Kolozsvár. See Klausenburg
Kopienski, Ilia, printer, 529
Koprili. See Kiuprili
Koron, taken by the Venetians, 365 Kotoshikhin, Grigory Karpov, Russian traveller, 513
Krassow, Ernst Detlof von, Swedish gen- eral, 597; 601; 603; 607
Kremlin, at Moscow, 482; 493; 519; 557 Kristianopel, recovered by Sweden, 570 Kristianshavn, privileges of, 559
Kristianstad, taken by the Danes, 569 sq. Krizhanich, Iuri, Servian scholar, 516 Kronstad (Kronslot), built, 590 sq. Krossen, Peter the Great at, 607
Labadie, Jean de, 755 sqq.
La Bruyère, Jean de, 67; 71; 79
La Chaise, François de, confessor of Louis XIV, 24; 89; 221
La Cloche, James, mission of, to Rome, 202
Ladenburg, burnt by the French, 57; 409 Ladoga, canals of, 548; 590
La Fontaine, Jean de, 66 sqq.; 70 La Gardie, Magnus Gabriel de, Count, Swedish Chancellor, 565 sq.; and Charles XI, 567; 568; 572 Lagena, Charles XII at, 588 Lagrange d'Arquien. See Arquien
La Haye, de, French admiral, 696; 703 La Hogue, battle of, 59, 261, 263 Lakhta, Peter the Great at, 548
Lambert, John, imprisoned, 94 Lambeth Palace, 227
La Mothe, de, French general, 422 La Mothe de Canillac, Vicomte de, 16 Lampe, Friedrich Adolf, theologian, 757 Lanarkshire, insurgents in, 284 Landau, 63; sieges of, 406, 408, 411, 435; ceded to France, 436, 454; 452 Landen. See Neerwinden
Landguard Fort, Dutch attack on, 189 Landrecies, invested by Prince Eugene, 433 Landskrona, 147; captured by Denmark, 569 sq.
Languedoc, Estates of, 4; canal of, 14 Lapland, Sir Hugh Willoughby in, 512 La Reynie, Nicolas-Gabriel de, Lieutenant of Police, 16
Las Casas, Bartolomé, de, 682
La Tortue, pirates' headquarters at, 691 Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, 117; 326; 330; 746
Lauderdale, John Maitland, second Earl and first Duke of, 198; 201; 204 sq.; created Duke, 207; 209 sq.; 213; Secre- tary for Scottish affairs, 280; and the Earl of Middleton, 282; and the Earl of Rothes, 282, 284; 283; and the Scottish recusants, 284 sq.; 286
Lauzun, Antonin Nompar de Caumont, Duc de, in Ireland, 314 sqq.
La Vallière, Françoise-Louise, Duchesse de, 19; 73
La Vrillière, French Secretary of State, 5 Law, John, financier, 705
William, mystic, 751; 759 Lawes, Henry, musician, 116 Lawson, Sir John, English admiral, 190 Leade, Jane, pietistic writer, 762 Leake, Sir John, English admiral, 413; 416; captures Minorca, 426, 444 Lebus, see of, 618
L'Écluse, Charles de, naturalist, 734 Lee, Nathaniel, dramatist, 127; 131 Leeds, Thomas Osborne, Duke of (first Earl of Danby, Marquis of Caermarthen), Lord Treasurer, 210; financial policy of, 214 sq.; and the Non-resisting Test, 216 sq.; 218 sq.; 221 sq.; fall of (1678-9), 222 sq.; 227; 230; and James II, 231; and Dykvelt, 240 sq.; signs invitation to William of Orange, 242; 246; and the Revolution settlement, 249 sq.; 255; President of the Council, 259; 260; and the Bank of England, 268; resignation of, 274; 334 Leeuwenhoek, Antony, naturalist, 727; 729; 735; 737
Leeward Islands, 442; 687 sq.; govern- ment of, 690
Lefèvre, Nicolas, chemist, 730
Lefort, François, Swiss general, and Peter the Great, 520; 522 sqq.; 530 Lehnin, foundation of, 620 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 69; Bossuet and, 87; and Peter the Great, 532; 648;
