parish officers, the accidental diftrefs befalling the poor in travel ling on lawful occafions, the doubtful right of foreigners, under: thefe circumstances, to any fettlement; all these intitle the fufferers to relief, without being imbittered by reproach and punishment.

To just reprefentations of this nature the Author adds a compaffionate apology for beggars in real diftrefs; and pleads, for the proper extention of occafional charity, in a manner that no man of fympathy would wish to controvert. The mifery of a parish maintenance, and the tyranny exercised over the helpless aged, who are: forced to be inmates of parochial receptacies, especially when farmed, are painted in colours that reasonable beings must thudder at, Let: the Author speak for himsef, and do ye, parish officers, liften:

Parochial tyranny is carried to the greatest pitch in large cities, and in finall and folitary villages; the populouinefs and hurry of the one, and the folitude of the other, are peculiarly propitious to its existence. In market towns, and their environs, the conduct of parish officers is more obnoxious to obfervation and reprehenfion. Were the proprietors of eftates to refide more frequently in the country, they might do much service to fociety, not only in the affistance of the poor, but in the reformation of manners, by putting the laws in execution for fupprefling of fwearing, gaming, &c.-Among many, ather in@ances, that prove the charges of cruelty and neglect, against parish officers in lone places, not to be groundless, the affair of Datchworth in Hertfordshire, an affair which perhaps was never fully investigated, must be fresh in every one's memory.

The obitinacy and profligacy of the poor confined in workhoufes," has been strongly urged in their disfavour, as juftifying all the ill treatment they fuffer. The accounts of their misbehaviour mult,. however, come from interested perfons, from parish officers and maiters of workhoufes; and may, therefore, be justly fufpected of, partiality, if not direct falfehood. But, admitting its truth, what does it prove, but the general and pitiable depravity of human nature? Is it reafonable to fuppofe, that a poor man fhould be natu rally more moral than a rich man, or that there is a greater obligation on him to be fo; or that an immoral man fhould be punished the more for his immoralities, because of his poverty? Such doctrine will only be preached by thofe, who are incapable of feparating the idea of virtue from that of wealth, and of vice from that of indigence.

Many of the maintainers of the poor will fwear prophanely and. drink to excefs, as well as the poor themselves; but would think it, hard to be starved, and whipped, and poifoned, as a punishment for their fwearing and drunkenness. I am no advocate for vice, but would bring things home to men's own bofoms. It was a very jult remark of the late Mr. Fielding, whofe opportunities of knowledge in affairs of this kind, were as little circumfcribed as most men's; that "the vices of the poor are better known, than their miferies:

Were the cafe as bad as it is reprefented by thofe gentlemen, it, only reflects dishonour on themselves, and indicates that they are much leis careful to correct the morals, than prevent the idleness of thofe committed to their cuftody.

they ftarve, and freeze, and rot, among themfelves; they beg, and fteal, and rob, among their betters."

That habits of intemperance and debauchery have reached the lowest claffes of life, is too fatally true; but while we despise the poor, hall we pay them the compliment of expecting them to have more virtue, and more fortitude to refift the temptations to indulgence, than their fuperiors? It is well known, as our Author obferves, that diffipation and vice are winked at by government, and the morals of the people facrificed to the increase of the revenue.

Thus, as has been obferved in a preceding article on the same fabject, we decline any endeavours to prevent distress, and content ourfelves with providing for it in the best manner. The prefent Author acknowledges the difficulty of this task; but (propofes a general and uniform poor's tax, in the manner of the land tax, as a means to relieve and support the poor in all places, and obviate the litigious difputes concerning fettlements. He gives good hints for poor houfes under this uniform regulation, and offers alternatives in cafe the alteration fhould not be thought feasible. In brief, it would injure the merit of this fenfible pamphlet to abstract his plan from the arguments by which it is enforced; we must therefore content ourfelves with recommending the perufal of it to all who wish to understand the prefent ftate of the British poor, whether they approve his fcheme or not.

MEDICAL.

Art. 34. Directions and Obfervations relative to Food, Exercife, and Sleep. 8vo. 6d. Bladon. 1772.

In thefe profound aphoriftical directions and obfervations, the reader is inftructed, in a set of fhort and pithy fayings, how, and when, and what, to eat and drink; when to take exercife, and when to go to reft. He is informed that certain meats, fuch as veal, and lamb, and mutton, are nutritious and wholesome; and that certain other things, fuch as turnips and apples, are very wholefome; that perfons of a moift habit should eat things of a dry nature; and that perfons of a dry habit ought, contrariwife, to eat things of a moift nature; that thofe of a cold habit fhould eat things of a warm nature, and those of a warm habit, things of a cold nature that the fat fhould eat lean meat, and the lean feed upon fat; and so forth.

