However, in this part, as I was always assured, and have good reason still to believe, that her majesty was steady in the interest of the house of Hanover, and as nothing was ever offered to me, or required of me, to the prejudice of that interest, on what ground can I be reproached with the secret reserved designs of any, if they had such designs, as I still verily believe they had not? I see there are some men who would fain persuade the world, that every man that was in the interest of the late ministry, or employed by the late government, or that served the late queen, was for the Pretender. God forbid this should be true; and I think there needs very little to be said in answer to it. I can answer for myself, that it is notoriously false; and I think the easy and uninterrupted || accession of his majesty to the crown contradicts || it. I see no end which such a suggestion aims at, but to leave an odium upon all that had any duty or regard to her late majesty. Á subject is not always master of his sovereign's measures, nor always to examine what persons or parties the prince he serves employs, so be it that they break not in upon the constitation; that they govern according to law, and that he is employed in no illegal act, or have nothing desired of him inconsistent with the liberties and laws of his country. If this be not right, then a servant of the king's is in a worse case than a servant to any private person. In all these things I have not erred; neither have I acted or done anything in the whole course of my life, either in the service of her majesty or of her ministry, that any one can say has the least deviation from the strictest regard to the protestant succession, and to the laws and liberties of my country. I never saw an arbitrary action offered at, a law dispensed with, justice denied, or oppression set up either by queen or ministry, in any branch of the administration, wherein I had the least concern. If I have sinned against the whigs, it has been all negatively, viz. that I have not joined in the loud exclamations against the queen and against the ministry, and against their measures; and if this be my crime, my plea is two-fold. 1. I did not really see cause for carrying their complaints to that violent degree. 2 Where I did see what, as before, I lamented and was sorry for, and could not join with or approve, as joining with Jacobites, the peace, &c.,-my obligation is my plea for my silence. upon him as it is possible anything of that kind can be; and if I have written anything which is offensive, unjust, or untrue, I must do that justice as to declare, he has no hand in it; the crime is my own. As the reproach of his directing me to write is a slander upon the person I am speaking of, so that of my receiving pensions and payments from him for writing, is a slander upon me; and I speak it with the greatest sincerity, seriousness, and solemnity that it is possible for a Christian man to speak, that except the appointment 1 mentioned before, which her majesty was pleased to make me formerly, and which I received during the time of my Lord Godolphin's ministry, I have not received of the late lord treasurer, or of any one else by his order, knowledge, or direction, one farthing, or the value of a farthing, during his whole administration; nor has all the interest I have been supposed to have in his lordship been able to procure me the arrears due to me in the time of the other ministry. So help me God. I am under no necessity of making this declaration. The services I did, and for which her majesty was pleased to make me a small allowance, are known to the greatest men in the present administration; and some of them were then of the opinion, and I hope are so still, that I was not unworthy of her majesty's favour. The effect of those services, however small, is enjoyed by those great persons and by the whole nation to this day; and I had the honour once to be told, that they should never be forgotten. It is a misfortune that no man can avoid, to forfeit for his deference to the person and services of his queen, to whom he was inexpressibly obliged; and if I am fallen under the displeasure of the present government for anything I ever did in obedience to her majesty in the past, I may say it is my disaster; but I can never say it is my fault. This brings me again to that other oppression which, as I said, I suffer under, and which, I think, is of a kind that no man ever suffered under so much as myself; and this is to have every libel, every pamphlet, be it ever so foolish, so malicious, so unmannerly, or so dangerous, be laid at my door, and be called publicly by my name. It has been in vain for me to struggle with this injury; it has been in vain for me to protest, to declare solemnly, nay, if I would have sworn that I had no hand in such a book or paper, never saw it, never read it, and the like, it was the same thing. My name has been hackneyed about the street I have all the good thoughts of the person, and by the hawkers, and about the coffee-houses by good wishes for the prosperity of my benefactor, the politicians, at such a rate as no patience that charity and that gratitude can inspire me could bear. One man will swear to the style; with. I ever believed him to have the true another to this or that expression; another to interest of the protestant religion and of his the way of printing; and all so positive that it country in his view; and if it should be other-is to no purpose to oppose it. wise, I should be very sorry. And I must repeat it again, that he always left me so entirely to my own judgment, in everything I did, that he never prescribed to me what I should write, or should not write, in my life; neither did he ever concern himself to dictate to or restrain me in any kind; nor did he see any one tract that I ever wrote before it was printed: so that all the notion of my writing by his direction is as much a slander I published once, to stop this way of using me, that