influence of, at the Prussian Court, 670 sqq.; the Consilium Aegyptiacum of, 696; and mathematical science, 712, 718; and Newton, 717 sq.; 723; 739; and scientific societies, 741; 744; 758; 760 Leighton, Sir Ellis, secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 305
Robert, Archbishop of Glasgow, 281 Leipzig, University of, 760
Leix, Act for the plantation of, 323 Le Maire, Isaac, Amsterdam merchant, 702 Lemberg, taken by the Turks, 353; 355; 364
Le Mètre, French engineer, 601 Lemnos, taken by the Venetians, 342 Lemos, Count of, Spanish Viceroy in Peru, 681; 683
Leo the Philosopher, the Art of War of, 529 Leopold I, Emperor, and Louis XIV, Chap. II passim, 364; relatives of, 34 sq., 41, 52, 350, 377, 381, 384; and the Turks, 40, 49, 51 sq., 60 sq., 368, 370; and the coalition against France, 43; and the Treaty of Nymegen, 45, 356, 571; the German princes and, 46; and the Truce of Ratisbon, 49 sq.; and the Augsburg Alliance (1686), 52; and the Elector of Bavaria, 52 sq.; and the Cologne elec- tion, 54; and the Revolution in England, 55, 57 sq.; captures Belgrade, 56; joins the Grand Alliance (1689), 58; and the neutralisation of Italy, 62; and the Peace of Ryswyk, 63; English mission to, 109; and the United Provinces, 157, 161, 164, 166; and the English expedition of William of Orange, 244; alliance of, with Brandenburg, 353; and France, 357, 650 sq.; and Hungary, 356 sq., 367, 369; and the Elector of Saxony, 369 sq.; and the Turkish attack on Transylvania, 345; illness of, 346; 347; marriage of, 349, 377; election of, 338, 644; jurisdiction of, 339; assists the Dutch (1673), 340; accession and character of, 340 sq.; 343; and Poland, 344, 349 sq., 354, 356; secret treaty of, with France, 349, 353; goes to Passau, 360; 361; and John III of Poland, 362 sq.; signs the Holy League against the Turks, 364; and Queen Maria Anna of Spain, 381; and the Spanish Succession, 377, 387, 389 sqq., 664; and the accession of Philip V of Spain, 395 sq., 401; and the Grand Alliance, 397 sq., 403; and the Duke of Savoy, 408, 448; the Spanish claims of, 412; and the Elector Frederick William, 652 sq., and the Elector Frederick III, 661 sq.; and the crown of Prussia, 663 sqq.; and the Vienna Academia, 741; death of, 414
Prince of Florence, Cardinal, 740 Leopoldstadt, fortress of, 350; 359 Lepanto, battle of, 342
Le Peletier, Claude, French financier, 28 Le Pesant, Pierre. See Boisguillebert Leslie, John, Duke of Rothes. See Rothes
Margrave of Baden-Baden. See Baden-Baden
Leyden, and the Act of Seclusion, 143; 639; 734; University of, 753 sq. L'Hospital, Guillaume-François-Antoine, Marquis de, mathematician, 718 Liapunoff, Prokopi, Russian anti-Polish leader, 501
Liége, taken by Marlborough, 406; 488 Liegnitz, principality of, 652; 659 Lille, taken by the French, 38, 199; cap- tured by the Allies, 421 sq.; 447; 457 sq. Lillieroth, Baron, Swedish representative at the Hague, 591
Lima, under Spanish rule, 681; 682; 684 Limburg, restored to Spain, 45; 447 Limerick, siege of, 58, 261, 315 sq., 317 sqq. Treaty of, 319 sqq.
