16 and note) that the lay goes back to Breton sources, and that the Bretun mentioned in it are Armorican Bretons, not Cymry. He regards the hero's name as identical with that of the parish of Lanval (Lanvaux) in the present district of Morbihan, France, and thinks that, therefore, the lay probably represents the form of the fay story which circulated in Vannes, "Die Guigomar Version aus Leon, die Graelent Version aus Cornouaille im letzten Grunde, und romanisierte Bretonen der Haute-Bretagne haben beide Versionen den Franzosen übermittelt."

Loth urges (Rev. Celtique, XIII, 1892, 481) that the two names of hero and place may have nothing to do with each other. The oldest forms of the name of the parish, he points out, are Lanvas, 1177; Lauvas, 12th century; Lanvaos, 1264; and there is another Lanvaux in Baud. "Lanvaux étant en territoire bretonnant, le sens de ce mot et sa forme primitive d'après les formes jusqu'ici connues, restent incertains. Le nom d'homme Lanval peut n'avoir rien de celtique que le premier terme et avoir été formé comme Perceval. Lanvaux (au XVII Landavallense monasterium) peut n'être qu'une fausse interprétation française d'un mot breton différent."

F. Lot also makes light of Zimmer's contentions (Rom., xxiv, 520; xxv, 12-13), and suggests that Lanval may be a deformation of the same Celtic name to which Lancelot goes back. "Ce nom [Lancelot] n'est certainement pas celtique. Il rappelle Lancelin, diminutif ou hypocoristique germanique de Lantbert, Lantfrid, etc. Il n'est pas douteux que ce ne soit Lancelin qui ait influencé et déformé un nom celtique qui personne n'a réussi jusqu'ici à reconstituer." (Cf. Foerster, Karrenritter, p. xli.)

Freymond remarks, in his account of Version P of the Livre d'Artus (Zt. f.franz. Sp. u. Litt., XVII, 1895, pp. 17 note, 19 note): "Ist es reiner Zufall, dass das Lambale in der Namensform von Guiomars Vetter Guivret de Lambale, an Lanval erinnert? In einer Handschrift des Prosatristan findet sich dafür le comte de Lambale, was freilich nach Löseth auf einem Versehen beruhen soll. (s. Löseth, l. c., S. 485 und 521 f.)." We remember that Guiomar (Guigemar, Guingamor) is represented by Chrétien as brother of Graelent Mor. [The form of this name in the Mss. of Erec I take to be the same as that in the lay, Graelen-mor, the n dropping before the m (cf. Graale[nt] Muer in Le Roman de la Rose, ou de Guillaume de Dole, ed. Servois, S. A. T. F., 1. 2537), and regard it as evidence that when Graelent was used in combination with mor, the final -t was often lacking.] Note in this connection that in a continuation of the Perceval (ed. Potvin, 11. 45, 282 ff.) Perceval marries his cousin to one who "Rois fu et sire de Lanval: loial."

To this last passage my attention has been called by Dr. Alma Blount, formerly of Radcliffe College, who is preparing an onomasticon of the Arthurian cycle; as also to the account of the parentage of a certain Lanval in the prose Agravain, analyzed by P. Paris in the Appendix to Vol. v of his Romans de la Table Ronde, pp. 320–321: "Au temps de Joseph d'Arimathie, il y avait sur les marches d'Écosse un roi nommé Eliezer qui fut des premiers à recevoir le baptême. Afin de mieux assurer le salut de son âme, il avait abandonné sa femme et renoncé à la couroune, pour vivre

have originated in Armorica. Zimmer's assertions on this point are open to objection. J. Loth and F. Lot have already shown flaws in his argument, and his chief contention that Arthur's Round Table was absolutely unknown among the Cymry and that therefore a lay which contained a reference to this institution could not but be composed in Brittany, where alone the Round Table was at this time known, Mr. A. C. L. Brown has demonstrated to be unfounded.'

We are practically certain that the story which was worked up into poetic form in Graelent and Lanval existed in Ireland and Armorica. I can see no reason why we may not believe that it also existed in the various parts of Great Britain where Celtic languages were at that time spoken. Let scholars dispute if they will whether it was first written down in French and became literature in Great Britain or on the Continent, whether it was brought to England by the Breton auxiliaries of William the Conqueror under the leadership of Alan Fergant, or developed independently in Wales and Cornwall and got into the hands of the Anglo-Normans without ever crossing the Channel,-these matters are profoundly indifferent to anyone whose chief interest in the lay is as a literary monument in a remote period of history, as a fascinating story which charms us to-day as we know it did

en pélerin des dons que les bonnes gens lui faisaient." One day, during his voluntary exile, he had a dream, in which the Lord bade him return home, where he would find his wife and the son he had begotten the day he had departed. The wife and son were astonished to see again the king whom they had thought dead. He is told that when the boy was born, he was thought to be the fruit of illegitimate love, and that it was not until he had been left unharmed by the two lions into whose den he had been thrown, that he had been recognized as the real heir to the throne. Lanval at once gave back the kingdom to his father; but Eliezer died soon after his return. Lanval is mentioned as one of Arthur's knights in P. Paris, op. cit., II, 250. For other references to him, see Roman de la Rose, ou de Guill. de Dole, S. A. T. F., 1893, l. 5497 (Lanvax, a typical lover); Löseth, Tristan, 185 and p. 467, 395a ff.; Sommer, Roman de Merlin, p. 327; Hartmann von Aue, Erec, 1. 1677; Diu Krône, 1. 2292; Carle of Carelyle (Madden, Sir Gawayne), p. 188.