I would print nothing but what I set my name to, and I held it for a year or two; but it was all one; I had the same treatment. I now have resolved for some time to write nothing at all, and yet I find it the same thing; two books lately published being called mine, for no other reason that I know of than that, at the request of the printer, I revised two sheets of them at the press, and that they seemed to be written in favour of a certain person; which person, also, as I have been assured, had no hand in them, or any knowledge of them, till they were published in print. This is a flail which I have no fence against, but to complain of the injustice of it, and that is but the shortest way to be treated with more injustice. There is a mighty charge against me for being author and publisher of a paper called the • Mercator.' I'll state the fact first, and then speak to the subject. It is true, that being desired to give my opinion in the affair of the commerce with France, I did, as I often had done in print many years before, declare that it was my opinion we ought to have an open trade with France, because I did believe we might have the advantage by such a trade; and of this opinion I am still. What part I had in the Mercator' is well known; and could men answer with argument, and not with personal abuse, I would at any time defend every part of the Mercator' which was of my doing. But to say the Mercator' was mine, is false; I neither was the author of it, had the property of it, the printing of it, or the profit by it. I had never any payment or reward for writing any part of it, nor had I the power to put what I would into it. Yet the whole clamour fell upon me, because they knew not who else to load with it. And when they came to answer, the method was, instead of argument, to threaten and reflect upon me, reproach me with private circumstances and misfortunes, and give language which no Christian ought to give, and which no gentleman ought to take. I thought any Englishman had the liberty to speak his opinion in such things, for this had nothing to do with the public. The press was open to me as well as to others; and how or when I lost my English liberty of speaking my mind, I know not; neither how my speaking my opinion without fee or reward, could authorise them to call me villain, rascal, traitor, and such opprobrious names. It was ever my opinion, and is so still, that were our wool kept from France, and our manufactures spread in France upon reasonable duties, all the improvement which the French have made in the woollen manufactures would decay, and in the end be little worth; and consequently, the hurt they could do us by them would be of little moment. any man upon a public stage, before a jury of fifty merchants, and venture my life upon the cause, if I were assured of fair play in the dispute. But that it was my opinion that we might carry on a trade with France to our great advantage, and that we ought for that reason to trade with them, appears in the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth volumes of the Review,' above nine years before the Mercator' was thought of. It was not thought criminal to say so then; how it comes to be villanous to say so now, God knows; I can give no account of it. I am still of the same opinion, and shall never be brought to say otherwise, unless I see the state of trade so altered as to alter my opinion; and if ever I do I shall be able to give good reasons for it. The answer to these things, whether mine or no, was all pointed at me, and the arguments were generally in the terms villain, rascal, miscreant, liar, bankrupt, fellow, hireling, turncoat, &c. What the arguments were bettered by these methods I leave others to judge of Also, most of those things in the Mercator,' for which I had such usage, were such as I was not the author of. I do grant, had all the books which had been called by my name been written by me, I must of necessity have exasperated every side, and perhaps have deserved it; but I have the greatest injustice imaginable in this treatment, as I have || in the perverting the design of what I have really written. To sum up, therefore, my complaint in a few words :- I was, from my first entering into the knowledge of public matters, and have ever been to this day, a sincere lover of the constitution of my country; zealous for liberty and the Protestant interest; but a constant follower of moderate principles, a vigorous opposer of hot measures in all parties. I never once changed my opinion, my principles, or my party; and let what will be said of changing sides, this I maintain, that I never once deviated from the revolution principles, nor from the doctrine of liberty and property on which it was founded. I own I could never be convinced of the great danger of the Pretender in the time of the late ministry; nor can I be now convinced of the great danger of the church under this ministry. I believe the cry of the one was politically made use of then to serve other designs, and I plainly see the like use made of the other now. I spoke my mind freely then, and I have done the like It was my opinion, and is so still, that the now, in a small tract to that purpose not yet ninth article of the treaty of commerce was cal-made public; and which if I live to publish I culated for the advantage of our trade, let who will make it. That is nothing to me. My reasons are because it tied up the French to open the door to our manufactures at a certain duty of importation there, and left the Parliament of Britain at liberty to shut theirs out by as high duties as they pleased here, there being no limitation upon us as to duties on French goods; but that other nations should pay the same. While the French were thus bound, and the British free, I always thought we must be in a condition to trade to advantage, or it must be our own fault. This was my opinion, and is so still; and I would venture to maintain it against!! will publicly own, as