Lindsay, William, Earl of Crawford. See Crawford
Lingen, countship of, 668
Linz, 347; the Holy League signed at, 364 Lionne, Hugues de, Marquis de Berny,
French Secretary of State, 1; 5; 39; 102; 153
Lipski, iron-works at, 533 Lisola, Franz Paul, Baron von, Austrian diplomatist, 112; 349; 648
Lit, van der, Russian ambassador in Lon- don, 608
Lithuania, 480; and Ivan the Great, 481;
485; 498; Russia and, 504; Charles XII in, 592; 596; the German Order and, 632 sq.
Alexander, Great Prince of, 481 Jagello, Prince of, 480 Littleton, Sir Edward, in Bengal, 700 Sir Thomas, the Elder, 216 Livonia, Knights of, and Lithuania, 480 sq.
Russian conquest of, 493 sq.; surrendered to Poland, 494; and Russia, 505, 512, 527; Swedish rule in, 577; Patkul and, 586; invaded by the Saxons, 587; Russian invasion of, 590 sq.; 602; 610; 614; ceded to Russia, 615; 630; 652
Lizard, Knights of the, 633 L'Obel, Matthias de, botanist, 734
Lobkowitz, Wenceslas, Prince von, Aus- trian statesman, 341; 349; 352 sq. Locke, John, philosopher, 125; and the Revolution settlement, 252 sqq.; 264; and the currency, 269; 271; the theory of government of, 273; 275 sqq.; 332; 334; 467 sq.
Lodenstein, Jodocus van, and Pietism, 755 Löscher, Valentin Ernst, and Pietism, 760 Loevenstein, Jacob de Witt imprisoned at, 138
Lofö, peace negotiations at, 613 Lois Castle, Charles XII at, 591 Lombardy, occupied by the French, 401 sq. London, the plague in, 110; the Great Fire of, 110, 303; loan by, to Charles II, 111; 222; deprived of its charter, 229; captured by the Tories, ib.; 232; its charter restored, 245; 247; Prince Eugene in, 432; increase of shipping in, 439; the "Invisible College" in, 740
Long Island, the Duke of York and, 108 Longueville, Anne-Geneviève de Bourbon, Duchesse de, 89
Marie de. See Nemours, Duchess of ducal House of, 449 Lopukhina, Eudoxia, Tsaritsa. See Eudoxia "Lorme, M. de” (Abbé Gaultier), 430
Lorraine, 33, 47; ceded by France, 62 sq.; suzerainty of, 164; and the Spanish Succession, 391
Charles III (IV), Duke of, 43; 350;
Charles IV (V), Duke of, 45; 341; 348; and the Polish Crown, 350, 354; marriage of, 354; campaign of, against the Turks, 360; at the siege of Vienna, 361; 363 sq.; successes of, against the Turks, 366; and the Elector of Bavaria, 367 sq.; goes to the Rhine, 368; 661
Eleonora Maria, Duchess of (Queen of Poland). See Eleonora Maria
Leopold Joseph Charles, Duke of, 389; 454
Lothar II, Emperor, 618
Louis XI, King of France, 623
XIII, King of France, 376
XIV, domestic policy of, Chap. I passim; foreign policy of (1661-97), Chap. II; and Pope Alexander VII, 76; the religion of, 77; the Court preachers of, 79 sq.; and the Jansenists, 84, 89, sq.; and religious uniformity, 85; and Portugal, 105 sq.; and Charles II of England, 106, 109, 201, 209, 223; detaches Charles II from the Triple Alliance, 154; subsidises Charles II, 212, 214, 217 sqq., 227, 230; aids the Dutch against England, 109, 182; joins England against the Dutch, 112; and the United Provinces, 152 sq., 156 sqq., 161, 180; makes proposals for peace, 162; 165; invades the Spanish Nether- lands (1667), 199; the Triple Alliance