Your writers of Aphorifms are generally too ftately to give rea fons: the prefent, however, is more condefcending; and a special reafoner he is. Pork, faith this Sage, is more nutritious than any other kind of flesh; for it is more like human flesh, than any other flesh is. Again, page 10. It is unwholefome to eat between two meals,' for it leffens the appetite for the next meal.'-Once more, where the Etiquette of precedence is confidered, on the introducing of fat and lean meat into the Elaboratory of the human fyftem, our Sir Clement fettleth the matter thus:

If one thing of a fat nature and another of a lean nature are to be eaten at the fame meal, the former ought to be firft eaten: because the fumes which frequently arife in the concoction thereof, are not fo likely to arife, when that is depofited at the bottom of the ftomach, and the thing of a lean nature upon it; as if the latter had been depofited at the bottom of the ftomach, and the thing of a fat nature

thereupon.

thereupon.-From the practice of our profeffed turtle eaters, we should suspect that they had some how or other got an inkling of this prudential maxim; for we have obferved them, to a man, constantly beginning with the green fat.

Art. 35. A new Differtation on Confumptions, with a rational and practical Method of Cure proposed; addressed to all Invalids, as well as to young Phyficians, Surgeons, and Apothecaries. 8vo. Is. Chandler. 1773.

This new differtation is a motley, injudicious, and ill written compilation of trite matter, put together in such a manner as to be of no real fervice to any of the parties mentioned in the title-page. It is of no confequence whether we are right in our conjecture, but we should judge it to be the production of the fame genius to whom the public is obliged for the preceding article. Among the methods -recommended for the cure of the fecond stage of a confumption, this fage enforces an attention to a proper diet on the authority of one Doctor Celfus;' and tells his hectical patient that he ought to mafter his paffions by the curb of reflection, the bridle of moderation, the whip of reafon, and the Spur of virtue and justice; and not to fuffer themselves to be blindfolded by an indolent ftupidity, that feems to have taken poffeffion of a great many people.' The piece is dedicated, furely without permiffion, to Dr. Fothergill.

Art. 36. Remarks and practical Obfervations on venereal Complaints, and Disorders of the Urethra, &c. By M. Goulard, Surgeon of Montpelier. 8vo. 3 s. Elmfley. 1772.

The method of cure recommended in this treatise for venereal complaints in general, and even for the gonorrhea, confifts almost intirely in the repeated ufe of baths, and of mercurial frictions, which laft are applied in fuch a manner as not to excite a falivation. This mode of exhibiting mercury is employed by the Author to the total exclufion of any other form of adminiftring that antidote. In proof of the excellence of this method of treatment, the Author exults in the cure of above ten thousand patients effected by it, under his infpection, during the space of eleven years, in the Venereal holpital at Montpelier. He is fo fanguine in his opinion concerning the fuperior merits of this mode of curing venereal complaints, as to declare that he thinks mankind will fome time hence be as much afhamed at their not having long adopted this method of Extinction (as it is here called) in the cure of the venereal difeafe; as at their backwardness in not univerfally adopting the practice of inoculation, for their relief from a diforder no lefs alarming.

The great and even miraculous virtues of lead, internally as well as externally adminiftred, are not forgotten in this treatife. In the cafe of venereal bubos particularly, not only tending to fuppuration, but even evidently containing matter in a state of fluctuation, a total revolution of the tumor is faid to have been effected, and a visible tranfudation of the matter through the kin is affirmed to have been daily perceived on the dreffings, in confequence only of the application of cataplafms made of bread, and the Author's vegeto-mineral water. In the latter part of this performance the Author treats of the dif orders of the urethra, and defcribes at large the compofition and

manner

manner of ufing his bougies; of which likewife the extract of lead forms the bafis.

Art. 37. Practical Obfervations on the Small Pox, Apoplexy and Droply. By S. A. D. Tiffot, M. D. F. R. S. at London, and of the Phyfico-Medical Academy at Bafle, &c. 8vo. 4 si fewed. Becket. 1772.

...Though we have not Dr. Sandifort's Thefaurus at hand, we have reafon to believe this performance to be a tranflation of the firft article of the fecond volume of that collection of medical theses and differtations; and of which we have already given a pretty full ac.count in the Appendix to our 42d volume, page 541. The tranflation feems to have been made with fome care, but is in general too fervile. It is, indeed, in many places literal, even to a degree of ridicule.

