be termed Relative Adverbs, for they stand in the same relation to adverbs, as the Relative Pronoun to the Noun: for instance, "Whither" is the Relative to "Thither; "Where" to "There;" "When" to "Then;" "As" to "So," &c.

وو

§ 53. Common as the above words are in connecting sentences, the RELATIVE PRONOUNS Who, Which, or What, are still more frequently used for the same purpose; they always introduce a Clause, which on the general principle, insisted on in this treatise, must always be separated from the main part of the sentence.

§ 54. The following passage from Milton, P. L. ii. 204, combines examples of several connexions, effected by Conjunctions and Relatives.

“I laugh, when those, who at the spear are bold
And venturous, if that fail them, shrink and fear,
What yet they know must follow, to endure
Exile, or ignominy, or bonds, or pain,
The sentence of their conqueror."

This compound sentence, rather involved in its structure, contains one Proposition to this effect; I laugh, when they, who are bold in battle, dread the consequences of defeat. "When," "who," "if," "what" are the connecting words, by which the Clauses are introduced. "The sentence of their conqueror" is a Phrase, intended to illustrate the words "exile," "ignominy," &c.

§ 55. The importance of this part of the subject will be deemed a sufficient reason for introducing a few more examples of the use of the Relative Pronoun, and for analysing the sentences, in which they occur. Examples.

"The voice of a man, replied Danton, who defends his honour and his life, may well overcome your clamour."—Alison, ii. 115.

The clause, printed in Italics, indicates the particular man, whose voice may well drown clamour: the two words, "replied Danton," are separated from the rest of the sentence,

because they have no grammatical connexion with it.

"The combination of wicked men, who thereafter governed France, is without a parallel in the history of the world."-Alison, ii. 117.

The clause in Italics explains the word “men.”

"Silent and unresisted they led their victims to the scaffold, dreaded alike by the soldiers, who crouched; the people, who trembled; and the victims, who suffered."-Alison, ii. 118.

This sentence would be grammatically complete without the explanatory clauses; it would run thus: They led their victims to the scaffold, dreaded alike by the soldiers, the people, and the victims.

"England as well, as France, had talent, impatient of obscurity; ardour, which demanded employment; ambition, which sought distinction; passion, which required excitation."—Alison, ii. 120.

This Period, considered grammatically, is equally perfect, if written thus without the clauses.

"England as well, as France, had talent, ardour, ambition, passion."

"O, for that warning voice, which he, who saw The Apocalypse, heard cry in Heaven aloud." Milton, P. L. iv. 1.

This sentence expresses a longing desire for a warning voice. What warning voice? That, which he heard in Heaven. Who heard? He, who saw the Apocalypse. Example of "that," used for "which."

"The other shape,

If shape it might be call'd, that shape had none;
Or substance might be called, that shadow seem'd."
Milton, P. L. ii. 666.

§ 56. N.B. The Relative Pronoun need not be the first word of the clause; but the separating mark (comma) must stand at the beginning.

Examples of the Relative Pronoun, standing elsewhere, than at the beginning of the clause.

"Men are sometimes willing to abandon those rights, for the sake of which they had before shed their blood."

D

Our forms of speech demand, that in cases of this kind the Relative Pronoun should stand after the word or words, which govern it.

"The Christian lives by faith, to the undoubted excellence of which he willingly yields."

The Relative in this sentence refers to the word "faith," but is grammatically governed by the word "excellence," and therefore stands after it.

"One of the grounds, assigned at that period for the dethronement of James, was, that he had violated the freedom of election; another, that a man ought not to be governed by laws, in the framing of which he had not a voice."-Alison.

§ 57. Two cases of apparent doubt occur in dealing with the Relative Pronoun: the word, "What," furnishes the first instance. This very peculiar word combines in itself the properties of the Antecedent as well, as the Relative; it is in fact equivalent to the two words, "that, which ;" and it is as closely connected with the verb, which precedes, as with that, which follows: for instance,