and, 200; and the Peace of Aachen, 200, 373; and the Treaty of Dover, 203 sq.; 205; 208; and James II, 211, 217, 231, 235, 243 sqq., 260, 262 sq., 275, 308, 399; and the English expe- dition of the Prince of Orange, 244 ; and Ireland, 307 sq., 314, 316; Roman- ising policy of, 331; 339; and Austria, 344, 347; and the Emperor Leopold, 349, 353; and Hungary, 352 sq.; and Poland, 350, 354 sq.; and the Queen of Poland, 356; 359; and Turkey, 360; 368; and the Treaty of Ryswyk, 370; and Spain, 200, 374; marriage of, 376 sq.; and the Spanish Succession, 380 sqq., 401; and the accession of Philip V of Spain, 394 sqq.; the Grand Alliance (1701) and, 398, 404; recognises "James III," 399; and William III, ib. ; 403; alli- ance of with German Princes, 404; 411; and the Convention of Milan, 415; makes overtures for peace (1706-10), 417, 422 sq., 427; recognises the Protestant Succes- sion in England, 422; appeals to France against the Allies, 424; and the peace negotiations (1711), 430; and the Peace of Rastatt, 435 sq., 452; and the Peace of Utrecht, 434, 439; and the Treaty with Great Britain (1713), 441 sqq.; 444; and the Princess Orsini, 447; and the Spanish Netherlands, 447; and Sicily, 448; and Neuchâtel, 449; and the principality of Orange, ib.; and the negotiations with the Emperor (1713), 450 sq.; and the Peace of Baden, 455; and Griffenfeld, 561; and Sweden, 566, 568, 570 sq., 577; and Charles XI, 573; 596; and the Elector Frederick William, 648 sq.; 650 sq.; 659; Leibniz and, 696; and Brazil, 675; and the settlements in America, 684; and the Indian Com- pany, 702 sq.; establishes the Académie des Sciences, 741; 743
Louis XV, King of France, 31; 91; 441;
Dauphin of France, 30; 391; 434 Duke of Burgundy. See Burgundy Louisiana, and French colonisation, 13 Louvain, Jansenism at, 82 Louvois, François-Michel le Tellier, Mar- quis de, 1; 5; 7; rivalry of, with Col- bert, 16 sq.; character of, 17, 19; army administration of, 18 sq.; 20; and the persecution of the Protestants, 24; death of, 28; 39; 43 sq.; and the devastation of the Palatinate, 56 sq.; 59; 405 Lower, Richard, physician, 727 sq.; 733 sq. Lowestoft, battle of, 181
Lublin, the Union of, 480; 504 Lubomirski, Stanislas Heraclius, Polish commander-in-chief, 350
Ludewig, Johan Peter von, 666 Ludlow, Edmund, at Amsterdam, 110 Lübeck, 579; and the German Order of Knights, 630
Lüdinghausen, Friedrich, Baron von. Wolff, Father
Lumley, Richard, Earl of Scarborough.
See Scarborough
Lund, battle of, 570
Peace of, 579
Lunden, battle of, 44
Lundy, Robert, Governor of Derry, 308 sq. Lusatia, and Brandenburg, 620
Lutzingen, and the battle of Blenheim, 410 Luxembourg, François-Henri de Mont- morency, Duc de, Marshal of France, 45; at Fleurus, 59, 261; 60; death of, 62; 160; Dutch campaign of (1672), 164 sq.; 256; 262; 340; 405 Luxemburg, Louis XIV and, 36, 47, 165; besieged, 48 sq., 230, 364; 62; restored to Spain, 63; 389; 447; 450
Alliance, the (1682), 35
Luzan y Guerra, Ignacio de, Spanish writer, 69
Luzern, and Neuchâtel, 449
Luzh, Russian geodesist, 535 Luzzara, battle of, 406
Lybecker, Georg, Swedish general, 597; 609
Lyesna, battle of, 598 sq.