1 Harvard Studies and Notes, VII (1900), "The Round Table before Wace."

Goethe in his old age, and La Fontaine before him. We are in no way surprised that Marie's contemporary, Denis Pyramus, although he protested that her lays were "pas du tout verais," still could not withhold this tribute to their popularity:

All love them much and hold them dear,

Baron, count and chevalier,

Applaud their form, and take delight
To hear them told by day or night.
In chief, these tales the ladies please;
They listen glad their hearts to ease.

In conclusion, I would express the hope that this study may be found to have some value in helping scholars to decide the still much discussed question of the Celtic origin of the Arthurian romances. This interesting and important problem can never be satisfactorily solved until the results of a large number of thorough investigations of particular themes have been presented impartially to the scholarly world. I have endeavored to separate the kernel of the original fairy-mistress story in the Lanval cycle of poems from the material that surrounds it, and to indicate why extraneous features became attached to a theme with which they had at first no connection. This central theme, I have tried to show, is based on Celtic tradition. In at least one instance, then, if my conclusions are correct, a story attached to Arthur in Marie's lay, and closely resembling many other stories told of various knights of the celebrated Round Table, is proved to be of Celtic origin. Even as Guingamor and Guigemar, whose adventures are in the main those of Celtic heroes, Graelent and Lanval came to figure among the followers of the famous British king. If now it is admitted that such material as that we have been discussing is plainly Celtic, we have certainly advanced somewhat toward an end most students of Arthurian romances have in view, a clearer understanding of the contribution of the Celts to the imaginative literature of the world.

WILLIAM HENRY SCHOFIELD.

ADDITIONAL NOTE TO P. 143, ABOVE:

Το

I would not appear to insist unduly on the conjecture I have made with regard to the reason for the -t in Graelent; for it is a matter of slight importance in my argument. be sure, I think it the easiest explanation yet suggested. But I am not unaware of the fact that other proper names with a similar ending are written with and without a -t, e. g. Bertran(t), Engran(t), Gontran(t). According to Mackel (Franz. Studien, vi, 180), the ran in these words is derived from the Germanic stem hrafna > Mid-Lat. ramnus. Zimmer probably had such names as these in mind when he made his second conjecture that the final -t may be due simply to analogy. Moreover, as is well known, a final -c sometimes shifts with a -t. In the French Merlin (quoted above, p. 128, note 3) we have Grailenc corresponding to Graalant in the English translation; cf. Floovenc, Floovent; Romarec (Wace), Rumaret (Lazamon).—I would also remark that we have a romance of Galeren (Galeran), Comte de Bretagne, by Renaut (ed. Boucherie, 1888). The hero's name is sometimes written with a final -t; but, as Mussafia points out (Rom., XVII, 439, note), this form is not justified. The name of the hero, Galeren(t), may have been borrowed from the lay of Graelen(t). Renaut was thoroughly familiar with the older lays (cf. 11. 7008 ff.), his poem being nothing but an artistic amplification of Marie's Fraisne. In Malory, and elsewhere in English works, one of the knights of the Round Table is called Galeron of Galway. Galeron is the name of the heroine in the poem Ille et Galeron, written by Gautier d'Arras in 1157 (Oeuvres, ed. Löseth, Paris, 1890, 11).

W. H. S.

VII.-A STUDY OF POPE'S IMITATIONS

OF HORACE.

Dr. Johnson said of Pope's Imitations of the Satires and Epistles of Horace that they "cannot give pleasure to common readers; the man of learning may be sometimes surprised and delighted by an unexpected parallel; but the comparison requires knowledge of the original, which will likewise often detect strained applications. Between Roman images and English manners there will be an irreconcileable dissimilitude, and the works will be generally uncouth and party-coloured; neither original nor translated, neither ancient nor modern.”1 It is not necessary to refute, what no one now maintains, that these Imitations cannot give pleasure to common readers, that they appeal only to men of learning by their unexpected parallels to the original, or that they are generally uncouth. It remains, then, to discover how far the rest of this criticism holds good as well as to investigate Pope's methods in rendering his original.

2

ADAPTATION OF ROMAN TO ENGLISH CONDITIONS.

The most obvious parallels which Pope would need to draw were those which would give to his Imitations the tone and character of eighteenth century life. These occupy a range from the most general references to the facts of history and geography to those touching upon the particular institutions and customs of the poet's country and the special conditions of his environment. Some of the parallels are very simple, being merely the change of a modern for an ancient name, such as France for Greece, Oxford for Athens,*

1 Johnson's Life of Pope, Arnold's ed., p. 424.

The Imitations are indicated by Roman numerals from I to VI, corresponding respectively to Sat. II, i, ii; Ep. 1, i, vi; II, i, ii.

3v, 263.

*VI, 56, 116.