I purpose to do everything I write, that my friends may know when I am abused, and they imposed on. It has been the disaster of all parties in this nation to be very hot in their turn; and as often as they have been so I have differed with them, and ever must and shall do so. I'll repeat some of the occasions on the whigs' side, because from that quarter the accusation of my turning about comes. The first time I had the misfortune to differ with my friends was about the year 1683, when the Turks were besieging Vienna, and the whigs in England, generally speaking, were for the Turks taking it; which I, having read the history of the cruelty and perfidious dealings of the Turks in their wars, and how they had rooted out the name of the Christian religion in above three-score and ten kingdoms, could by no means agree with. And though then but a young man, and a younger author, I opposed it, and wrote against it, which was taken very unkindly indeed. The next time I differed with my friends was when King James was wheedling the dissenters to take off the penal laws and test, which I could by no means come into. And, as in the first, I used to say, I had rather the popish house of Austria | should ruin the protestants in Hungaria, than the infidel house of Ottoman should ruin both lieved, yet I ought not to have been the man that should have said it for the reasons aforesaid. In such turns of tempers and times, a man must be tenfold a vicar of Bray, or it is impossible but he must one time or other be out with everybody. This is my present condition, and for this I am reviled with having abandoned my principles, turned Jacobite, and what not. God judge between me and these men. Would they come to any particulars with me, what real guilt may have would freely acknowledge; and if they would produce any evidence of the bribes, the pensions, and the rewards I have taken, 1 would declare honestly whether they were true or no. If they would give a list of the books which they charge me with, and the reasons why they lay them at my door, I would acknowledge my mistake, own what I have done, and let them know what I have not done. But these men neither show mercy, nor leave place for repent protestants and papists by over-running Ger- The next difference I had with good men was about the scandalous practice of occasional conformity, in which I had the misfortune to make many honest men angry, rather because I had the better of the argument, than because they disliked what I said. And now I have lived to see the dissenters themselves very quiet, if not very well pleased with an act of parliament to prevent it. Their friends indeed laid it on; they would be friends indeed if they would talk of taking it off again. Again, I had a breach with honest men for their maltreating King William; of which I say nothing, because I think they are now opening their eyes, and making what amends they can to his memory. The fifth difference I had with them was about the treaty of Partition, in which many honest men are mistaken, and in which I told them plainly then that they would at last end the war upon worse terms; and so it is my opinion they would have done, though the treaty of Gertrudenburgh had taken place. The sixth time I differed with them was when the old whigs fell upon the modern whigs, and when the Duke of Marlborough and my Lord Godolphin were used by the Observator' in a manner worse, I must confess, for the time it lasted, than ever they were used since; nay, though it were by Abel' and the 'Examiner;' but the success failed. In this dispute my Lord Godolphin did me the honour to tell me, I had served him and his grace also both faithfully and successfully. But his lordship is dead, and I have now no testimony of it but what is to be found in the Observator,' where I am plentifully abused for being an enemy to my country, by acting in the interest of my Lord Godolphin and the Duke of Marlborough. What weather-cock can turn with such tempers as these! I am now on the seventh breach with them, and my crime now is, that I will not believe and say the same things of the queen and the late treasurer which I could not believe before of my Lord Godolphin and the Duke of Marlborough, and which in truth I cannot believe, and therefore could not say it of either of them; and which, if I had be master, but contrary to his express commands. It is true, good men have been used thus in former times; and all the comfort I have is, that these men have not the last judgment in their hands: if they had, dreadful would be the case of those who oppose them. But that day will show many men and things also in a different state from what they may now appear in. Some that now appear clear and fair will then be seen to be black and foul, and some that are now thought black and foul will then be approved and accepted; and thither I cheerfully appeal, concluding this part in the words of the prophet -"I heard the defaming of many; fear on every side; report, say they, and we will report it; all my familiars watched for my halting, saying, peradventure he will be enticed, and we shall prevail against him, and we shall take our revenge on him."