Lyme Regis, Monmouth lands at, 232
Mabillon, Jean, French Benedictine, 79 Macassar, conquered by the Dutch, 146 Macdonald, Alexander, of Glencoe, 294 Mackay, Hugh, General, 246; at Killie- crankie, 293
Maclaurin, Colin, mathematician, 718 Madagascar, the French in, 13, 702 sq. Madras, 698 sq.; 704
Madrid, 376; occupied by the Allies, 416; 428; 447
Maestricht, 43; ceded by France, 45; 46; 56; 158; taken by the French, 161; 164; 455
Maffei, Annibale, Count, at the Utrecht conference, 439
Francesco Scipione, Marquis, Italian
poet, 69 Magdeburg, archbishopric of, 623, 626 sq.; 642, 644
Albert von Brandenburg, Archbishop of, 625 sq.
Günther II von Schwarzburg, Arch- bishop of, 623
Ludolf, Archbishop of, 620
Magus Muir, Archbishop Sharp murdered on, 285
Maine, customs of, 13
Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, Duke of,
Maintenon, Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de, 19 sqq.; and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 23 sq; 31; 77; 87; and Père La Chaise, 89; 423; 447 Mainz, taken by the Germans, 57, 661; 409; 435
Mainz, Albert von Brandenburg, Cardinal, Elector of, 625 sq.
Johann Philip von Schönborn, Elector of, 43
Lothar Franz von Schönborn, Elec- tor of, 403
Maitland, John, Duke of Lauderdale. See Lauderdale Majorca, 446
Malabar, Portuguese and Dutch in, 695 sq. Malayan Archipelago, 696
Malebranche, Nicolas de, 65; 78 sq.; 86 Malherbe, François, 64 sqq.; 69 Malmö, siege of, 570
Malpighi, Marcello, 727; 729; 734; bo- tanical studies of, 735 sq.; 737 Malplaquet, battle of, 425 sq., 436, 668 Malta, Great Britain and, 444 Knights of, 342
Manchester, Edward Montagu, second Earl of, 93; 100
Mancini, Maria, and Louis XIV, 19
Hortense, Duchesse de Mazarin, 106 Mannheim, sacked, 56; 409; 435 Manso, Giovanni Battista, and Milton, 118 Manton, Thomas, Nonconformist divine,
Mantua, French force at, 402; 403; 415; duchy of, 451
Charles di Gonzaga (Duke of Nevers), Duke of, 349
Charles IV, Duke of, 401
Mar, John Erskine, Earl of, Scottish Secre- tary of State, 299
Maracaibo, captured by Grammont, 691 Maranhão, revolt in, 678; 679
Marathas, treaty of, with the English, 698 Marbella Point, naval engagement off, 413 Marchiennes, depot of the Allies, 433 sq. Marderfeld, Arvid Axel, Swedish general,
Mardyk, harbour at, 442 Margaret, Empress, 349; 377 Margeret, Jacques, French officer in Russia,
Maria Anna, Empress, 340; 376
of Bavaria, Dauphine, 41 Queen Consort of Charles II of Spain, 34 sq.; illness of, 379; and the Spanish Succession, 381; 385; 391 sq. Queen Consort of Philip IV of
Spain, 34 sq.; 45; 373
Eleonora, Queen of Sweden, 639 Miloslavskaia, Tsaritsa, 506
Nagaia, Tsaritsa, 495 sq.
Sophia, Queen of Portugal, 35 Teresa, Queen of France, 19; death of, 20; 30; 33; and the Spanish Nether- lands, 36, 152; 376 sq.
Theresa, Empress, 354; 543 Marialva y Menezes, Antonio Luis, Count de Castanhede, Portuguese general, 34 Marie de' Medici, Queen of France, 72 Marie-Louise, Queen Consort of Charles II of Spain, 34 sq.