Art. 38. Elements of the Practice of Phyfic. By John-Gregory, M. D. Profeffor of Phyfic in the Univerfity of Edinburgh. For the Ufe of Students. 8vo. 4 s. 6d. Edinburgh, 1772. Sold by Cadell in London.

This work is to be confidered as a kind of enlarged fyllabus of the lectures given on the practice of phyfic by the late worthy and learned Author. It contains the description, and the outlines of the general method of cure, and the various kinds of fevers, and other disorders ufually termed inflammatory or febrile, executed in a fenfible and perfpicuous manner, The Author's original defign was not com pleted in this publication, which was to have been followed by another, comprehending all the remaining claffes of diseases. Art. 39. Directions to prevent the Contagion of the fail-Diftemper commonly called the Jail Fever.. 8vo. I'S. Robfon. 1772. The directions here given principally refpect the economy or management of the numerous prifoners, and the state of the crowded prifons in this metropolis, as well as that of our courts of justice, and the prefervation of those who attend them from the contagion to which they are there expofed. Some of the Author's hints appear to be new, and may poffibly deferve confideration.

NATURAL HISTORY.

Art. 40. Fundamenta Entomologiæ: or, an Introduction to the Knowledge of Infects, &c. By W. Curtis, Apothecary. 4to. ། 2s. 6d. White. 1772.

The Author's advertisement will be a fufficient account of this publication. The piece, of which the following is a tranflation, was originally written by Andrew John Bladh, a pupil of the celebrated Linnæus, and afterwards published in the 7th volume of Linnæus's Amanitates Academice. It may therefore be confidered, if not intirely as Linnæus's own, yet as having the fanction of his approbation. It afforded me fo much pleafure in the perufal, and appeared fo well adapted to facilitate the knowledge of infects, that I was induced to make this tranflation of it public, in order that others might receive the fame entertainment, and this agreeable tudy become more general.'

7

EAST

Art. 41. Reflections on Eaft-India Shipping. By Sir Richard Hotham. 8vo. 1s. Brotherton, &c. 1773.

Shews the egregious mifmanagement of the leading directors of the Eaft-India Company, with refpect to the number of fhips at prefent employed in their fervice; that they charter and freight many more fhips than are neceffary; that the fame bufinefs might be done by half the number; and confequently, that the fair intereft of the real ftock-holders fuffers by this bad management to a moft enormous amount. The Author accounts for this mistaken conduct, in a manner not much to the credit of the court of directors. He alfo takes notice of the immenfe illicit private trade which is most intolerably increased by 'this faperfluity of shipping, and by fuch multitudes of officers, going, out, and coming home, in empty fhips ;-which must naturally and greatly encourage the practice of fmuggling. He likewife ftates the reafons that may be urged in fupport of this mifconduct, and anfwers them, perhaps irrefragably: but gentlemen who are perfonally acquainted with the commercial affairs of the Company, who have made the voyages, and vifited their fettlements and factories in the Eaft, are the best judges of the important facts and representations contained in this publication.

MISCELLANE Ó U S. Art. 42. Confiderations on the Bill now depending in the Houfe of Commons, for the enabling Parishes to grant Life-Annuities to poor Perfons, upon Purchase, in certain Circumstances, and under certain Restrictions. Being an Appendix to the Pamphlet, intitled, A Propofal for establishing Life-Annuities, &c. . 8vo. 1 s. White. 1773.

.'

The fate of this bill is now determined; upon what principles it was rejected by fo confiderable a majority † in the House of Lords, in fo abrupt a manner, without fo much as going into a committee to examine and amend it, we are at a lofs to fay. It feemed to us calculated, on the whole, to anfwer very ufeful purposes, both to the community at large and to private perfons. This pamphlet explains, in an eafy and familiar manner, the grounds and reafons of the calculations adopted in the bill; obviates the principal objections alleged against it, and contains a folution of other problems in the doctrine of Life-Annuities, together with the application of them to fubjects of a public and political nature. The Author has, in particular, à propofal for paying off the national debt in little more than 30 years, by appropriating one million per annum out of the finking fand to that purpofe, and applying the reft of that fund ufually and generally, but not conftantly, to the fame good end. He feems well acquainted with this fpecies of arithmetic, and has adopted a very clear and intelligible method of ftating and explaining it to others. Art. 43. An Analyfis of the French Orthography: or the true Principles of the French Pronunciation, exhibited in several easy and comprehenfive Schemes aud Tables. By the Chevalier de Saufeuil, LL. D. of the University of Paris. 12mo. 2 Vol. 7s. Dilly, Thefe volumes contain fome ingenious obfervations, with abun See Review, Vol. xlvi. p. 622, No. for June 1772. + Fifty-five to fix.

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