-Jer. xx, 10. Mr Poole's Annotations' has the following remarks on these lines; which, I think, are so much to that part of my case which is to follow, that I do not omit them. The words are these: "The prophet," says he, "here rendereth a reason why he thought of giving over his work as a prophet; his ears were continually filled with the obloquies and reproaches of such as reproached him; and besides, he was afraid on all hands, there were so many traps laid for him, so many devices devised against him. They did not only take advantage against him, but sought advantages, and invited others to raise stories of him; not only strangers, but those that he might have expected the greatest kindness from; those that pretended most courteously; They watch,' says he, for opportunities to do me justice, and lay in wait for my halting, desiring nothing more than that I might be enticed to speak, or do something which they might find matter of a colourable accusation, that so they might satisfy their malice upon me.' This hath always been the genius of wicked men. Job and David both made complaints much like this." These are Mr Poole's words. And this leads me to several particulars, in which any case may, without any arrogance, be likened to that of the sacred prophet, excepting the vast disparity of the persons. No sooner was the queen dead, and the king, as right required, proclaimed, but the rage of men increased upon me to that degree, that the threats and insults I received were such as I am not able to express. If I offered to say a word in favour of the present settlement, it was called fawning, and turning round again; on the other hand, though I have meddled neither one way nor the other, nor written one book since the queen's death, yet a great many things are called by my name, and I bear every day the reproaches which all the answerers of those books cast, as well upon the subjects as the authors. I have not seen or spoken to my Lord of Oxford but once since the king's landing, nor received the least message, order, or writing from his lordship, or any other way corresponded with him, yet he bears the reproach of my writing in his defence, and I the rage of men for doing it. I cannot say it is no affliction to me to be thus used, though my being entirely clear of the facts is a true support to me. I am unconcerned at the rage and clamour of party men; but I cannot be unconcerned to hear men, who I think are good men and good Christians, prepossessed and mistaken about me. However, I cannot doubt but some time or other it will please God to open such men's eyes. A constant, steady adhering to personal virtue and to public peace, which, I thank God, I can appeal to him has always been my practice, will at last restore me to the opinion of sober and impartial men, and that is all I desire. What it will do with those who are resolutely partial and unjust, I cannot say, neither is that much my concern. But I cannot forbear giving one example of the hard treatment I receive, which has happened even while I am writing this tract. I have six children; I have educated them as well as my circumstances will permit, and so as I hope shal recommend them to better usage than their father meets with in this world. I am not indebted one shilling in the world for any part of their education, or for anything else belonging to their bringing up; yet the author of the Flying Post' published lately that I never paid for the education of any of my children. If any man in Britain has a shilling to demand of me for any part of their education, or anything belonging to them, let them come for it. But these men care not what injurious things they write, nor what they say, whether truth or not, if it may but raise a reproach on me, though it were to be my ruin. I may well appeal to the honour and justice of my worst enemies in such cases as this. Conscia mens recti fama mendacia ridet. CONCLUSION BY THE PUBLISHER. WHILE this was at the press, and the copy thus far finished, the author was seized with a violent fit of an apoplexy, whereby he was disabled finishing what he designed in his further defence; and continuing now for above six weeks in a weak and languishing condition, neither able to go on or likely to recover, at least in any short time, his friends thought it not fit to delay the publication of this any longer. If he recovers he may be able to finish what he began; if not, it is the opinion of most that know him that the treatment which he here complains of, and some others that he would have spoken of, have been the apparent cause of his disaster. CHRONOLOGICAL CATALOGUE OF THE WORKS OF DANIEL DE FOE. 1. Speculum Crape-Gownorum; or, a Looking || 3. A Treatise against the Turks. (The exact 7. An Essay upon Projects. London: printed T. Cockeril afterwards removed from the corner of Warwick lane to the Poultry, when the following title was printed, apparently as a substitute for the above :Several Essays relating to Academies, Banks, Bankrupts. Charity-lotteries, Courts of Engineers, Court Merchants, Friendly Societies, Highways, Pension Office, Seamen, Wagering &c. Now communicated to the world for public good. T. Cockeril, 1700.' This work came to a second edition in 1702; or rather, the bookseller placed a new title-page before the remaining copies of the same impression. It was as follows:-Essays upon several Subjects; or, effectual Ways for advancing the Interests of the Nation; wherein are plainly laid down the means by which the subjects in general may be eased and enriched, the poor relieved, and trade increased in the most material branches of it, viz. in constituting seamen to theirs and the nation's advantage; for encouragement of merchants and merchandizing; for relief of the poor by friendly societies; for discouraging vice, and encouraging virtue; the usefulness of banks and assurances; to prevent bankrupts, with the surest way to recover bad debts; and many other considerable things profitable and conducing to the great advantage of the nation in general. London: printed and sold by the Booksellers of London and Westminster. 1702. 8 An Enquiry into the occasional Conformity of Dissenters, in Cases of Preferment: with a Preface to the Lord Mayor, occasioned by his carrying the Sword to a Conventicle. London: printed an. dom. 1697. 4to. pp.28. This tract was reprinted in 1701, with a Preface to Mr How. 9 Some Reflections on a Pamphlet, lately pub- 10 12 The Character of Dr Annesley, by way of A new Discovery of an old Intrigue, a Satyr: 13 The Poor Man's Plea, in relation to all the 14 Proclamations, Declarations, Acts of Par- The Pacificator: a Poem. London: printed 15 The two Great Questions considered:-1. 16 17 The Danger of the Protestant Religion from 18 Six Distinguishing Characters of a Parlia- i |