Marie-Louise, Queen Consort of Philip V of Spain, 445; 447
Marienbourg, ceded to France, 33
Marienburg, 632; siege of, 633; 634 sq. Marillac, and the dragonnades, 24 Mariotte, Edme, physicist, 715 Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of, envoy to Louis XIV, 231; at Sedgmoor, 232; and the Prince of Orange, 243, 247; 246; 255; and James II, 262; 266; in Ireland, 316; and the Grand Alliance (1701), 398; character and military genius of, 405, 436 sq., 460 sqq.; in the Netherlands (1702), 406 sqq.; march of, to the Danube, 409; at Blenheim, 410 sq.; 412 sq.; returns to the Netherlands, 414; designs of, on Toulon, 412, 414, 419, 426; at Ramillies, 415 sq.; and the peace negotiations, 417, 420, 422 sq., 427; visits Charles XII, 417, 596 sq.; in the Netherlands, 418; at Oudenarde, 420 sq.; 424; at Mal- plaquet, 425; declining influence of, in England, 428; 429; successes of, against Villars, 431; dismissal of, 431, 471; 432; and religious toleration, 334;
457 sq.; and party government, 462 sqq.; created duke, 463; 465 sq.; Earl of Ox- ford and, 470 sq.; Peter the Great and, 595; 609; missions of, to Berlin, 666 sq. Sarah, Duchess of, 428; 460; 462; 565 sq.
Marsaglia, battle of, 61 Marsh, Francis, Archbishop of Dublin, and the Committee on Irish affairs, 316 Marsin, Ferdinand, Comte de, Marshal of France, 409 sqq.; 414; 416 Marstrand, captured by Tordenskiold, 583 Martel, Rear-admiral de, 195 sq.
Martha, Tsarevna, imprisonment of, 525 Martin, François, founder of Pondicherry, 703
Martinet, French infantry inspector, 18 Martinique, English attack on, 60; 687 sq. Marvell, Andrew, 132; 216; 218
Mary, Princess Royal of England. See Orange
II, Queen of England, 44; 46; 128; 211; proposed marriage of, 213; mar- riage of, 163, 219; and William III, 167; coronation of, ib.; 239; 243; 249 sq.; proclaimed Queen, 251; character and influence of, 258; death of, ib.; 261; and the Scottish crown, 292; 315
of Modena, Queen of England, marriage of, 211; 232; 234; gives birth to a son, 241 sq.; flight of, to France, 247 sq.; 255
d'Arquien, Queen of Poland, 350; 354; 356; 365
di Gonzaga, Queen of Poland, 349 Maryland, Labadists in, 756 Mascaron, Jules, French preacher, 79 Masham, Abigail, Lady Masham, 465 sq. Masovia, Conrad, Duke of, 630
Mazepa, Ivan, Cossack Hetman, 596 sqq.; and Charles XII, 599; and Peter the Great, 599 sqq.; 601 sqq. Mecca, pilgrim route to, 699 Mecklenburg, 435; Swedish army in, 608; 610 sq.; 667
Dukes, and the Kurmark, 618 Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Gustavus Adolphus, Duke of, 663
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Catharine, Duchess of, 550
Charles Leopold, Duke of,550; 611 sq. Médard, St, miracles of, 91 Medici, Cosimo de', 739 Medina-Celi, Duke of, Spanish statesman, 35
Mediterranean Sea, French supremacy in, 44, 53, 61; English fleet in, 61 sq., 426; Dutch fleet in, 161; England and, 262, 419, 694; the Turks in, 349; France and, 404; the Allies in, 411 sqq. Medway, the Dutch in the, 113, 150 sq., 172, 188 sq.
Meerman, John, embassy of, to England,
Meinders, Franz von, Brandenburg Privy Councillor, 663
Melfort, John Drummond, Earl of, 289; 308 Melgar, Count de, Admiral of Castile, 35 Mello, Francisco de, Portuguese ambassador to England, 105
Memel, 630; dues of, 638, 641
Menin, 63; 416; the Barrier Treaties and, 457 sqq.
Menshikoff, Alexander Danilovich, Russian statesman and general, 525; 547; 549; and the succession to Catharine I, 551 sq.;
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