SPONTANEOUS IGNITION: WITH EX

PERIMENTS.

[Abstracted from a Paper on Maddering Cotton Thread, and Dyeing the Adrianople Red, by J. M. Haussman. Annales de Chimie. Vol. XLVIII. p. 233.]

THE recent calamity at Covent Garden Theatre, has led to various conjectures as to its cause. Whether it was occasioned by carelessness in carrying about candles, or in leaving them burning, by forgetfulness, which are too commonly the origin of such misfortunes, or whether by accidental communication with some flying spark, has engaged much inquiry. We have hinted at the possibility of another cause, supposing it to have begun in the Mechanist's work-room, and as very few persons are aware of the great number of ar ticles that, in certain states, or in combination, or connection with others, are capable of spontaneous ignition, and as this subject is of great practical importance, we take the present opportunity of introducing it, and recommending it to special attention.

know that we might enumerate many substances which, alone, are harmless, but, being brought into actual contact with others, and so remaining for any length of time, are capable of bursting out into flames. Those who are not in the habits of such inquiries, we would merely remind of what they hear or see, almost every summer, in the instances of hay stacked in great quantities while too green. This, in small parcels, would be safe; but in masses sufficiently large to deny access of external air, is dangerous, and not seldom destructive. The frequent instances of cotton mills being burnt, without any explicable cause, have led us to guess, that, they may, in some instances at least, have been fired from spontaneous ignition: and we take this opportunity of inserting a history of such effects, and of experiments made to illustrate them. This may shew the necessity for more caution than has hitherto been used, in a great number of processes, connected with our manufactures. We shall be happy to think, that our article may in any instance prove preventive of such a dreadful calamity as a conflagration; which is never more destructive than when it originates in causes not suspected, and in places deemed perfectly se

cure.

"In order to see whether red (dyed) cotton, which was not sufficiently fixed, might be rendered so by impregnating it with a mixture of an alkaline solution of alumine and boiled linseed oil, containing an excess of the oil, drying it, and then boiling it a very long while in bran water, I mixed the alkaline solution of alumine in the proportion of an eighth, a

It is well known that certain experiments on this subject have long been exhibited The among philosophical amusements: kneading of iron filings with water, will produce considerable heat, in a short time, and under favourable circumstances, the ex plosion, which is a sort of volcano in miniature, will follow in a few hours. There are liquids, which, by commixture, burst instantly into flame, and we have seen turpen tine varnish yield dangerous fumes on the ac-twelfth, and a sixteenth of boiled linseed oil. cession of nitric acid: the more dangerous because highly volatile.

Some years ago, very mischievous tricks were played in the public streets, by boys, who dropped liquids on the cotton garments of women, by which they were speedily set in a blaze. We recollect to have read of a frigate burnt at Petersburgh, by the unusually heated rays of the sun falling on the mast: the composition which the mast was payed with took fire: and this spread to the vessel. The cause being deemed worthy of inquiry, various experiments were instituted by order of the Czarina then reigning to prove the fact.

In Panorama, Vol. III. p. 385, accounts from Petersburgh state, that mats which had been oiled, took fire: from the great intensity of the sun's beams: and in p. 165 of the present volume may be seen an instance which appears to be of a similar kind, in the entire destruction of the theatre at Konigsburgh.

On this subject too particular details are not without danger of being misapplied by the malicious, and more frequently still by the wanton and inconsiderate. Practical chemists

With this mixture I impregnated a few hanks of dyed cotton, which, after being left to dry a whole summer's day in the open air, were laid on a rush-bottomed chair, that stood in the window of my closet. Finding myself indisposed that day. I went to bed at seven o'clock. My children went into my closet for some papers, an hour after I had left it, and perceived no heat or smell in the cotton, to indicate a commencement of burning. All the workmen had gone to bed, and were fast asleep, when one of the watchmen of the bleaching ground, seeing a great light in my closet, gave the alarm of fire, and roused us all between twelve and one o'clock. My sons, knowing that I was not able to get out of bed, and unwilling to lose time in searching for the key, broke open the door of the closet, which was in a detached, uninhabited building. They went in, notwithstanding the thick smoke and insupportable smell of the oily combustion; and found the chair with the cotton burning so furiously, that the flames rose to the ceiling, and had alreadly cracked the glass, and set fire to the window-frame. They at once presumed,

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