4. Cruel Customs thence arising. Torture, Cannibalism, Mutilation, 233 5. Political and Religious Cruelties. Hatred of Innovators, 234 6. Slow Progress of Freedom of Inquiry, 235 7. What are esteemed Duties of Sympathy often in Con 1. Mystic Idea of God. Consequences thence Resulting, 240 2. Current Theology modified and determined by current 4. Different Images under which God is represented. Corresponding Ideas of Religious Duty, 242 5. Philosophical Idea of God, Controversy between the Philosophers and the Mystics, 243 6. Attempted Alliance between Philosophy and Mysticism. Semi-Mystics, 245 12. Want of Faith complained of by recent Moralists. Their 254 3. Upon what subjects Moral Opinions have been most uniform, 4. Decisions of Common Sense on Questions of Morals, с PART THIRD. CONNEXION BETWEEN HAPPINESS AND VIRTUE, AND MEANS OF PROMOTING BOTH. CHAPTER I. CONNEXION BETWEEN HAPPINESS AND Virtue. 1. Two Aspects of this Question: first, as respects Communities; second, as respects Individuals, 255 2. Sets of Circumstances upon which Happiness is dependent, 255 3. Effect of an Increase of Virtue on the Happiness of a Community, 256 4. Hence Moralists have been inclined to maintain that Individuals are happy in Proportion to their Virtue, 5. Falsity of that Doctrine, 6. Nature of the Distinction between the Right and the 256 257 7. Injustice and Danger of supposing Happiness and Virtue to be inseparable, 260 8. That Doctrine partially true .of ordinary Virtue; not MEANS OF RAISING THE STANDARD OF MORALS. 1. By increasing the average Force of the Sentiment of Benevolence, 263 2. Development of Moral Character in Children, 263 264 265 5. Classification of Mankind into Good and Bad, Conscientious and Unprincipled, 6. How this Means operates as to individual Actions, 266 267 267 8. First Means of increasing the Force of the Sentiment of Benevolence, - Exercise, Habit, 268 9. Second Means, - Alleviation of counteracting Pains, 269 10. Why Civilization is considered favorable to Virtue and Happiness. Celebrated Paradox of Rousseau, . 11. Commencement of a great social Revolution, 12. That Revolution still in Progress, 270 271 272 THEORY OF MORALS. PART FIRST. OF MORAL DISTINCTIONS IN GENERAL. CHAPTER I. MORAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF ACTIONS. 1. THE distinction between actions morally good and morally bad, morally Right and morally Wrong, and therefore worthy of approval or worthy of blame, perpetually exercises a powerful influence over the judgments and the conduct of men. 2. To discover the nature, in other words, the origin or cause of this distinction, or, more correctly, the Law according to which it takes place, has been, and still is, an object of anxious inquiry among philosophers; for no theory satisfactory in all respects has yet been proposed. 3. It is held by one class of moralists, that there is an original, eternal, absolute difference, independent of the peculiar constitution of man, between Right and Wrong; and men have been supposed to be endowed with an innate faculty of perceiving that difference, just as through the eye, the touch, and the palate, they discern the difference between black and white, straight and crooked, hard and soft, sweet |